, .

A/T Re P.

FLORA OF THE
NORTHWEST COAST,

INCLUDING THE AREA WEST OF THE SUMMIT OF
THE CASCADE MOUNTAINS FROM THE FORTY-NINTH
PARALLEL SOUTH TO THE CALAPOOIA MOUNTAINS
ON THE SOUTH BORDER OF LANE COUNTY, OREGON.

BY

CHARLES V. PIPER

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, 1893-1903.

AND

R. KENT BEATTIE

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY, THE STATE COLLEGE OF WASHINGTON, I903-I9I2.

?

, PA.
1915

PRESS OF

THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY
LANCASTER, PA.

Copyright, 1915, by
C. V. PIPER AND R. KENT BEATTIE

Issued November 10, 1915

INTRODUCTION.

The region covered by this flora is that lying between the summit of the
Cascade Mountains and the Pacific Ocean from the 49th parallel of latitude
across the southern portion of Vancouver Island, south to the headwaters
of the Willamette River or, more specifically, to the southern boundary of
Lane County, Oregon, marked in part by the Calapooia Mountains. In the
Umpqua Valley just south of these mountains, many California plants reach
their northern limits; while in the Rogue River Valley, the next southward,
the flora is predominantly Californian.

The northern boundary chosen is, from a botanical standpoint, purely
artificial. Naturally, as marked by the northern limit of the characteristic
lowland trees, it would extend to about latitude 54, that is, nearly to the
southernmost extremity of Alaska.

In general the flora below 5,000 feet altitude is characterized by dense
coniferous forests, the commonest tree being the Douglas spruce. Along the
narrow river valleys, however, the tree flora is in large part made up of de-
ciduous trees, such as alder, cottonwood, and maple. The only break in this
continuous forest cover consisted originally of a series of prairies extending
from the upper Willamette Valley northward to Vancouver Island. North
of the head of Puget Sound, however, these prairies are small and are limited
in the main to the extremities of points and to a portion of the islands in the
Sound. In Washington these prairies are all gravelly and are mainly the
deposit of glacial streams. In the Willamette Valley they appear at least
in part to have been due to the periodic burning of the dry grass by the Indians.

The flora of the region may be classified into four life zones:

The Humid Transition zone includes the great forests of Douglas spruce,
as well as the included prairie regions. Other characteristic trees are giant
cedar, red alder, broadleaf maple and Scouler willow. Along the seacoast
the Sitka spruce is abundant, accompanied by other northern plants. This
coastal strip may be looked upon as a southward extension of the Canadian
zone rather than as typical Humid Transition.

The Canadian zone is not sharply limited. Such trees as western white
pine, amabilis fir, and Engelmann spruce mark it best. Western hemlock
is particularly abundant in this zone but also descends to sea level.

The Hudsonian zone is indicated by subalpine fir, Alaska cedar, black
hemlock, and white-bark pine. At their extreme altituclinal limits all of these
become prostrate mats of branches.

The Arctic zone consists of the alpine flora above the limits of trees.

From a botanical standpoint the region is of unusual interest on account
of its magnificent coniferous forests, its wonderful mountain meadows, and
the large percentage of species that are peculiar to its flora. The extensive

IV INTRODUCTION.

systems of high mountains within its limits contain a very varied flora and
provide a wide field for further botanical explorations. Without doubt these
mountains contain many species of plants new to botanists, while many others
as yet are known from but single collections. The lack of a suitable handbook
has doubtless deterred many from studying the plants of the region. If this
book shall stimulate greater activity and interest in its flora, the authors will
feel amply repaid for their labors.

The material upon which this flora is based is mainly that contained in
the herbarium of the State College of Washington. Thanks are due to the
officials of that institution for encouragement and support in the preparation
of this volume.

ANALYTICAL KEYS TO THE FAMILIES.

Plants with woody bundles, reproducing

by spores. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA, v.

Plants with woody bundles, reproducing

by seeds. Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA, v.

Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA.

Leaves few, large; stems mostly underground.

Leaves 4-folioIate, clover-like; spore cases in closed

pod-like sporocarps. MARSILEACEAE, 10.

Leaves not 4-foliolate; spore cases not in sporo-
carps.
Spore cases in the tissue of a prominent and

distinct fertile lobe of the leaf. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE, 8.

Spore cases formed of outgrowths from the

surface of the leaf. POLYPODIACEAE, 1.

Leaves numerous, small; stems aerial and under-
ground.

Leaves whorled; stems jointed, hollow. EQUISETACEAE, 11.

Leaves not whorled; stems not jointed, solid.
Spore case in the enlarged base of the leaf;

stems short, corm-like. ISOETACEAE, 15.

Spore case in the axil of the leaf; stems

elongated.

Spores all alike. LYCOPODIACEAE, 13.

Spores of two kinds, large and small. SELAGINELLACEAE, 14.

Phylum SPERMATOPHYTA.

Ovules and seeds not in a closed cavity, usually on the face of an open scale-
leaf; stigmas none. Class GYMNOSPERMAE, v.
Ovules and seeds contained in a closed cavity surrounded by one or more

closed and modified leaves forming an ovary; stigmas present.
Cotyledon one; stem with no distinction into bark, wood and pith (endog-
enous); leaves usually parallel-veined; parts of the flowers nearly
always in threes. Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES, v.

Cotyledons two; stem (with rare exceptions) of bark, wood and pith
(exogenous); leaves usually net-veined; parts of the flower in fours,
fives or sixes, never in threes. Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES, vi.

CLASS GYMNOSPERMAE.

Fruit a cone. PINACEAE, 17.

Fruit drupe-like. TAXACEAE, 16.

CLASS ANGIOSPERMAE.
Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Plants small, floating, with no distinction of stem

and leaves. LEMNACEAE, 86.

Plants with normal foliage.

VI

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

Inflorescence a fleshy spadix.
Inflorescence not a fleshy spadix.

Perianth none, or of bristles, chaffy scales

or a hyaline envelope.
Flowers in the axils of chaffy bracts.
Stems mostly hollow, jointed; leaves

2-ranked.

Stems solid ; leaves 3-ranked.
Flowers not in the axils of chaffy bracts.
Perianth herbaceous or none.
Carpels 1-5, separate.
Carpels 3 or 6, united into a com-
pound ovary.

Perianth of bristles or chaffy scales.
Flowers in terminal cylindrical

spikes.

Flowers in axillary globular heads.
Perianth present, the parts glume- or petal-
like.

Perianth of glume-like segments.
Perianth at least in part petal-like.
Carpels distinct.
Carpels united.
Ovary superior.

Flowers more or less irregular,

surrounded by a spathe.
Flowers regular, without a

spathe.
Ovary inferior.

Aquatic plants; flowers dioe-
cious or polygamous.
Terrestrial plants; flowers

perfect.

Flowers regular.
Flowers irregular.

ARACEAE, 85.

POACEAE, 31.
CYPERACEAE, 65.

NAJADACEAE, 25.
SCHEUCHZERIACEAE, 29.

TYPHACEAE, 23.
SPARGANIACEAE, 24.

JUNCACEAE, 87.
ALISMACEAE, 30.

PONTEDERIACEAE, 86.

LlLIACEAE, 92.

HYDROCHARITACEAE, 30.

IRIDACEAE, 104.
ORCHIDACEAE, 106.

Sub-class DICOTYLEDONES.
I. PETALS DISTINCT TO THE BASE OR WANTING.

A. Petals None.

Plants parasitic or saprophytic and usually with-
out chlorophyll.

Flowers dioecious; stamens 2-6.
Flowers perfect; stamens 10.

Plants neither parasitic nor saprophytic but hav-
ing chlorophyll.
Trees or shrubs.

Leaves small, linear or scale-like; plants

heath-like.

Leaves large; plants not heath-like.
Leaves opposite.

Leaves silvery-scurfy.
Leaves not silvery-scurfy.
I'Yuit a drupe.
Fruit a samara.

LORANTHACEAE, 122.

Allotropa, 271.

EMPETRACEAE, 232.

ELAEAGNACEAE, 244.
Garry a, 269.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

vn

Fruit 2-celled, a double sa-
mara.

Fruit 1-celled, a single samara.
Leaves alternate.

Flowers not in aments.
Flowers or some of them in aments.
Staminate flowers in aments;
pistillate flowers 1-3 in a
cluster.
Staminate and pistillate flowers

both in aments.
Ovary 1-celled, many-ovuled;

calyx not present.
Ovary 1-2-celled, each cell

1-ovuled.

Pistillate flowers 2-3 un-
der each scale of the
ament; fruit not waxy;
calyx present.
Pistillate flowers 1 under
each scale of the ament ;
fruit waxy; calyx not
present.

Herbs (sometimes woody at base).
Leaves opposite.

Flowers monoecious.

Ovary 1-celled; stamens 2-5.
Ovary more than 1-celled; stamen 1.
Ovary 4-celled.
Ovary 3-celled.
Flowers perfect.
Leaves fleshy.
Leaves not fleshy.
Style 1.

Calyx petal-like.
Calyx not petal-like.
Styles 2-5.

Disk conspicuous; ovules on

2 parietal placentae.
Disk not conspicuous, if
present; ovules on a basal
or central placenta.
Leaves not opposite.
Leaves whorled.

Calyx present, closely investing the

ovary.
Calyx none.
Leaves not whorled.
Flowers monoecious.

Ovary 3-celled, 3-ovuled.
Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled.

Flowers with scarious bracts.
Flowers bractless, or, if
bracted, the bracts not
scarious.

Flowers perfect or dioecious.
Pistils more than one.

ACERACEAE, 235.
OLEACEAE, 287.

Rhammis, 236.
FAGACEAE, 121.
SALICACEAE, 112.

BETULACEAE, 119.

MYRICACEAE, 118.

URTICACEAE, 122.

CALLITRICHACEAE, 231.
EUPHORBIACEAE, 230.

Glaux, 285.

NYCTAGINACEAE, 135.

Isnardia, 247.

Chrysospleniiim, 193.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.

HALORAGIDACEAE, 253.
CERATOPHYLLACEAE, 151.

EUPHORBIACEAE, 230.
AMARANTHACEAE, 134.

CHENOPODIACEAE, L>2.

Vlll

EY TO THE FAMILIES.

Stamens perigynous.
Stamens hypogynous.
Pistil one.

Anthers opening by uplifted

valves.

Anthers not opening by up-
lifted valves.

Ovary more than 1-celled.
Ovary 2-celled.
Ovary more than 2-

celled.

Ovary 6-celled.
Ovary 3-5-celled.
Ovary 1-celled.

Ovary partly inferior.
Flowers on a scape.
Flowers on a leafy

stem.

Ovary superior.
Fruit an akene.
Akene enclosed
in the re-
ceptacle.
Akene not en-
closed in the
receptacle.
Fruit not an akene.
Fruit a utricle.
Fruit a capsule.
Stamens 8.
Stamens 5.

ROSACEAE, 197.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.

AcMys, 164.

CRUCIFERAE, 166.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE, 124.
AIZOACEAE, 136.

Heuchera, 196.
SANTALACEAE, 124.

ROSACEAE, 197.

POLYGONACEAE, 125.
CHENOPODIACEAE, 132.

Chrysosplenium, 193.
Claytonia, 139.

B. Petals Present.

1. Stamens numerous, at least more than ten
sepals or calyx-lobes.

Calyx free and separate from the ovary.
Pistils more than one.

Ovaries cohering in a ring around a central

axis.
Ovaries separate, or, if united, not cohering

in a ring around a central axis.
Stamens perigynous.
Stamens hypogynous.

Aquatic plants; leaves not dissected.
Terrestrial plants, or, if aquatic, the

submersed leaves dissected.
Pistil one, with one to several styles and stig-
mas.
Leaves minutely punctate with pellucid

dots.

Leaves not punctate with pellucid clots.
Ovary simple.

Stamens hypogynous.
Stamens perigynous.
Ovary compound.

and more than twice the

MALVACEAE, 238.

ROSACEAE, 197.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 150.
RANUNCULACEAE, 151.

HYPERICACEAE, 239.

RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
ROSACEAE, 197.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

IX

Ovary 1 -celled with a central pla-
centa.

Ovary several-celled.
Ovary 5-celled.
Ovary 10-20-celled.
Calyx more or less coherent with the surface of the

compound ovary.
Ovary more than 1-celled.

Leaves alternate, with stipules.
Leaves opposite, without stipules.
Ovary 1-celled.

Placenta basal; plants leafy.
Placenta parietal; plants leafless or with
minute leaves.

PORTULACACEAE, 136.

OXALIDACEAE, 229.
NYMPHAEACEAE, 150.

ROSACEAE, 197.
Philadelphia, 188.

PORTULACACEAE, 136.
CACTACEAE, 244.

2. Stamens not more than twice as many as the petals.

Stamens opposite the petals.
Ovary 2-4-celled.
Ovary 1-celled.

Anthers opening by uplifted valves.
Anthers not opening by uplifted valves.
Stamens not opposite the petals.
Ovary at least half inferior.

Ovules and seeds more than one in each cell

of the ovary.
Ovules and seeds but one in each cell of the

ovary.
Petals 5.

Trees or shrubs; flowers in corymbs.
Herbs; flowers in umbels or heads.
Petals 2 or 4.

Stamens 4; fruit a drupe.

Stamens 2 or 8; fruit indehiscent and

nut- or bur-like.
Style 1 ; stigma 2-4-lobed.
Styles or sessile stigmas 4.
Ovary wholly superior.
Ovaries two or more.

Ovaries somewhat united at the base,

separate above.
Trees.
Herbs.

Ovaries entirely separate.
Stamens hypogynous.
Carpels numerous.
Carpels 4 or 5.

Stamens perigynous or epipetalous.
Stamens just twice as many as the

pistils.
Stamens not just twice as many

as the pistils.
Leaves without stipules.
Leaves with stipules.
Ovary only one.

Ovary 3-5-lobed and beaked with a
united style.

RHAMNACEAE, 236.

BERBERIDACEAE, 163.
PORTULACACEAE, 136.

ONAGRACEAE, 246.

Crataegus, 200.
UMBELLIFERAE, 255.

CORNACEAE, 268.

ONAGRACEAE, 246.
HALORAGIDACEAE, 253.

ACERACEAE, 235.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.

RANUNCULACEAE, 151.
CRASSULACEAE, 182.

CRASSULACEAE, 182.

SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.
ROSACEAE, 197.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

Carpels 5; stipules present.

Carpels 2-4; stipules none.

Ovary neither lobcd nor beaked.

Ovary simple with 1 parietal placenta.
Ovary compound, as shown by the
number of cells, placentae,
styles or stigmas.
Ovary 1-celled.

Corolla irregular.

Stamens 6; petals 4.
Stamens and petals 5.
Corolla regular or nearly so.
Ovule 1.

Shrubs or trees.
Herbs.
Ovules more than 1.

Placenta central or

basal.
Placentae parietal.

Leaves punctate
with pellucid dots.
Leaves not punc-
tate.

Plants not green,
parasitic or
saprophytic.
Plants green,
neither
parasitic
nor sapro-
phytic.
Leaves with
bristly
glandular
hairs,

forming in-
sect traps.
Leaves with-
out bristly
glandular
hairs.
Ovary 2-several -celled.

Stamens neither just as many
nor twice as many as the
petals.

Trees or shrubs.
Stamens 2.

Stamens more than 2.
Herbs.

Stamens 6, tetradyna-

mous.

Stamens 5, regular.
Stamens either just as many
or twice as many as the
petals.

Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell
of the ovary.

GERANIACEAE, 228.

LlMNANTHACEAE, 232.

LEGUMINOSAE, 212.

PAPAVERACEAE, 164.
VIOLACEAE, 241.

ANACARDIACEAE, 233.
CRUCIFERAE, 166.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.

HYPERICACEAE, 239.

PYROLACEAE, 270.

DROSERACEAE, 182.

SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.

OLEACEAE, 287.
ACERACEAE, 235.

CRUCIFERAE, 166.
BALSAMINACEAE, 236.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

XI

Herbs.

Shrubs or trees.

Leaves pinnately-

veined; shrubs.
Leaves palmately-

veined; trees.

Ovules several-many in

each cell of the ovary.

Leaves opposite, with

stipules.
Leaves, when opposite,

without stipules.
Stamensonthecalyx.
Style 1.
Styles 2 or 3.
Stamens free from

the calyx.
Style 1.
Herbs.
Shrubs.
Styles 2-5.

Stamens and
calyx uni-
ted to the
ovary.

Stamens and
calyx
free
from
the
ovary.
Leaves
trifolio-
late.
Leaves
simple.

GERANIACEAE, 228.

CELASTRACEAE, 234.
ACERACEAE, 235.

ELATINACEAE, 241.

LYTHRACEAE, 245.
SAXIFRAGACEAE, 184.

PYROLACEAE, 270.
ERICACEAE, 275.

ARALIACEAE, 254.

OXALIDACEAE, 229.
CARYOPHYLLACEAE, 141.

II. PETALS MORE OR LESS UNITED INTO ONE PIECE.

Stamens more numerous than the corolla-lobes.
Ovary 1 -celled.

White or reddish chlorophyll-less parasitic

or saprophytic herbs.

Green chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not para-
sitic nor saprophytic.
Ovary with 1 parietal placenta.
Ovary with 2 parietal placentae.
Ovary 3-many-celled.

Stamens united with the base of the corolla.
Stamens free from the corolla.

Chlorophyll-less parasitic or saprophytic

herbs.
Chlorophyll-bearing herbs, not parasitic

nor saprophytic.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes or fewer.
Stamens opposite the corolla-lobes.

Style 1; fruit a several to many-seeded

capsule.
Styles 5; fruit a 1-seeded utricle.

PYROLACEAE, 270.

LEGUMINOSAE, 212.
PAPAVERACEAE, 164.

MALVACEAE, 238.

PYROLACEAE, 270.
ERICACEAE, 275.

I'KIML LACEAE, 283.
PLIMI:A(,INACEAE, 286.

Xll

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

Stamens alternate with the corolla-lobes or

fewer.
Ovary inferior.

Tendril-bearing herbs.
Tendrils none.

Flowers in an involucrate head on a

common receptacle.
Anthers united into a ring or

tube (syngenesious).
Anthers not united.
Flowers not in an involucrate head

nor on a common receptacle.
Stamens on the ovary.
Stamens on the corolla.
Stamens 13.
Stamens 4 or 5.

Leaves opposite or whorled,
when opposite with stip-
ules.
Leaves opposite, without

stipules.
Ovary superior.

Corolla more or less irregular.

Ovules solitary in the cells of the

ovary.
Ovary 4-lobed, the style rising

from between the lobes.
Ovary not lobed, the style rising

from its apex.
Ovules 2 or more, usually numerous,

in each cell.

Ovary and pod 2-celled.
Ovary and pod 1-celled.

Chlorophyll-less terrestrial

herbs.
Chlorophyll-bearing aquatic

herbs.
Corolla regular.

Stamens fewer than the corolla-lobes.
Trees or shrubs.
Herbs.

Corolla scarious.
Corolla not scarious.
Style 2-lobed.
Style simple.

Stamens as many as the corolla-lobes.
Ovaries 2, separate.
Ovary 1.

Ovary deeply 4-lobed around

the style.
Leaves alternate.
Leaves opposite.
Ovary not deeply lobcd.
Ovary 1-celled.

Leaves entire, opposite.
Leaves alternate or
basal, rarely en-
tire.

CUCURBITACEAE, 341.

COMPOSITAE, 345.

DlPSACACEAE, 341.

CAMPANULACEAE, 342.
VALERIANACEAE, 339.

RUBIACEAE, 334.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE, 336.

LABIATAE, 306.
VERBENACEAE, 305.

SCROPHULARIACEAE, 315.

OROBANCHACEAE, 330.
LENTIBULARIACEAE, 332.

OLEACEAE, 287.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 333.

Lycopus, 307.
Veronica, 322.

APOCYNACEAE, 290.

BORAGINACEAE, 299.

Mentha, 308.

GENTIANACEAE, 287.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES.

Xlll

Corolla conspicu-
ously bearded on
the upper sur-
face.

Corolla not conspic-
uously bearded.
Ovary 2 or more celled.
Stamens free from the

corolla.

Stamens on the corolla-
tube.

Stamens 4.
Stamens 5.

Fruit a many-
seeded pod or
berry.

Fruit a few-
seeded pod.
Style 3-lobed.
Style undi-
vided
or 2-
cleft.
Whitish
or yel-
low

chloro-
phyll-
less
plants.
Green
plants.

MENYANTHACEAE, 289.
HYDROPHYLLACEAE, 297.

ERICACEAE, 275.
PLANTAGINACEAE, 333.

SOLANACEAE, 314.
POLEMONIACEAE, 292.

CUSCUTACEAE, 291.
CONVOLVULACEAE, 290.

FLORA OF THE NORTHWEST COAST

PHYLUM I. PTERIDOPHYTA. FERN PLANTS.

Plant containing woody tissue and vessels in the stem
and producing spores asexually which, on germination,
develop very small structures called prothallia, on which
are borne the sexual reproductive organs from which the
asexual plant is developed. The sexual plant is rarely
collected, and the classification is based mainly on the
characters of the asexual plant.

Class I. FILICINEAE.

Plant highly organized, vascular, with green usually
large leaves; spores borne within the tissue of, or in modi-
fied hairs on, modified or unmodified foliage leaves; stem
solid, underground (in ours).

Family 1. POLYPODIACEAE. FERN FAMILY.

Sporangia stalked, surrounded by a more or less complete
vertical annulus and bursting transversely; fruit dots on the
backs or the margins of the leaves, with or without indusia.

Indusium none.

Fruit dots usually linear, obscured by a powder

on the under surface of the leaf. 1. CEROPTERIS, 2.

Fruit dots roundish, not obscured by a powder.

Leaves entire or simply pinnate. 2. POLYPODIUM, 2.

Leaves bipinnatifid or ternate. 3. PHEGOPTERIS, 3.

Indusium present.

Fruit dots with marginal false indusia formed of

the more or less altered edge of the leaf.
Sporangia on a marginal vein which connects

the ends of the lateral veins. 4. PTERIDIUM, 4.

Sporangia at or near the ends of unconnected

veins.

False indusium continuous. 5. CRYPTOGRAMMA, 4.

False indusium not continuous.

Fruit dots large, on a reflexed portion

of the margin of the leaf. 6. ADIANTUM, 4.

Fruit dots minute, finally running
together and covering the leaf-
2 I

POLYPODIACEAE.

segments which are small and bead-
like (in ours).
Fruit dots on the lower surface or margin of the

leaf, each with a special indusium.
Fruit dots linear or oblong; indusium more

than twice as long as broad.
Fruit dots all parallel with the midribs.
Veins free.

Veins forming a network.
Fruit dots all oblique to the midribs.

Fruit dots straight, on the upper side

of the veins.
Fruit dots curved, often crossing the

vein.
Fruit dots roundish; indusium less than twice

as long as broad.

Indusium conspicuous, centrally attached.
Indusium rotund and attached at its

center.
Indusium heart-shaped and attached

at the middle of the sinus.
Indusium inconspicuous, not attached at

the center.

Indusium hood-like or arched, attached
by a broad base on the inner side
partly under the fruit-dot, early
withering.

Indusium rotund or star-shaped, at-
tached under the fruit-dot.

7. CHEILANTHES, 5.

8. STRUTHIOPTERIS, 5.

9. WOODWARDIA, 5.

10. ASPLENIUM, 6.

11. ATHYRIUM, 6.

12. POLYSTICHUM, 6.

13. DRYOPTERIS, 7.

14. FILIX, 8.

15. WOODSIA, 8.

1. CEROPTERIS.

Fruit-dots oblong or linear, following the course of the vein-
lets, and like them simple, forked, pinnate or variously anasto-
mosing, obscured by a yellowish or white powder on the back of
the leaf (in ours) ; indusia wanting.

Ceropteris triangularis (Kaulf.) Underw. (Gymnogramme triangularis
Kaulf.) Gold-back Fern. Stalks tufted, slender, dark brown, shiny, 15-30 cm.
long; blades triangular or pentagonal, 5-12 cm. broad and long, pinnate;
lower divisions largest, bipinnatifid, the others pinnatcly lobed; under surface
of the leaf covered with a yellow powder.

Crevices of rocks, mostly near the sea coast. Vancouver Island to Cali-
fornia and Arizona. Nanaimo, Mount Finlayson, Victoria, San Juan Island,
Port Angeles, Eatonville. More common on the Oregon coast.

2. POLYPODIUM.

Fruit dots round, without indusia, on the back of the leaf,
in one or more rows on each side of the midrib, or irregularly
scattered; petioles jointed to the root-stock.

Leaves leathery; veins more or less netted. P. scouleri.
Leaves membranous; veins free.

Leaflets attenuate, acute or acuminate. P. occidental!-.

Leaflets short, obtuse. P. hesperium.

POLYPODIACEAE. 3

Polypodium scouleri Hook. & Grev. Leather-leaf Polypody. Rootstock
stout, scaly, not licorice-flavored; leaves large, fleshy, 6-30 cm. long, 5-15 cm.
wide; divisions obtuse, the lower ones largest.

On trees and rocks along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to California.

Polypodium occidentale (Hook.) Maxon. (P. fakatum Kellogg.) Licorice-
root Fern. Leaf-stalks pale green, 10-20 cm. long; blades thin, 20-40 cm.
long, 8-12 cm. wide, divided to the midrib; divisions lanceolate, broadest at
the base, sharply serrate, attenuate-acuminate; veins mostly 4-branched.

Common in moss on rocks, logs and trees, Alaska to California. The
rootstocks taste much like licorice, and are eaten by children. Occasionally
the divisions of the leaf are deeply cleft.

Polypodium hesperium Maxon. Leaves small, 5-15 cm. long, including
the stalk; divisions few, short and obtuse.

In crevices of rocks, especially in the mountains. British Columbia to
Montana and Arizona. The rootstocks taste like licorice.

3. PHEGOPTERIS. BEECH FERN.

Medium sized or small ferns; leaves twice to thrice pinnate or
ternate; leaf-stalk continuous with the rootstock; fruit dots
small, round, without an indusium, borne on the backs of the
veins below or near their ends; veins free or reticulate.

United by some botanists with Dryopteris.

Plant densely tufted; leaves oblong-lanceolate, tripinnatifid. P. alpestris.
Plant spreading by rootstocks; leaves triangular.

Leaves bipinnatifid; rachis winged. P. phegopteris.

Leaves ternate, the stalked divisions pinnate or bipinnate;

rachis wingless. P- dryopteris.

Phegopteris alpestris (Hoppe) Mett. In crown-like tufts; rootstock
short, stout; leaf-stalks 10-25 cm. long, bearing a few brown scales; blades
oblong-lanceolate, 30-60 cm. long, tripinnatifid; ultimate divisions ovate-
lanceolate, doubly incised and toothed.

Common in rock talus in the mountains at 1 500 -2000 m. elevation. British
Columbia to Montana and California. Eurasia.

Phegopteris phegopteris (L.) Keyserling. Rootstocks creeping; leaf-stalks
15-20 cm. long; blades triangular, longer than broad, 10-20 cm. long, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath; divisions lanceolate, pinnately parted into many
oblong obtuse lobes or segments.

Alaska to Greenland, south to Washington, Iowa and Virginia. Rare in
our limits. Monte Cristo, Misses Coffin & Goodspeed. Gorge of the
Columbia River, Skamania County, Suksdorf.

Phegopteris dryopteris (L.) Fee. Rootstock slender, horizontally creeping;
petioles 15-25 cm. tall, pale straw-colored, shiny, bearing a few brownish
scales toward the base; blades broadly triangular in outline, 10-20 cm. wide,
ternate, the lateral primary divisions bipinnate, the terminal usually tripinnate,
all naked at the base; pinnae oblong, 2-5 cm. long, glabrous, pinnately-cleft
or divided into 15-25 obtuse lobes; fruit dots near the margin, on the ends of
free veins.

In woods, especially at 400-1000 m. elevation, but occasionally near sea
level. Alaska to Oregon; widely distributed in the northern hemisphere.

4 POLYPODIACEAE.

4. PTERIDIUM.

Large, mostly coarse ferns, with variously divided leaves;
fruit dots marginal, linear, continuous on a slender thread-like
receptacle which connects the tips of free veins; false indusium
membranous, formed of the reflexed margin of the leaf.

Pteridium aquilinum pubescens Underw. Bracken or Brake. Root-
stock stout, black, subterranean, horizontally-creeping; petioles 30-120 cm.
high, erect, pale-green or straw-colored; leaf-blades 60-1 20 cm. long, 30-90 cm.
wide, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, ternate, the three branches each
bipinnate; ultimate segments oblong, acutish, mostly entire, the uppermost
coalescent, the lower more or less lobed.-

Common and difficult to eradicate from newly tilled land. In rich woods
this fern is sometimes eight feet tall. British Columbia to California and
Arizona.

5. CRYPTOGRAMMA.

Spore-cases on the back of the free forking veins, forming
oblong or roundish fruit-dots, which at length run together
and cover the backs of the smallest subdivisions of the leaf;
indusium continuous, formed of the membranous somewhat
altered margin of the leaf, at first reflexed along the two sides
and meeting at the midrib, at length opening out flat.

Margins of the fertile leaflets scarious, forming a false indus-
ium; ultimate segments of the sterile leaves linear-lanceo-
late, acute. C. densa.

Margins of fertile leaflets not scarious; ultimate segments of

the sterile leaves ovate, obtuse. C. acrostichoides.

Cryptogramma densa (Brack.) Diels. (Pellaea densa (Brack.) Hook.)
Densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; petioles dark brown, longer than the blades;
blades 3-6 cm. long, ovate or ovate-oblong, tripinnate; leaflets crowded, linear-
lanceolate, 6-12 mm. long, mucronate, entire on the fertile leaves, serrate on
the sterile ones.

In rock crevices in the mountains, British Columbia to Montana and
California. Rare in our limits, Olympic Mountains, Clallam County, Wash-
ington, Elmer; Mt. Finlayson, British Columbia, Macoun.

Cryptogramma acrostichoides R. Br. Stalks tufted, straw-colored; blades
of two sorts, the outer sterile ones on shorter stalks, the ovate or obovate
ultimate segments crenate or incised; the inner fertile ones long-stalked, the
ultimate segments elliptic or oblong, pod-like.

Common among boulders at low elevations in the mountains, Alaska to
Lake Superior, Colorado and California. First collected by Menzies at
Nootka Sound.

6. ADIANTUM. MAIDEN HAIR FERN.

Fruit-dots marginal, short, covered by the reflexed portion
of the more or less altered margin of the leaf which bears spore-
cases on its under side from the tips of the free forking veins.

Adiantum pedatum aleuticum Rupr. Maidenhair. Leafstalks dark
brown or black, polished, 30-40 cm. high; blades nearly circular, the principal

POLYPODIACEAE. 5

divisions 10-25 cm. long; ultimate divisions numerous, oblong or ovate,
obtuse, lobed on the outer margin.

Wet banks and woods, not uncommon. Alaska to California.

7. CHEILANTHES.

Mostly pubescent or tomentose rock-loving and small ferns
with much divided leaves; fruit dots on or near the ends of the
veins, at first small and distinct, afterwards crowded; sporangia
often concealed in the scales or hairs which in many species
cover the segments.

The species occurring within our limits has the ultimate
segments of the leaflets very small and circular in form and the
false indusia formed by the incurving of the whole of the leaf
margin.

Cheilanthes gracillima D. C. Eaton. Lace Fern. Petioles densely tufted,
shining brown, 4-8 cm. high, bearing a few scattered lanceolate scales; blades
2-8 cm. long, oblong-lanceolate, bipinnate; leaflets numerous, crowded, pin-
nately divided into 5-9 oval mostly entire segments, glabrate above, pubescent
beneath with rusty matted WOOL

Common in rock crevices in the mountains at 1000-1500 m. altitude.
British Columbia to Idaho and California. Common in the Olympic Moun-
tains and on Vancouver Island.

8. STRUTHIOPTERIS.

Fruit-dots in a* continuous band next the midrib of the con-
tracted ultimate segments of the spore-bearing leaf, covered
until mature by an elongated indusium parallel to and within
the margin ; veins of the sterile leaf segments oblique to the midrib,
simple or forked and free; leaves pinnate, of two kinds, the spore-
bearing commonly much contracted.

Struthioperis spicant (L.) Weiss. Deer Fern. Tufted; sterile leaves
short-stalked, linear-lanceolate in outline, 15-60 cm. long, 3-9 cm. wide, the
numerous segments oblong and obtuse; fertile leaves taller, longer-stalked and
more erect, the segments longer, narrower and less crowded.

In wet places in woods, Alaska to California. Also in the Old World.

9. WOODWARDIA.

Fruit dots oblong or linear, sunk in cavities in the leaf, ar-
ranged in a chain-like row parallel and near to the midribs of
the leaf-segments; indusium fixed by its outer margin to a vein
and covering the cavity like a lid ; veins more or less in a network.

Woodwardia spinulosa Mart. & Gal. Rootstock stout, covered with
pale-brown scales; leaves in a round cluster, long-stalked, ovate-oblong, pinnate,
leathery, 1-2 m. long; principal divisions lanceolate, 10-40 cm. long, deeply
pinnatifid, the lobes spinulose-serrate, acuminate.

In woods, British Columbia to Mexico. Near Tacoma, Flett; Texada
Island, Anderson. More common southward.

6 POLYPODIACEAE.

10. ASPLENIUM. SPLEENWORT.

Fruit dots oblong or linear, oblique, separate; indusium straight,
attached to the upper side of the vein; veins free.

Rachis of the leaf brown; leaflets oval, slightly crenate. A. trichomanes.

Rachis of the leaf green; leaflets ovate, deeply crenate. A. viride.

Asplenium trichomanes L. Common Spleenwort. Leaf-stalks tufted,
dark-brown, shiny; blades simply pinnate, linear in outline, 6-20 cm. long;
leaflets oval or oblong, unsymmetrical, obscurely crenate, 15-30 pairs, firm
and evergreen, with a brown rachis.

Mossy rocks, rare in our limits. Alaska to Arizona. Widely distributed
in the Northern Hemisphere.

Asplenium viride Huds. Much like A. trichomanes, but the thinner
paler leaflets deeply crenate and the rachis of the leaf green.

Mount Baker, Washington, Flett; Ucluelet, Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, Macoun. A rare but widely distributed fern. Alaska to Washing-
ton, Colorado and New England. Eurasia.

11. ATHYRIUM.

Large or small ferns with simple, lobed, 2-3-pinnate or pin-
natifid leaves; fruit dots oblong or linear (nearly round when
young), oblique, separate; indusium more or less curved, some-
times horseshoe-shaped, often crossing to the outer or lower side
of the vein; veins free.

Athyrium cyclosorum Rupr. Rootstock creeping, short, densely covered
by the bases of the petioles; petioles tufted, 20-30 cm. long, straw-colored or
brownish; blades delicate, glabrous, broadly oblong-lanceolate or oblong-
ovate, acuminate at the apex, 30-90 cm. long, bipinnate to tripinnatifid;
leaflets oblong-lanceolate, 5-20 cm. long; ultimate segments oblong, obtuse,
obscurely 9-13-lobed, the lobes serrate; terminal segments confluent; fruit
dots short, straight or curved.

In swampy places, common. Very similar to the more eastern Lady-fern,
A . filix-foemina. Alaska to Arizona and Nebraska.

12. POLYSTICHUM.

Large or medium sized ferns, mostly with firm evergreen leaves,
pinnate, bipinnate or bipinnatifid, the leaflets serrate and usually
auricled at the base on the upper side; veins free; indusium
orbicular and peltate, depressed in the center and attached by a
stalk to the middle of the fruit dot; fruit dots round.

Leaflets, at least the lower ones, lobed. P. scopulinum.

Leaflets all simple.

Leaf-stalk short; segments triangular or broadly lanceolate. P. loncliitis.

Leaf-stalk long; segments linear-lanceolate. P. munitum.

Polystichum scopulinum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Leaves lanceolate in
outline, short-stalked, 15-25 cm. long; divisions ovate, obtusish, serrate, the
lower ones usually pinnately lobed.

In loose rocks in the mountains, rare. Eatonville, Flett; Mount Adams,
Henderson. Washington and Idaho to California and Utah.

POLYPODIACEAE. 7

Polystichum lonchitis (L.) Roth. Holly Fern. Leaves densely tufted,
20-40 cm. long, very short stalked, pinnate; divisions broadly lanceolate,
auricled on the upper side, spinulose-dentate, 2-4 cm. long, the lowest ones
much shorter and triangular.

In rocky places in the mountains. Alaska to Quebec, Colorado and Cal-
ifornia. Eurasia.

Polystichum munitum (Kaulf.) Presl. Pacific Christmas Fern. Leaves
simply pinnate, 60-120 cm. long, forming a crown; petioles stout, chaffy with
numerous brown scales; rachis also chaffy; leaflets linear or lanceolate-linear,
acuminate, very sharply and often doubly serrate, sometimes chaffy on the
midvein beneath, 3-10 cm. long; fruit dots abundant, arranged in a row on
each side of the midrib half-way to the margin.

Very common in the woods. Alaska to Idaho and California.

Polystichum munitum imbricans (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Like the species
but smaller, the leaves 20-40 cm. long; divisions much overlapping each other,
oblique to the rachis and cuspidate at the apex.

Among rocks in the mountains at 1000 to 1700 m. elevation. British
Columbia to California, rather rare.

Polystichum munitum inciso-serratum (D. C. Eaton) Maxon. Differs
from the species mainly in the leaflets being deeply incised and the lobes
serrate; the base of the leaflets usually conspicuously auriculate.

Rare, British Columbia to California.

13. DRYOPTERIS. SHIELD FERN.

Fruit-dots round, borne on the back or rarely at the apex of
the veins; indusium flat or flattish, heart-shaped and attached
at the middle of its sinus; veins nearly always free.

Veins simple or once forked; leaves glandular. D. oreopteris.
Veins freely forking; leaves not glandular.

Leaves bipinnate, thin and delicate. D. spimdosa.

Leaves tripinnate, firm, half-evergreen. D. rigida.

Dryopteris oreopteris (Sw.) Maxon. Tufted; leaf-stalks short, scaly at
base; leaves bipinnatifid, broadly lanceolate, glandular, 60-90 cm. long;
ultimate segments oblong, nearly entire; indusia delicate, toothed on the mar-
gins.

In the mountains, Alaska to Washington. Eurasia. Shawnigan Lake,
Vancouver Island, Macoun; Bridge Creek, Okanogan County, Elmer. Very
rare south of Alaska.

Dryopteris spinulosa dilatata (Hoffm.) Underw. Wood Fern. A tufted
delicate fern; leaf-stalks 15-40 cm. long with slender dark brown scales; blades
tripinnate or tripinnatifid, broadly ovate in outline, 30-40 cm. long; ultimate
divisions oblong-lanceolate, the lowest ones longest, spinulose-toothed;
indusia minutely glandular ciliate.

In rich woods, common. Alaska to Newfoundland, south to California,
Montana and Virginia. Eurasia.

Dryopteris rigida arguta (Kaulf.) Underw. Leaf-stalks clustered; blades
firm, half-evergreen, 30-90 cm. long, ovate-lanceolate, bipinnate; ultimate
segments oblong, incised and spinulose; indusia bearing stalked glands.

Principally in rocky places. Alaska to California, more common south-
ward. Victoria, Anderson; Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell.

8 POLYPODIACEAE.

14. FILIX.

Delicate rock-ferns; leaves 2-3-pinnate or pinnatifid; leaf-
stalks slender; fruit-dots round, borne on the backs of the veins;
indusium attached by a broad base on the inner side partly under
the fruit dot, early opening and withering away.

Filix fragilis (L.) Underw. Bladder Fern. Rootstock short; petioles 10-
20 cm. long; blades thin, oblong-lanceolate, only slightly tapering below, 10-25
cm. long, 3-7 cm. wide, 2-3-pinnatifid or pinnate; leaflets lanceolate-ovate,
irregularly pinnatifid with bluntly or sharply-toothed segments along the mar-
gined or winged rachis; texture membranous.

On moist cliffs in the mountains, rare in our limits. Alaska to California,
eastward to Labrador. Eurasia.

15. WOODSIA.

Small or medium sized ferns, growing in rocky places; leaves
once or twice pinnate or pinnatifid; fruit dots round, borne on
the backs of simply forked free veins; indusium attached under
the fruit dot, round or star-shaped, delicate, early withering.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so; lobes of the indusium hair-like. W. oregana.
Leaves viscid-puberulent; lobes of the indusium broader at base. W. scopulina.

Woodsia oregana D. C. Eaton. Rootstock short; petioles glabrous, not
jointed, brownish below; blades glabrous or slightly roughened, 5-28 cm. long,
elliptic-lanceolate, the sterile shorter than the fertile; pinnae triangular-
oblong, obtuse, pinnatifid; lower leaflets reduced in size and somewhat remote
from the others; rachis straw-colored; segments oblong or ovate, dentate or
crenate, the teeth often reflexed and covering the fruit dots; indusium deeply
cleft into hair-like segments.

Cowichan River, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of the Cascade
Mountains.

Woodsia scopulina D. C. Eaton. Densely tufted, whole plant puberulent
with minute white jointed hairs and stalked glands; blades pinnate, 10-20 cm.
long, the numerous ultimate divisions oblong-ovate, acutish, deeply cleft into
5-7 pairs of short obtuse lobes; indusium deeply divided into segments that
are broader at base.

On moist cliffs, rare in our limits. Victoria, Anderson; Cape Horn, Colum-
bia River, Piper. British Columbia to Ontario, Arizona and California.

Family 2. OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. ADDER'S TONGUE FAMILY.

Plant consisting of an underground stem bearing one or more
leaves which rise above ground and are divided usually into two
parts, a fertile portion and a sterile portion, the latter being the
foliage part of the leaf; frequently the fertile portion lacking in
some of the leaves; sporangia borne within the tissue of the fertile
portion, ringless, opening by a transverse slit.

Sterile portion of leaf simple. 16. OPHIOGLOSSUM, 9.

Sterile portion of leaf compound. 17. BOTRYCHIUM, ( ).

OPHIOGLOSSACEAE. 9

16. OPHIOGLOSSUM. ADDER TONGUE.

Rootstock erect and fleshy, with slender fleshy roots; sterile
part of leaf somewhat fleshy, simple, entire; veins reticulated;
fertile segment simple, unbranched, with two rows of sessile
connate sporangia; spores numerous, sulphur-yellow.

Ophioglossum vulgatum L. Plant 5-40 cm. high, the leaf usually solitary;
sterile segment of leaf sessile, oblong to ovate, obtuse, 5-9 cm. long; veins
forming a loose network.

In moist meadows, rare. Falcon Valley, Mount Adams, and in Skamania
County, Suksdorf.

17. BOTRYCHIUM. GRAPE FERN.

Rootstock very short, with clustered fleshy roots; sterile part
of the leaf ternately or pinnately divided or compound; veins
free; fertile segment 1-3-pinnate, each pinnule bearing a double
row of sessile sporangia; spores numerous, sulphur-yellow.

Bud in a cavity at .one side of the base of the stem; leaves thin,

ternate, then pinnately much divided. B. virginianum.

Bud inclosed in the base of the stalk; leaves thickish, rather

fleshy.
Sterile portion of leaf arising near the base of the rather

large leaf stalk; buds pilose. B. silaifolium.

Sterile portion of leaf arising near the middle of the usually

small leaf stalk; buds glabrous.
Green part of leaf oblong, its segments fan-shaped.

Segments truncate at base, overlapping. B. lunaria.

Segments cuneate at base, distant. B. onondagense.

Green part of leaf triangular or ovate, the segments

not fan-shaped.

Segments lanceolate, acute; midvein continuous. B. lanceolatum.
Segments ovate-oblong, obtuse; midvein dissipated. B. ramosum.

Botrychium virginianum (L.) Sw. Rattlesnake Fern. Plant 15-60 cm.
high; sterile portion of the leaf above the middle of the stalk, triangular in
outline, sessile, delicate in texture, ternate; ultimate divisions numerous,
oblong, cut-toothed near the apex.

Borders of wet meadows, rare in our limits.

Botrychium silaifolium Presl. Stout, rather fleshy, 10-35 cm. high; stem
very short and stout, swollen with the contained bud of the succeeding season;
leaves one or two, their petioles stout, 2-12 cm. long; sterile blades 8-20 cm.
wide, scarcely as long, ternate, the primary divisions tripinnate or quadri-
pinnatifid; ultimate segments obliquely ovate, 1-1.5 cm. long, thick, entire
or wavy, the veins few, obscure; sporophyll erect, the petiole stout, the fruiting
portion quadripinnate below, gradually simpler above; sporangia numerous,
crowded, bright yellow.

Borders of wet meadows, infrequent. First found by Haenke at Nootka
Sound. This is very closely allied to B. ternatum (Thunb.) Sw. and is
perhaps better referred as a subspecies to that species which is very variable
and occurs throughout the north temperate zone.

Botrychium lunaria (L.) Sw. Moonwort. Plant 5-20 cm. high; sterile
portion of leaf not stalked, oblong, simply pinnate.

In mountain meadows, very rare in our limits. Mount Rainier, Smith;
Mount Adams, Suksdorf.

10 OPHIOGLOSSACEAE.

Botrychium onondagense Underw. In habit like B. lunaria; leaf-segments
7-9, not overlapping, broadly wedge-shaped.

Moist meadows, Olympic Mountains. Probably only a variant of B,
lunaria to which it is reduced by some botanists.

Botrychium lanceolatum (Gmel.) Angstroem. Plant 8-30 cm. high;
sterile portion of the leaf sessile near the top, triangular, twice pinnatifid,
rather thin; ultimate segments lanceolate, acute, toothed.

In the mountains, very rare. Mount Rainier, Allen; Olympic Mountains,
Flett.

Botrychium ramosum (Roth) Ascherson. Somewhat fleshy, 10-25 cm.
high; sterile segment of the leaf pinnate or bipinnatifid, short-petioled; ultimate
segments oblong to ovate-oblong, obtuse; sporophyll bipinnate or tripinnate,
erect on a long petiole.

Agassiz, B. C., Macoun; Mount Adams, Stiksdorf. The American plant is
sometimes considered distinct from that of the Old World under the name
B. neglectum Wood.

Family 3. MARSILEACEAE.

Plant perennial, herbaceous, rooting in the mud, with slender
creeping rootstock and 4-foliolate or filiform leaves; sporangia
borne within closed receptacles (the sporocarps) which arise
from the rootstock near the leafstalks or are consolidated with
them; spores of two kinds, large ones (megaspores) and small
ones (micros pores'), both contained in the same sporocarp.

18. MARSILEA.

Marsh or aquatic plants; leaves slender petioled, quadri-
foliolate, commonly floating on the surface of shallow water;
sporocarps ovoid or bean-shaped, peduncled and rising from
the petiole or from the rootstock at the base of the petiole, com-
posed of two vertical valves having several transverse com-
partments (sori) in each valve; also provided inside with a ring
which at the opening of the valves swells and tears the sori from
their positions; sori composed of both megasporangia and micro-
sporangia.

Marsilea vestita Hook. & Grev. Rootstock slender, creeping; leaves more
or less pubescent with white hairs; petioles slender, 4-12 cm. long; leaflets
deltoid-obovate, 4-12 mm. long, mostly entire; sporocarps solitary on the
stalks, 4-8 mm. long, 3-5 mm. wide, with a short raphe, a short blunt lower
tooth, and an acute upper one, densely pubescent with white appressed hair-
like scales; sori 6-11 in each valve.

Rare in our limits. Reported as common on Menzies Island opposite
Fort Vancouver, Washington.

Class II. EQUISETINEAE.

Plants rush-like with hollow jointed stems rising from
subterranean rootstocks; sterile leaves reduced to scales,

MARSILEACEAE. 1 1

whorled, forming sheaths at the joints; fertile leaves
forming a short spike terminating the stem; epidermis
rough.

Family 4. EQUISETACEAE. HORSETAIL FAMILY.
Branches when present, whorled; sporangia 1-celled, clus-
tered under the scales of the terminal cone-like spikes; spores of
but one kind furnished with narrow ribbon-like appendages
(elaters} attached at the middle, coiling around them when
moist and spreading in the form of a cross when dry and mature ;
epidermis impregnated with silica, rough.

19. EQUISETUM. HORSETAIL.

Perennial plants with extensively creeping rootstocks; stems
simple or with whorled branches, furrowed lengthwise, mostly
hollow; sporangia adhering on the under side of the shield-shaped
scales of the spike, 1-celled, opening down the inner side; spores
of one kind, with elaters.

Stems annual; spikes not mucronate at summit.

Stems of two kinds; the pale brown fertile ones appearing

in spring before the green branched sterile ones.
Fertile stems branched and green when old, only the

top withering. E. pratense.

Fertile stems dying after fruiting.

Sterile stems 6-19-furrowed, 30-60 cm. high. E. arvense.
Sterile stems 2O-4O-furrowed, 60-120 cm. high. E. telmateia.
Stems all similar, green, naked, branched, fruiting in

summer.

Sheaths closely appressed; branchlets not wing-
angled. E. fluviatile.
Sheaths loose, especially the upper one; branchlets

wing-angled. E. Utorale.

Stems perennial; spikes mucronate at summit, fruiting in

summer.
Plant tall and stout; stems many-grooved.

Branches numerous, regularly whorled. E. ramosissimum.

Branches irregular, few or wanting. E. hyemale.

Plants tufted, slender; stems 5-io-grooved.

Sheaths 5-io-toothed; stems hollow. E. variegatum.

Sheaths 3-toothed; stems solid. E. scirpoides.

Equisetum pratense Ehrh. Stems annual, of two kinds, the fertile appear-
ing before the sterile, 15-30 cm. high; fertile stems at length green and
branched like the sterile ones; sterile stems with 8-20 ridges and furrows, the
slender branches in whorls, mostly 3-angled; sheaths cylindric or somewhat
broadened at top, those of the stem with 10-12 teeth, those of the branches
3-toothed.

Vancouver Island, Macoun.

Equisetum arvense L. Common Horsetail. Aerial stems annual, of two
kinds, the fertile pale-brown and short-lived, appearing in early spring before

12 EQUISETACEAE.

the sterile; fertile stems 10-20 cm. tall, simple, terete, bearing about four loose
scarious distant sheaths, these whitish with about 12 brownish acuminate
teeth; sterile stems pale green, 1040 cm. tall, marked with 6-19 furrows, with
numerous whorls of mostly simple solid branches, these 4-angled or r?rely
3-angled, the sheaths with as many teeth; spike 2-3 cm. long.

Common in low ground. In rare cases fruiting spikes are found on green
branched plants.

Equisetum telmateia Ehrh. Sterile stems stout, 60-120 cm. high, 20-40-
furrowed, with numerous whorls of long spreading 4 or 5-angled branches;
fertile stems 30-40 cm. high, pale-brown, the sheaths loose, often longer than
the internodes and deeply 20-30-toothed; spikes stout, 3-5 cm. long.

Very common in moist soil and difficult to eradicate. Rarely spikes are
found on the green branched plants.

Equisetum fluviatile L. Pipes. Stems 60-90 cm. high, rather soft,
smooth, simple or with few branches; central cavity of the stem large; air-
cavities under the grooves wanting; sheaths closely appressed, the teeth rigid
and acute; branches 4-6-angled, hollow, not wing-angled.

In shallow water at the margins of lakes and ponds.

Equisetum litorale Kiihlewcin. Stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or with few
or many branches; air cavities under the grooves present; sheaths loose,
especially the upper, the teeth not rigid, membranous at margin, acute;
branches 3-5-wing-angled, the smaller solid.

Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Agassiz, British Columbia,
Macoun. The spores of this species are said usually to be abortive and the
elaters wanting. These facts combined with the erratic occurences of the
plant lead to the suspicion that it is a hybrid.

Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. Stems 6-26-grooved; sheaths dilated, the
leaves more or less distinct, each with 3-4 ridges which do not extend into the
teeth; branches 4-angled.

Shawnigan Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun.

Equisetum hyemale L. Scouring Rush. Aerial stems evergreen, all alike,
40-120 cm. tall, 5-20 mm. thick, marked with 20-48 furrows; ridges roughened
usually with a single series of siliceous tubercles; sheath short, commonly
marked with a black girdle at the base and another at the base of the early-
falling teeth; spike nearly sessile in the uppermost sheath, 2-3 cm. long, tipped
with a rigid point.

Common and variable. Several subspecies have been described but they
are not clearly separable.

Equisetum variegatum Schlcich. Stems slender, tufted, ascending, 15-40
cm. high, each 5-10-furrowed; sheaths loose, green below, black above, with
5-10 bristle-tipped white-margined teeth; central cavity of stem small.

Vancouver Island, Macoun, and probably farther south as it occurs in
Klickitat County in eastern Washington.

Equisetum scirpoides Michx. Stems tufted, very slender, flcxuous, 6-15
cm. long, each 6-furrowed; sheaths with 3 bristle-tipped teeth; central cavity
of stem wanting.

Hastings, British Columbia, Macoun, and probably to be found in our
limits.

Class III. LYCOPODINEAE.

Plant moss-like; stems branched, solid, with numerous
small leaves; sporangia solitary in the axils of the leaves or
on their upper surface.

LYCOPODIACEAE. 13

Family 5. LYCOPODIACEAE.

Plant somewhat moss-like in appearance, evergreen, usually
branching; stem solid; leaves small, numerous, not whorled;
spore-cases on the upper surfaces or in the axils of the leaves;
spores of one kind.

20. LYCOPODIUM. GROUND-PINE.

Perennial, terestrial plants, with evergreen 1 -nerved leaves,
arranged in 4-16 ranks; spore-cases flattened, 1-celled, in the
axils of ordinary leaves or of bracts arranged in spikes; spores
abundant, minute, sulphur-yellow.

Sporangia in the axils of ordinary leaves.

Sporangial leaves forming a terminal spike. L. inundatum,

Sporangial leaves subterminal, the terminal leaves sterile.

Stems rigid; leaves all alike, ascending. L. selago.

Stems not rigid; leaves spreading, of two sorts, long

and short. L. lucidulum.

Sporangia in the axils of modified leaves which are crowded in

spikes.
Sterile branches flattened, the leaves on the under side

reduced.
Stems of the fruiting branches leafy to the spikes or

nearly so. L. obscurum.

Stems of the fruiting branches with much reduced

leaves. L. complanatum.

Sterile branches not flattened, the leaves uniformly

spreading.

Stems of the fruiting branches nearly naked. L. clavatum.

Stems leafy up to the spikes or nearly so.

Leaves 6-8-ranked, spreading. L. annotinum.

Leaves 5-ranked, appressed. L. sitchense.

Lycopodium inundatum L. Stems creeping close to the earth, 3-12 cm.
long; fertile branches erect, 2-10 cm. high, bearing solitary spikes; sporangial
leaves like the sterile, lanceolate or awl-shaped, with thin margins.

In bogs, Olympia, Henderson; Spanaway Lake, Flett; Vancouver, British
Columbia, Macoun.

Lycopodium selago L. Stems ascending or erect, rigid, not creeping, 6-10
cm. high; leaves all alike, broadest at the hollowed base, acuminate or mucron-
ate, closely appressed, some of them commonly bearing a bulblet in the axil;
terminal leaves sterile, those just below bearing spore-cases.

Common in the mountains at 1500-2800 m. elevation.

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Stems decumbent at base, 10-30 cm. high,
simple or sparingly branched; leaves spreading or deflexed, linear-obovate,
denticulate, acute, in alternate zones of longer and shorter leaves, the latter
most commonly bearing the sporangia.
. In deep woods, rare.

Lycopodium obscurum L. Stems erect, branched above, arising at inter-
vals from subterranean rootstocks; leaves 6-ranked, linear-lanceolate, entire,
acute, the lateral with spreading tips, the two upper and the lower ranks

14 LYCOPODIACEAE.

smaller and closely appressed; fruiting branches with leaves like the sterile,
each bearing 1-3 spikes.

Known in our limits only from a station 23 miles northeast of Snoqualmie,
Washington, L. A. Nelson.

Lycopodium complanatum L. Stems widely creeping, with suberect
irregularly forked fan-like flattened branches; leaves 4-ranked, very small,
closely appressed, the lateral with spreading tips, the dorsal and ventral smaller,
wholly appressed; fruiting branches with much reduced leaves, each bearing
13 cylindric spikes.

Not definitely known in our limits but abundant at Lake Keechelus near
the summit of the Cascade Mountains.

Lycopodium clavatum L. Running-pine. Stems prostrate, creeping,
often very long; sterile branches similar but ascending; leaves pale green, awl-
shaped, bristle-tipped; fertile branches with minute leaves, erect, bearing 2-4
fruiting cones.

In woods, not common.

Lycopodium annotinum L. Stems creeping, often 1 m. long; leaves dark
green, linear-lanceolate, spreading, minutely serrate; fruiting cones solitary,
sessile at the tips of ordinary branches.

In mountain woods, not common.

Lycopodium sitchense Rupr. Stems creeping, often half-buried, with
erect forked branches, 5-7 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute, 5 mm. long, 5-
ranked; fruiting cones on very short nearly naked penducles.

Common in wet meadows at 1200-1800 m. altitude.

Family 6. SELAGINELLACEAE.

Terrestrial, annual or perennial moss-like plants with branching
stems and scale-like leaves, which are many-ranked and uniform,
or four-ranked and of two kinds spreading in two planes; sporangia
1-celled, solitary in the axils of leaves which are so arranged as to
form more or less quadrangular spikes; spores of two kinds, some
sporangia (megasporangia) containing four megaspores, others
(microsporangia) containing numerous microspores.

21. SELAGINELLA.

Sporangia solitary in the axils of leaves forming terminal cone-
like spikes; sporangia minute, subglobose, opening transversely;
megaspores globose, four in each megasporangium; microspores
small, numerous.

Leaves of two sorts, 4-ranked. S. douglasii.
Leaves all alike, many-ranked.

Stems slender, elongate; leaves loosely imbricated. S. struthioloides.

Stems short; leaves closely imbricated. S. rupestris.

Selaginella douglasii (Hook.) Spring. Stems reclining, 10-40 cm. long,
pinnately branched; lateral leaves oval, oblique, obtuse, 2 mm. long; upper
leaves half as long, oval, cuspidate, acuminate.

On wet rocks, local; abundant in the Cascade gorge of the Columbia River.

SELAGINELLACEAE. 15

Selaginella struthioloides (Presl) Underw. Stems weak, soft, 30-180
cm. long, often more or less pendent, much branched; leaves about 1 mm.
long, linear-lanceolate, loosely imbricated, not bristle-tipped.

On trees along the coast, often hanging in great masses; Vancouver Island
to the southern boundary of Oregon. First found at Nootka Sound.

Selaginella rupestris (L.) Spring. Stems loosely tufted, 10-25 cm. long,
prostrate or ascending, much branched; leaves closely imbricate, narrowly
lanceolate, ciliate margined, channeled on the back, each tipped with a slender
white awn, 0.3-0.5 mm. long; spikes quadrangular, 1-1.5 cm. long; bracts like
the leaves but the awns shorter and the margin more ciliate.

On rocks, often very abundant. Hieronymus has recently distinguished
from true S. rupestris numerous new species and subspecies. The form common
in our limits is 5. sartorii oregonensis Hieronymus.

Family 7. ISOETACEAE. QUILLWORT FAMILY.

Plant aquatic, usually submersed or sometimes growing on
moist soil, consisting of a short, two or three-lobed fleshy stem
with a dense tuft of fibrous roots and a compact cluster of rush-
or grass-like leaves; sporangia in small lobes enclosed in the
bases of the leaves; spores of two kinds, large (megaspores} and
small (microspores) .

22. ISOETES. QUILLWORT.

Stem a fleshy corm rooting just above the base, surrounded
above by the swollen bases of the awl-shaped linear leaves;
sporangia large, enclosed in the bases of the leaves, those of the
outer leaves with megaspores, those of the inner with micro-
spores; the sides of the sporangia more or less covered with a
fold of the inner side of the leaf base (velum).

Plants terrestrial, in muddy places; leaves with stomata.

Stems 3-lobed; leaves setaceous; velum complete. /. nuttallii.

Stems 2-lobed; leaves stout, rigid; velum incomplete. /. maritima.
Plants aquatic, often in deep water; stems bilobed.

Stomata none; leaves rigid. /. piperi.

Stomata present; leaves slender. /. echinospora.

Isoetes nuttallii A. Br. Growing in wet places; leaves 15-50, slender,
bright green, 6-20 cm. long; megaspores grayish, warty or rarely nearly smooth;
microspores brown, papillose.

Vancouver Island to Oregon. Apparently rare, but quite inconspicuous.

Isoetes maritima Underw. Terrestrial in salt marshes; trunk slightly
bilobed; leaves 8-15, rigid, 2-5 cm. long; megaspores densely spinulose, the
spines blunt but rarely confluent; microspores smooth, white.

Known only from salt marshes at Alberni, Vancouver Island, Macoun.

Isoetes piperi A. A. Eaton. Leaves 10-20, 5-8 cm. long, somewhat spread-
ing, rigid; velum incomplete; megaspores with low distinct warts; microspores
smooth or nearly so.

Green Lake, Seattle, Piper.

1 6 ISOETACEAE.

Isoetes echinospora braunii (Durieu) Engclm. Leaves 10-20, slender,
spreading, not rigid, 6-15 cm. long, with stomata present near the tips; spor-
angia broadly elliptic, spotted, more than half covered by the broad velum;
macrospores spinulose but the spines often united into jagged crests; micros-
pores smooth.

In quiet lakes and ponds, with muddy bottoms.

Isoetes echinospora flettii A. A. Eaton. Differs from /. echinospora
braunii mainly by its spinulose microspores.
Spanaway Lake, Pierce County, Washington.

PHYLUM II. SPERMATOPHYTA. SEED PLANTS.

Highly organized plants, mostly producing flowers and
always producing seeds, each of which contains a young
plant (embryo] usually composed of a stem-like structure
(caulicle or hypocotyl), one or more rudimentary leaves
(cotyledons) and a terminal bud (plumule or epicotyl) ;
megasporangia (ovules) usually borne on the side or face
of an open or closed modified leaf (carpel) ; microsporangia
(anther-sacs) on the end or. side of a modified leaf (filament)
and bearing numerous microspores (pollen grains).

Class IV. GYMNOSPERMAE.

Ovules (megasporangia) naked, not enclosed in an ovary,
usually on the face of an open scale but sometimes on the
axis, in which case the scale is rudimentary or wanting;
stigmas none; cotyledons mostly several in a whorl, oc-
casionally only two; perianth none.

Family 8. TAXACEAE. YEW FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs with evergreen linear leaves; flowers dioecious,
the staminate of a few scaly bracts and a few naked stamens, the
ovule-bearing of an erect ovule which in fruit becomes a bony
seed surrounded by a fleshy disk.

23. TAXUS. YEW.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with spirally arranged, short-
petioled linear flat leaves, spreading so as to appear 2-ranked;
aments very small, axillary and solitary, sessile or nearly so;
staminate aments consisting of a few scaly bracts and 5-8
stamens; ovules solitary, axillary, erect, subtended by a fleshy

TAXACEAE. 17

ring-shaped disk; fruit consisting of the red fleshy dish which has
become cup-shaped and nearly encloses the bony seed.

Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Western Yew. Small tree, 4-10 m. high, some-
times much larger, the bark loose and reddish; branches slender, horizontal
or drooping; leaves horizontal, 1-2 cm. long, linear, acuminate, cuspidate,
with revolute margins, shiny green above, glaucous beneath, abruptly narrowed
at the base into a short petiole; staminate aments globose, 3 mm. broad; fruit
bright red, insipid in taste; stone broadly ovate, acute, somewhat flattened,
3-4 mm. long.

Quite common, especially along mountain streams. Very large trees
become 75 cm. in diameter. Extreme southern Alaska to Tulare County,
California and eastward to the Blue and Bitterroot Mountains.

Family 9. PINACEAE. PINE FAMILY.

Resinous trees or shrubs mostly with evergreen narrow entire
or scale-like leaves; flowers in aments, usually monoecious,
rarely dioecious; ovules solitary or several together on the sur-
face of a scale, which in most genera is in the axile of a bract;
fruit a cone with numerous several or few woody papery or
fleshy scales; seed wingless or winged.

Scales of the cone few (3-12); leaf-buds naked;

leaves mostly scale-like.

Cone modified into a fleshy, drupe-like fruit. 24. JUNIPERUS, 17.
Cone composed of dry scales.

Scales of the globose cone peltate. 26. CHAMAECYPARIS, 18.

Scales of the oblong cone not peltate.

Cone-scales 8-12, rather thin, imbricate. 26. THUJA, 18.
Cone-scales 6, thick, valvate. 27. LIBOCEDRUS, 19.

Scales of the cones numerous; leaf-buds scaly; green

leaves needle-like.
Cone-scales woody; leaves needle-shaped, 2-5 in

a sheath. 28. PINUS, 19.

Cone-scales thin; leaves linear, scattered or

clustered, not in sheaths.

Cones erect; scales deciduous. 29. ABIES, 20.

Cones pendent; scales persistent.

Branchlets smooth; bracts 3-toothed. 30. PSEUDOTSUGA, 21.
Branchlets roughened by the persistent

leaf-bases.

Leave sessile, pungent-pointed. 31. PICEA, 22.

Leaves petioled, not pungent. 32. TSUGA, 22.

24. JUNIPERUS. JUNIPER.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees; leaves scale-like or needle-like,
opposite or in whorls of three; flowers dioecious or monoecious,
small and lateral; anther-cells 3-6, attached to the lower edge of
the shield-shaped scale; ovule-bearing aments ovoid, of 3-6
fleshy coalescent scales, each 1-ovuled, in fruit forming a bluish-
black berry.

3

18 PINACEAE.

Prostrate shrub; leaves uniformly awl-like. /. sibirica.

Erect shrub or tree; leaves of two forms, some scale-like,

others awl-like. /. scopulorum.

Juniperus sibirica Burgsd. Mountain Juniper. A prostrate shrub;
leaves linear-subulate, sharp-pointed, glaucous on the upper side, arranged in
whorls of three; fruit dark blue, as large as a pea.

Common in the mountains at 900-1000 m. elevation. Many botanists
consider this a subspecies of J. communis L. under the name of /. communis
montana Ait.

Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Rocky Mountain Juniper. A shrub or
scraggly tree, 1-6 m. high, much branched, the branches often drooping;
foliage often glaucous; leaves small, acute, each with a linear indistinct gland
on the back; berries blue-black with a thick whitish bloom, maturing the
second year; seeds usually 2, grooved longitudinally.

On the islands and mainland about the Gulf of Georgia and the northern
part of Puget Sound. Not elsewhere known west of the Cascade Mountains
but common from these mountains eastward to the Black Hills.

25. CHAMAECYPARIS.

Evergreen trees with flattened 2-ranked branchlets and small
scale-like leaves; aments terminal; staminate small, globose,
with shield-shaped filaments; pistillate erect, with 6-10 very
thick scales in pairs; cones small, globose, maturing the first
year; seeds few, at the base of each scale, angled or more or less
winged.

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Lamb.) Spach. Alaska Cedar, Medium
sized tree, 20-30 m. tall, 30-100 cm. in diameter; bark thin, pale gray; leaves
small, sharply acute; cones globose, 8 mm. in diameter.

Common in the mountains at 1200-1800 m. elevation. Alaska Cedar
ranges from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Mount Hood, Oregon. It is
not known to occur east of the Cascade Mountains. The tree first became
known to botanists from specimens collected at Nootka Sound.

26. THUJA. ARBOR VITAE.

Evergreen trees or shrubs; leaves small or minute, scale-like,
appressed, opposite, 4-ranked; flowers monoecious, both kinds
terminal, the staminate globose, the ovule-bearing ovoid or
oblong, small, their scales opposite, each bearing 2, rarely 3-5
erect ovules; cones ovoid or oblong, mostly spreading or recurved,
their scales 6-10, coriaceous, opposite, dry, spreading when
mature.

Thuja plicata Donn. Giant Cedar. Handsome pyramidal tree, 30-50 or
even 80 m. high, 1-5 m. in diameter, the trunk rapidly tapering from the large
base; branches usually somewhat drooping; bark pale grayish, thin fibrous,
longitudinally fissured; wood soft, the heart- wood reddish, odorous; leaves
oblong-ovate, bright green, rapidly tapering to an acuminate cuspidate apex;
staminate aments minute, dark purple; pistillate aments usually crowded near
the tips of the branchlets; cones oblong, 11.5 cm. long, light colored, con-
sisting of about 6 pairs of scales, these elliptical, mucronate on the back m-ar
the apex.

PINACEAE. 19

A common lowland tree, especially in moist soil, ranging from Alaska to
northern California. Found originally by Menzies at Nootka Sound. The
northernmost station known is the head of Lynn Canal, Alaska.

27. LIBOCEDRUS.

Resinous trees with scaly bark and spreading branches ; leaves
scale-like, dimorphic, opposite, persistent; flowers naked, monoe-
cious or dioecious, terminal, solitary; stamens numerous; anther-
cells usually 4; scales of pistillate cone 4 or 6, acuminate; ovules
2; fruit maturing in one season.

Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Incense Cedar. Tree, 30-50 m. high; bark
fibrous, loose; leaves opposite, adnate, the acute tips spreading; cones 20-30
mm. long.

In the mountains, Clackamas County, Oregon, and southward to Lower
California.

28. PINUS. PINE.

Evergreen trees with two kinds of leaves; the primary ones
scale-like with deciduous tips; the secondary ones forming the
ordinary foliage, needle-like, arising from the axils of the former
in clusters of 2-5; ovule-bearing aments solitary or clustered,
each composed of numerous minute bracts, each with an ovule-
bearing scale in its axil; ament, upon maturing, becoming a cone,
the scales elongating and becoming woody; seeds two on the
base of each scale.

Leaves 5 in each fascicle; scales of the cones unarmed.

Cones ovoid to subglobose, 4-8 cm. long; wing of seed

shorter than the body. P. albicaulis.

Cones cylindric-oblong; wing of seed longer than body.

Seeds 5-7 mm. long; cones usually 10-20 cm. long. P. monticola.
Seeds 9-12 mm. long; cones usually 20-30 cm. long. P. lambertiana.
Leaves 2 or 3 in each fascicle; scales of the cones thickened,

each armed with a sharp spine on the back.

Leaves in twos; cones small, 4-5 cm. long. P. contorta.

Leaves in threes; cones larger.

Cones persistent for several years, formed well below

the apex of the shoot; small tree. P. attenuate,

Cones falling after the second year, formed subter-

minally on the young shoot; large tree. P. ponderosa.

Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White-bark Pine. Scraggly tree, 20-30 m.
high; bark nearly white; leaves 4-7 cm. long; cones oval, 5-7 cm. long, the
scales much thickened; seeds large, edible.

British Columbia to Montana and California. In our limits only in the
Cascade Mountains at 1500-2100 m. elevation.

Pinus monticola Dougl. Western White Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 1-2
m. in diameter; bark gray, rather smooth, longitudinally cracked; leaves pale
green, in fascicles of five, 47 cm. long; cones narrowly cylindrical, 15-30 cm.
long, about 4 cm. thick.

This tree usually occurs in colonies along with the red fir. It ranges from
the sea level to 1700 m. altitude and extends from British Columbia to Montana
and California. It does not extend farther north than Vancouver Island.

20 PINACEAE.

Pinus lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine. Tree 50-100 m. high, 2-6 m. in
diameter; bark brown, splitting into small plates; leaves 8-10 cm. long; seed
wings less than twice as long as broad.

In the mountains at 400-1000 m. elevation, Clackamas County, Oregon,
and southward to Lower California. First found by Douglas in the mountains
near the present site of Roseburg, Oregon.

Pinus contorta Dougl. Lodgepole Pine. Small tree, 10-20 m. tall, the
dark bark usually deeply checked; leaves 4-8 cm. long, dark green: cones
small, ovoid, 4-5 cm. long; scales thickened at the apex, each armed with a stout
point.

Common in sterile gravelly soil. It also occurs occasionally in peat bogs.
In the mountains it often forms dense pure growths of small trees whence the
name "lodgepole." The tree ranges from Alaska to the Black Hills, Colorado
and California. Douglas's original specimens came from near the mouth of
the Columbia River.

Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone Pine. Small pyramidal tree, 5-10,
rarely 20-25 m. high; bark thin, pale brown, scaly on the old trunk; leaves
pale, 816 cm. long; cones pale, narrowly ovate, unsymmetrical, reflexed, 712
cm. long, the scales on the outer side much thickened, each armed with a spine.

Lane County, Oregon, and south to southern California, in the mountains
at 300-2000 m. elevation. The cones usually in whorls persist for many years
and give the trees a very characteristic appearance.

Pinus ponderosa Dougl. Yellow or Bull Pine. Large tree, 30-80 m. tall,
1-4 m. in diameter, the reddish bark thick and deeply furrowed; leaves in
fascicles of three, 1525 cm. long, minutely serrulate; staminate aments
cylindric, somewhat flexuous, 4-6 cm. long, crowded at the base of young
shoots; pistillate aments 1-6, greenish or purplish, borne near the apex of the
shoots of the season; cones brown, ovoid, 7-10 cm. long, 5-6 cm. thick, fre-
quently in clusters of 3-5; scales much thickened near the apex, each bearing
a stout sharp point.

Gravelly prairies, Pierce County, Washington, and southward. Abundant
in the interior but rare along the coast. The timber of this tree is quite differ-
ent from the true yellow pine of the interior. The coast tree has been consider-
ed a distinct species, P. benthamiana "Oregon Committee."

29. ABIES. FIR.

Evergreen trees with linear flat scattered sessile leaves, spread-
ing so as to appear 2-ranked but in reality spirally arranged,
commonly quite persistent in drying; staminate aments axillary;
ovule-bearing aments lateral, erect; ovules two on the base of
each scale, reflexed; scale shorter than or exceeding the thin
papery bract; cones erect, subcylindrical or ovoid, their orbicular
or broader scales deciduous from the persistent axis.

Cones with conspicuous exserted reflexed bracts. A. nobilis.

Cones with the bracts concealed.

Cross section of leaf showing the two resin ducts surrounded

by green tissue. A. lasiocarpa.

Cross section of leaf showing the resin ducts close to the

lower surface.

Cones purple, large; bracts long attenuate at apex. A. amabilis.

Cones usually green, medium sized; bracts not attenuate
at apex.

PINACEAE. 21

Leaves green and shiny above with stomata only on

the lower side. A . grand-is.

Leaves pale above and below and with stomata on

both sides. A. concolor.

Abies nobilis Lindl. Noble Fir. Very large tree, 70-100 m. high, and
1-2 m. in diameter; leaves of the upper branches curved upwards, short,
rigid, mostly acute, channeled above; cones 1220 cm. long, nearly covered by
the large reflexed bracts.

In the mountains from Mount Baker and the Olympic Mountains to near
the southern boundary of Oregon.

Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir. Narrowly conical usually
densely branched trees, 20-30 m. high and 20-40 cm. in diameter; bark
pale, rather smooth but with large resin blisters; leaves 3-5 cm. long, acute,
usually sharp-pointed, with abundant stomata on the upper leaf surface;
cones narrowly barrel-shaped, usually dark-purple, puberulent, 5-10 cm. long;
bracts lacerate, usually not exserted.

Alaska southward in the mountains to Oregon and Colorado. In the Cas-
cade Mountains the southern limit is near Crater Lake, Oregon. It commonly
occurs at 1500-2500 m. altitude. In the Olympic Mountains, there is a form
with the bracts exserted. This tree was first found by Douglas, probably in
the Blue Mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon.

Abies amabilis (Loud.) Forbes. Amdbilis Fir. Graceful tree, 30-50 m.
high; leaves with few or no stomata on the upper surface, those of the lower
branches flat, obtuse or retuse, those of the upper branches curved upward,
mostly acute; cones dark-purple, 8-15 cm. long, puberulent.

In the mountains mostly at 1000-1500 m. altitude, ranging from extreme
southern Alaska in the Cascade Mountains to Crater Lake, Oregon, and in
the Coast Mountains to Saddle Mountain, near Astoria, Oregon.

Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir. Large tree, sometimes 100 m. tall and
2 m. in diameter, with thin, dark gray, rather smooth bark; branches hori-
zontal or the lower drooping; leaves linear, obtuse or notched, shining green
above, marked beneath by two white lines, 18-30 mm. long, usually arranged
in two ranks, giving the foliage a flattened appearance; cones cylindric-oblong,
710 cm. long, dark green, more or less covered with drops of resin; scales
broader than long, entire ; bracts small, deeply notched, each sometimes bearing
a short point.

Common in moist land at low altitudes, from the northern end of Vancouver
Island to Sonoma County, California, and eastward to Montana and Wyoming.

Abies concolor (Gord.) Parry. Large tree, reaching a height of 50-70 m.
and a diameter of 1-2 m. ; bark ash-gray, deeply furrowed; leaves pale, those
of the lower branches 2-ranked, flat, obtuse or retuse, 5-7 cm. long, those of the
fruiting branches curved upward and acute; cones olive green or yellowish,
sometimes purple tinged, 8-10 cm. long; bracts small, narrowly oblong,
truncate or slightly notched, sometimes bearing a short point.

In the Cascade Mountains of Oregon from Mount Jefferson southward
through California; also in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Utah and Ariz-
ona.

30. PSEUDOTSUGA.

Very large trees, at first pyramidal and spruce-like, often in
age more spreading; leaves linear, flat, somewhat 2-ranked
by a twist at the base; aments from the axils of the leaves of
the preceding year; staminate aments clustered in an oblong or

22 PINACEAE.

cylindrical column, surrounded or partly enclosed by numerous,
conspicuous, rotund bud-scales; ovule-bearing aments with the
scales much shorter than the broadly linear acutely 2-lobed
bracts; cones maturing the first year; scales persistent.

Pseudotsuga mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. Red Fir. Douglas Spruce. Very
large tree, 50-100 m. high, 1-4 m. in diameter; bark thick, reddish within,
deeply cracked longitudinally; branches usually short and horizontal; leaves
linear, obtusish, 20-30 mm. long, narrowed at the base, dark green above,
paler beneath; staminate aments light brown, oblong-cylindric, 1 cm. long,
half enclosed in the large bracts; pistillate aments green or purplish; cones
pendent, cylindric-ovoid, 6-10 cm. long, the tridentate bracts conspicuously
exceeding the scale.

The common forest tree of the region. Subalpine forms have the cones
uniformly shorter and thicker. Red fir ranges from British Columbia to
Mexico. It does not extend northward quite to the Alaska boundary. The
first knowledge of the tree was Lewis's description of it as it occurs
at the mouth of the Columbia River.

31. PICEA. SPRUCE.

Evergreen conical trees, with linear sharp pointed short four-
sided leaves, spreading in all directions, falling away from the
twig in drying, leaving it covered with small projections; leaf-
buds scaly; staminate aments axillary, nearly sessile; ovule-
bearing aments terminal, ovoid or oblong; ovules two on the
base of each scale, reflexed, ripening into two more or less winged
seeds; cones ovoid or oblong, obtuse, pendulous, their scales
numerous, spirally arranged, thin, obtuse, persistent.

Leaves distinctly flattened; lowland tree. P. sitchensis.

Leaves quadrangular; subalpine tree. P. engelmanni.

Picea sitchensis Carr. Sitka or Tideland Spruce. A very large tree, 50-70
m. tall, and 2-3 m. in diameter; bark dark gray, scaly; twigs glabrous; leaves
10-15 mm. long, distinctly flattened, very sharp pointed; cones oblong or oval,
pale brown, 36 cm. long, the oblong-ovate scales denticulate.

Common along the seacoast and on low river bottoms, ranging from Kodiak
Island, Alaska, to Mendocino County, California. It was first found at Sitka
by Mertens.

Picea engelmanni Parry. Engelmann Spruce. Handsome pyramidal tree,
30-40 m. tall, the bark gray and scaly; branchlets pubescent; leaves dark-
green, quadrangular in cross section, very sharply pointed, 1.5-2 cm. long;
cones cylindric-ovate, 3-6 cm. long; scales ovate, truncate, rounded or
retuse, crenulate.

From the Yukon to New Mexico and Arizona, mainly in the interior but
occuring in the Cascade Mountains at 300-1000 m. altitude from British
Columbia to the southern boundary of Oregon.

32. TSUGA. HEMLOCK.

Evergreen trees with flat or angled leaves which appear
2-ranked; branchlets rough from persistent leaf-bases; stamina U'
aments in subglobose clusters from the axils of leaves of the pre-

PINACEAE. 23

vious year; ovule-bearing aments terminal on year-old ^branch-
lets; bract somewhat shorter than the cone-scale; cones maturing
the first year, pendulous.

Leaves 8-18 mm. long; cones 2 cm. long. T. heterophylla.

Leaves 12-25 mm. long; cones 5-7 cm. long. T. mertensiana.

Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock. Handsome tree,
30-60 m. tall and 50-200 cm. in diameter; branches slender, usually bent down-
ward; leaves linear, flattened, unequal in length, 8-18 mm. long; cones oblong,
1016 mm. long.

A common forest tree, most abundant at about 1000 m. altitude. It ranges
from Prince William Sound, Alaska, to Marin County, California. It was
originally described by Lewis and Clarke from the mouth of the Columbia
River.

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr. Mountain or Black Hemlock. Tree
30-50 m. high and 50-200 cm. in diameter; leaves 1-2 cm. long, acutish,
convex above, bearing stomata on both surfaces; cones oblong, dark purple,
5-7 cm. long.

Common in the mountains at about the limit of trees ; at the highest altitude
it becomes a prostrate shrub. The Black Hemlock ranges from Prince
William Sound, Alaska, where it occurs at sea level, southward in the moun-
tains to Montana and California. It was first found by Mertens on the moun-
tain at Sitka.

Class V. ANGIOSPERMAE.

Ovules (mega-sporangia) enclosed in a cavity (the ovary]
formed by the infolding and uniting of the margins of
a modified rudimentary leaf (carpel], or of several such
leaves joined together, in which the seeds are ripened;
stigmas present; cotyledons one or two, very rarely want-
ing; perianth present or wanting.

Sub-class I. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Embryo of the seed with but a single cotyledon, that is
with the first leaves of the germinating plantlet alternate;
stem composed of a mass of soft tissue in which the woody
bundles appear in cross section to be irregularly imbedded,
there being no distinction into bark, wood and pith;
leaves usually parallel-veined, mostly alternate and entire,
commonly sheathing the stem at the base and often with
no distinction of blade and petiole; parts of the flowers
mostly in threes.

Family 10. TYPHACEAE. CAT TAIL FAMILY.

Marsh or aquatic herbs with creeping rootstocks and linear
flat sheathing leaves; stems erect, terete; flowers monoecious,

24 TYPHACEAE.

densely crowded in a terminal spike, often subtended by spatha-
ceous bracts; ovary one, 1- or 2-celled, with as many persistent
styles; fruit nutlike.

33. TYPHA.

Flowers in a dense cylindrical spike; staminate and pistillate
portions of the spike contiguous; stamens with very short con-
nate filaments, mixed with numerous long hairs; ovary long-
stalked, 1-celled, surrounded by numerous bristles and rudi-
mentary ovaries; fruit minute, usually splitting on one side.

Typha latifolia L. Cat-tail. Stout, 1-3 m. tall; leaves flat, sheathing at
base, 1-2 cm. wide; pistillate and staminate portions of the spike close to-
gether, each 8-30 cm. long, the pistillate dark brown; stigmas rhombic -
spatulate; pollen grains in fours.

Margins of lakes and ponds, abundant.

Family 11. SPARGANIACEAE. BUR- REED FAMILY.

Marsh or pond herbs with creeping rootstocks and erect or
floating stems; leaves linear, alternate, 2-ranked, sessile, sheath-
ing at the base; flowers monoecious, densely crowded into globose
heads which are in a raceme on the upper parts of the stem and
branches, the staminate above; spathes linear; perianth of a few
chaffy scales; stamens usually 5; fruit mostly 1-celled, nut-like.

34. SPARGANIUM. BUR REED.
Characters of the family.

Heads all axillary; inflorescence branched. S. androcladum.

Heads, or at least some of them, supra-axillary.

Leaves, or at least the larger ones, keeled; plants usually

terrestrial. S. simplex.

Leaves not keeled; floating aquatics.

Beak of fruit short-conical; stigma oblong. S. minimum.

Beak of fruit slender; stigma linear. S. angustifolium.

Sparganium androcladum (Engelm.) Morong. Stems stout, 40-100 cm.
high; leaves 5-12 mm. wide, dark green; inflorescence branched, the branches
strictly axillary, each bearing 3-7 staminate heads and usually 1 or 2 pistillate
heads; fruiting heads 2-2.5 cm. in diameter; fruit dull, the fusiform body
5-6 mm. long, the beak about 3 mm. long.

Margins of ponds and lakes, common.

Sparganium simplex Huds. Stems rather stout, 30-60 cm. high; Iravts
thin, 6-15 mm. broad, scarious-margined below; inflorescence simple; fruiting
heads 12-25 mm. in diameter, some of them supra-axillary; fruit fusiform,
somewhat shiny, the body 3-4 mm. long, tipped with a beak about as long;
stalk 1-2 mm. long; stigmas linear.

More common than S. androcladum and occurring in similar places.

SPARGANIACEAE. 25

Sparganium minimum Fries. Aquatic; stems very slender, 10-40 cm. long;
leaves thin and grass-like, 2-4 mm. broad, floating; inflorescence simple;
heads sessile or nearly so, the pistillate about 1 cm. in diameter when mature;
nutlets smooth, ovoid, conically short-beaked, easily detached.

In mountain ponds and lakes. San Juan Lake, Vancouver Island, Rosen-
dahl & Brand; Mount Rainier, Piper.

Sparganium angustifolium Michx. Aquatic; stems slender, 30-100 cm.
long; leaves very long and narrow, rather firm, 2-4 mm. wide; inflorescence
simple; heads sessile or the lower peduncled, the pistillate 15-20 mm. in di-
ameter when mature; nutlets abruptly slender-beaked, firmly attached.

In ponds and lakes; Mount Arrowsmith, Vancouver Island, Macoun.

Family 12. NAJADACEAE. POND WEED FAMILY.

Submersed or floating fresh-water or marine aquatic herbs
or marsh plants; leaves flat or filiform, opposite, alternate or
whorled; flowers unisexual or perfect, mostly small, solitary
axillary or in spikes; perianth none or sheath-like; stamens
1-4; carpels 1-5, each 1-ovuled.

Flowers perfect; stamens more than one.

Perianth of 4 sepals; stamens 4; fruit sessile. 35. POTAMOGETON, 25.

Perianth none; stamens 2; fruits stalked. 36. RUPPIA, 27.

Flowers monoecious or dioecious; stamen solitary.
Leaves many, opposite; flowers axillary, sessile.
Monoecious; pistils 2-5, in a cup-shaped invo-
lucre; stigmas short. 37. ZANNICHELLIA 27.
Dioecious; pistil solitary, naked; stigma slender. 38. NAJAS, 28.
Leaves alternate, rather few.

Stigma capitate; fertile flowers in an exserted

naked spike; fresh water or marsh plant. 39. LILAEA, 28.
Stigma linear; fertile flowers on an enclosed

spadix; marine plants.

Monoecious; fruit rounded at base. 40. ZOSTERA, 28.

Dioecious; fruit cordate at base. 41. PHYLLOSPADIX, 28.

35. POTAMOGETON. PONDWEED.

Leaves alternate or the uppermost opposite, often of two
kinds, the submersed mostly linear, the floating lanceolate,
ovate or oval; spathes enclosing the young buds, usually perish-
ing soon after expanding; flowers small, perfect, spicate, green
or red; perianth of 4 sepals, valvate in bud; stamens 4, opposite
the sepals; ovaries 4, sessile, distinct, 1-celled, 1-ovuled.

Leaves of two kinds, the floating ones thickish, the submersed

thin and of different form.
Submersed leaves linear.

Floating leaves subcordate at base; stipules long. P. natans.
Floating leaves acute at base; stipules short. P. epihydrus.

Submersed leaves lanceolate or oval.

Floating leaves oval, 30-50-nerved. P. amplifolius.

Floating leaves narrowly elliptic, 10-20-nerved.

26 NAJADACEAE.

Stipules acuminate; fruiting spike 4-5 cm. long. P. americanus.
Stipules obtuse; fruiting spikes 2-3 cm. long. P. heterophyllus .

Leaves alike, all submersed.
Leaves lanceolate to oblong.

Not clasping at base. P. heterophyllus.

Half clasping at base.

Apex boat-shaped or hooded. P. praelongus.

Apex acuminate, not hooded. P. richardsonii.

Leaves linear.

Stipules free from the base of the leaf.

Leaves tape-like; spike cylindric; fruit large. P. zosterifolius.

Leaves very narrow; spike not cylindric; fruit small. P. pusillus.
Stipules adnate to the base of the leaf.

Leaves linear-lanceolate, 4-8 mm. wide, ciliate,

many-nerved. P. robbinsii.

Leaves linear-setaceous, 1 mm. wide, not ciliate,

1 -nerved P. pectinatus.

Potamogeton natans L. Floating leaves ovate or elliptical, somewhat
cordate at base, 5-8 cm. long; upper submerged leaves with a lanceolate blade,
the lower linear and grass-like; upper stipules long, acute; spike 3-5 cm. long,
emersed.

Common in still ponds and lakes.

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. (P. nuttallii C. & S.) Stems simple or
branched, compressed, 60-120 cm. long; floating leaves oblong, obtuse or
acutish, each attenuate into a short petiole; submersed leaves numerous, linear,
thin, 5-7-nerved, with a coarse cellular reticulation between the inner nerves;
stipules short, obtuse; spikes 14 cm. long, on stout peduncles; fruit obovoid,
apiculate, 2-3 mm. long, 3-keeled when dry.

Frequent in lakes and quiet rivers.

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Stem stout, simple or branched;
floating leaf-blades oblong-oval, acute, rounded at the base, 5-10 cm. long,
long-petioled; submersed leaves mostly linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, the
uppermost frequently oval or oblong; stipules large, 5-10 cm. long, acute;
spike stout, dense, 2-4 cm. long, stout peduncled; fruit large, 4-5 mm. long,
with a broad beak.

Rarely collected in our limits; Coupeville, Gardner] Whatcom County,
Washington, Suksdorf.

Potamogeton americanus C. & S. (P. lonchitis Tuckerm.) Stems
slender, flaccid, branched, 50-100 cm. or more long; floating leaves narrowly
elliptic, pointed at each end, 5-10 cm. long, many-nerved, narrowed at base
into a petiole about as long; submersed leaves lanceolate; stipules narrow, 3-8
cm. long; spike dense, 2-4 cm. long, on rather stout peduncles; fruit about 3-4
mm. long.

In ponds and streams, not common.

Potamogeton heterophyllus Schreb. Floating leaves thin, obtuse, 9-15-
nerved, 3-5 cm. long; submersed leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3-7-
nerved; stipules obtuse; fruit small, subglobose.

Victoria, Macoun, and common eastward.

Potamogeton praelongus \Vulf. Leaves all submersed, numerous, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, half-clasping at base, 5-20 cm. long; peduncles
usually very long; spikes 2-5 cm. long, thick, loosely flowered; fruit sharply
keeled when dry, 4-5 mm. long.

In lakes, rare in our limits.

NAJADACEAE. 27

Potamogeton richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb. Leaves all submersed, lanceo-
late, acuminate, cordate and clasping at base, 6-10 cm. long; stipules large,
often split into shreds; peduncles rather short, thicker upward; spikes loose,
1-1.5 cm. long.

Very common in lakes and ponds.

Potamogeton zosterifolius Schumacher. Stems branching, flattened;
leaves grass-like, clasping at base, 3-nerved; stipules obtuse; spikes cylindric,
12-15-flowered, shorter than the peduncles.

Quiet waters, rare.

Potamogeton pusillus L. Stems very slender, flattened, usually much
branched; leaves all submersed, narrowly linear, 2-5 cm. long, each bearing
two glands at the sessile base; stipules obtuse, early disappearing; spikes in-
terrupted, 5-8-flowered.

Common in still lakes.

Potamogeton robbinsii Oakes. Stems stout; leaves numerous, all submer-
sed, linear or lanceolate, minutely serrulate, 8-12 cm. long, 2-ranked; stipules
obtuse; fruit obovoid, sharp beaked, conspicuously keeled.

In quiet lakes, very local and seldom fruiting; abundant in Lake Cushman,
Mason County, Washington.

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Stems filiform, branched, 30-90 cm. long;
leaves narrowly linear, attenuate to the apex, 1-nerved, 2-10 cm. long; ped-
uncles slender; flowers in whorls; fruit obliquely ovoid, compressed, turgid,
3.5-4.5 mm. long; style straight or nearly so.

Columbia River, Scouler, Suksdorf; occurs most commonly in brackish
water but rare in our limits.

36. RUPPIA.

Slender submersed branching herbs growing in salt or brackish
water with thread-like stems and with thread-like alternate
leaves broadly sheathing at the base; flowers perfect, two or
more near each other on a spadix enclosed in the sheathing base
of a leaf, later being thrust out; perianth none; stamens 2, ses-
sile; ovaries 4, at first sessile, in fruit stalked.

Ruppia maritima L. Stems slender, much branched, leafy; leaves narrowly
linear, 2-8 cm. long; spikes small, 2-8-flowered.

In brackish shallow water on the seashore. A polymorphous species, of
which at least two subspecies occur in our limits.

Ruppia maritima intermedia (Thed.) Aschers. & Graebn. Carpels ovoid,
slightly oblique but not curved, bluntly and inconspicuously beaked.
Seattle, Piper.

Ruppia maritima rostrata Agarclh. Carpels strongly oblique or curved and
conspicuously beaked.

Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Seattle, Piper & Smith.

37. ZANNICHELLIA.

Submersed herbs; leaves small, opposite, linear; flowers
unisexual, in axillary clusters, each composed of one staminate
and 2-5 pistillate flowers; staminate flower naked; pistillate
flowers enclosed in a funnel-shaped undivided involucre; style
short; stigma disk-shaped or bilobed; ovary flask-shaped.

28 NAJADACEAE.

Zannichellia palustris L. Horned Pond-weed. Stems slender, branching,
leafy, 10-60 cm. long; leaves thin, filiform, 1-nerved, 5-8 cm. long; fruit nearly
sessile, flattened, somewhat incurved, often more or less toothed on the back,
2-3 mm. long, about twice as long as the style.

In ponds and quiet streams, rare in our limits.

38. NAJAS.

Submersed aquatic herbs with slender branching stems;
leaves numerous, short, opposite or in threes, linear; flowers
monoecious or dioecious, solitary axillary, the staminate en-
closed in a membranaceous sheath; stamen 1; carpel 1, with a
short style and a 1-celled 1-ovuled ovary.

Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. & Schmidt. Stems slender; leaves numerous,
linear, acute or acuminate, 1-2 cm. long, minutely serrulate, the sheath broadly-
oblong; fruit 3 mm. long, oblong-linear, tipped with the persistent style; seed
pale-brown, shining.

In lakes and slow streams, common and widely spread.

39. LILAEA.

Marsh or freshwater grass-like plant with fibrous roots;
leaves alternate; flowers monoecious, naked, in separate spikes
or intermixed; staminate floret a solitary nearly sessile 2-celled
anther subtended by a distinct bract; pistillate florets consisting
of naked sessile ovaries; styles short in the upper florets, elongated
in the lower ones; stigma cuspidate; ovule solitary.

Lilaea subulata HBK. (Heterostylus gramineus Hook.) Leaves grass-
like, 15-30 cm. long, 2-4 mm. broad, thin; peduncles shorter than the leaves;
spikes crowded; spathe boat-shaped at base; styles of the lower flowers long
and filiform, gradually reduced upwards; akenes elliptical, acute, wing-
margined; lower ones largest and with a lateral tooth on each side at the base of
the style.

In ponds, rare. Sumas River, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Oregon, Scouler,
Howell.

40. ZOSTERA.

Submersed marine perennial herbs with creeping and rooting
stems or rootstocks; leaves alternate, entire, ribbon-shaped;
flowers monoecious; perianth none; flowers of single stamens
and ovaries alternately in rows on a leaf-like spadix enclosed in
the membranous base of a leaf.

Zostera marina L. Eel-grass. Leaves tape-like, obscurely 3-7-nerved,
50-100 cm. long.

Very common along the seashore just at low tide mark but very seldom
flowering. There are perhaps two species on our coast.

41. PHYLLOSPADIX.

Perennial submersed marine herbs with thick rootstocks and
slender stems; leaves elongated, linear; flowers dioecious; per-
ianth none; staminate flower a single sessile 1-celled anther;

SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. 29

pistillate flowers of sessile carpels in two vertical rows on the
face of a broadly linear sessile spadix enclosed in a boat-shaped
spathe.

Leaves 2-2.5 mm. wide; spathes solitary or rarely two. P. scouleri.

Leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide; spathes several, on short lateral peduncles. P. torreyi.

Phyllospadix scouleri Hook. Stems stout, 2-5 cm. long, bearing a single
spathe; leaves strongly 3-nerved, 1-2 m. long, 2-5 cm. broad.

On rocky seacoasts, Vancouver Island, British Columbia to California.
First found at the mouth of the Columbia River by Scouler.

Phyllospadix torreyi Wats. Stems slender, bearing one or two axillary
peduncles at each joint; leaves narrow, 2 mm. wide, 1-nerved or faintly 3-
nerved, often a meter or more long.

Vancouver Island to California, on rocky shores.

Family 13. SCHEUCHZERIACEAE. ARROW GRASS

FAMILY.

Swamp plants with narrow leaves and terminal racemose or
spike-like inflorescences; flowers perfect or unisexual, naked or
with a usually evanescent bract-like perianth; stamens 2 or 3;
carpels 3-6, each 1-2-ovuled, more or less united till maturity,
dehiscent or indehiscent.

Leaves all basal; flowers numerous, in spikes or

racemes, on scapes. 42. TRIGLOCHIN, 29.

Stem leafy; flowers few, in a loose raceme. 43. SCHEUCHZERIA, 29.

42. TRIGLOCHIN. ARROW GRASS.

Flowers small, perfect, in a terminal spike-like raceme borne
on a naked scape ; perianth segments 3-6, greenish, evanescent;
stamens 3-6; anthers 2-celled, on very short filaments; carpels
3-6, united into a compound pistil; ovules solitary; capsule,
when ripe, splitting into 3-6 carpels with a persistent central
axis.

Triglochin maritima L. Scapes subterete, 20-40 cm. high, exceeding the
leaves; leaves thickish, narrow; raceme elongate, 15-40 cm. long; fruit ovoid,
angled, 5-6 mm. long; carpels usually 6, sometimes 3.

Common in marshes along the seashore.

43. SCHEUCHZERIA.

Rush-like bog perennials with creeping rootstocks and erect
leafly stems; flowers small, in racemes; perianth 6-parted,
regular, in two series.

Scheuchzeria palustris L. Stems flexuous, 15-20 cm. high, exceeded by the
leaves; raceme loose, few-flowered; bracts sheathing; carpels ovoid, divergent
in fruit.

In sphagnum bogs, widespread but infrequent. Near Seattle, Piper;
Tacoma, Flett.

30 ALISMACEAE.

Family 14. ALISMACEAE. WATER PLANTAIN FAMILY.

Aquatic or marsh herbs with fibrous roots, scape-like stems
and basal long-petioled leaves; inflorescence a raceme or panicle;
flowers regular, perfect, monoecious or dioecious; pedicels whorled
and subtended by bracts; sepals 3, persistent; petals 3, deciduous;
stamens 6 or more; ovaries numerous or rarely few, 1-celled,
usually 1-ovuled; carpels becoming akenes in fruit; endosperm
none.

Carpels in a ring upon a small flat receptacle; leaves

ovate (in ours). 44. ALISMA, 30.

Carpels crowded in many series upon a large convex re-
ceptacle; leaves sagittate (in ours). 45. SAGITTARIA, 30.

44. ALISMA.

Perennial or rarely annual herbs with erect or floating leaves;
inflorescence a panicle or umbel-like panicle; flowers perfect,
small, numerous, on unequal pedicels; petals small; stamens
6 or 9; ovaries few or many, more or less in one whorl on a small
flat receptacle.

Alisma plantago-aquatica L. Water Plantain. Scapes stout, 30-100 cm.
tall; leaves all radical, erect or floating, the petioles usually long, the blades
ovate or oblong, acute, rounded or subcordate at the base, 5-15 cm. long, 5-7-
nerved; flowers in a large panicle composed of 3-6 whorls of branches, these
again branched once or twice; flowers on pedicels 1-5 cm. long; petals white,
hardly exceeding the sepals; akenes obliquely obovate, compressed.

Common in ponds and wet places.

45. SAGITTARIA. ARROWHEAD.

Perennial aquatic or marsh herbs with basal long-petioled
leaves; flowers monoecious or dioecious, borne near the summits
of the scapes in whorls of 3, the staminate usually uppermost;'
petals usually conspicuous; stamens usually numerous; ovaries
numerous, crowded in globose heads.

Sagittaria latifolia Willd. Wappato. Leaves sagittate, but varying
greatly in width, 10-20 cm. long, long-petioled; petals white, 1-1.5 cm. long;
akenes flat, each with a thin margin and bearing a stout lateral beak; rootstock
tuberous.

Common in shallow water on the margins of lakes, the tubers eaten by the
Indians. In lakes and rivers where the European carp is introduced the
plant has become very rare as the fish eat the tubers.

Family 15. HYDROCHARITACEAE. FROG'S BIT FAMILY.

Aquatic mostly perennial herbs with opposite or whorled
leaves (in ours) ; flowers dioecious or polygamous, sessile or
peduncled, surrounded by a membranous spathe; perianth

HYDROCHARITACEAE. 31

regular, of 3 or 6 segments, these united and tubular at base;
stamens 3-12; stigmas 3 or 6, bifid; ovary inferior; fruit inde-
hiscent.

46. ELODEA.

Perennials with opposite or whorled 1-nerved leaves; flowers
polygamo-dioecious, solitary and sessile in the axils; spathe
tubular, 2-cleft; perianth of the staminate flowers with 3 nearly
separate sepals and 3 or more narrower petals; perianth of the
pistillate flowers with a long scarious tube adherent to the ovary
and a 6-parted limb; stamens 3-9, the short filaments united at
base; stigmas 3-6, bifid.

Elodea canadensis Michx. (Anacharis canadensis Planch.) Waterweed.
Stems 10-100 cm. long; leaves in whorls of 3 or 4, oval or oblong, acute,
usually serrulate.

In ponds, not common in our limits.

Family 16. POACEAE. GRASS FAMILY.

Annual or perennial herbs, rarely shrubs or trees; stems (culms)
generally hollow ; nodes closed; leaves 2-ranked, sheathing, the
sheaths usually split to the base on the side opposite the blade;
a scarious or membranous appendage (ligule) borne at the
opening of the sheath, rarely obsolete; inflorescence a spike, a
raceme or a panicle, consisting of spikelets composed of two to
many 2-ranked imbricated bracts; the lowest two (glumes}
without flowers or rarely wanting; one or more of the upper
(lemma) containing in its axil a flower, which is usually enclosed
by a bract-like, generally 2-keeled, awnless organ (palea) oppo-
site the lemma and with its back toward the axis (rachilla) of the
spikelet; lemma sometimes bearing a hard thickening (callus}
at the base; flowers perfect or sometimes monoecious or dioecious,
subtended by 1-3 minute hyaline scales (lodicules) ; stamens
1-6, usually 3; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; styles 1-3, commonly
2 and lateral; stigmas hairy or plumose; fruit a seed-like grain
(caryopsis] or rarely a utricle; endosperm starchy.

Spikelets with two or more perfect flowers.

Spikelets sessile on the rachis; inflorescence a

spike. Tribe 8. HORDEAE.

Spikelets pedicelled ; inflorescence a panicle, spike-
like panicle or raceme.
Lemma shorter than the glumes, usually with

a bent awn rising from the back. Tribe 5. AVENEAE.

Lemma longer than the glumes, awnless or

with a straight apical awn. Tribe 6. FESTUCEAE.

POACEAE.

Spikelets with one perfect flower.

Spikelets with a staminate or neutral flower in

addition to the perfect one.
Rachilla jointed below the glumes which fall

with the seed.
Rachilla jointed above the glumes which do

not fall with the seed.
Imperfect flower below the perfect.

Arrhenatherum in
Imperfect flower above the perfect.

Holcus in
Spikelets with only one flower.

Rachilla jointed below the glumes which fall

with the seed.
Spikelets compressed dorsally or terete;

glumes 2'.
Spikelets compressed laterally; glumes

none.
Rachilla jointed above the glumes which do

not fall with the seed.
First two lemmas empty, variously modi-
fied, the third with a flower.
First lemma flower-bearing.

Spikelets crowded in two rows in one-
sided spikes.

Spikelets not in one-sided spikes.
Spikelets in two opposite rows.

Hordeum in
Spikelets not in two opposite rows.

Tribe 1. PANICEAE.

Spikelets in clustered racemes or spikes.
Spikelets not in clusters.

Inflorescence a dense spike-like panicle; pedicels

bristly.

Inflorescence a loose panicle; pedicels not bristly.
Lemma one; spikelets in two rows on a flat-
tened rachis.

Lemmas two; spikelets not in two rows on a
flattened rachis.

Tribe 1. PANICEAE.

Tribe 5.
Tribe 5.

Tribe 1.
Tribe 2.

Tribe 3.
Tribe 7.

Tribe 8.
Tribe 4.

AVENEAE.
AVENEAE.

PANICEAE.
ORYZEAE.

PHALARIDEAE.
CHLORIDEAE.

HORDEAE.
AGROSTIDEAE.

47. ECHINOCHLOA, 34.

48. CHAETOCHLOA, 35.

49. PASPALUM, 35.

50. PANICUM, 35.

Tribe 2. ORYZEAE.
Spikelets perfect; glumes none; lemmas awnless. 51. HOMALOCENCHRUS, 36.

Tribe 3. PHALARIDEAE.

First and second lemmas narrow, bristle-like;

glumes strongly compressed. 52. PHALARIS, 36.

First and second lemmas broadly ovate or oblong;

glumes not strongly compressed.
Glumes very unequal; first and second lemmas

much shorter than the glumes, awned. 53. ANTHOXANTHUM, 37.

Glumes nearly equal, scarcely exceeding the
first and second lemmas which are awnless
orshort-awncd. 54. HIEROCHLOE, 37.

POACEAE. 33

Tribe 4. AGROSTIDEAE.

Lemma with a long terminal awn and closely en-
veloping the grain.

Fruiting lemma thin and membranaceous. 55. MUHLENBERGIA, 37.

Fruiting lemma firm and indurated. 56. STIPA, 38.

Lemma awnless or short-awned and loosely en-
veloping the grain.
Inflorescence a dense spike-like raceme or

panicle.
Lemma awnless.

Rachilla prolonged behind the floret. 59. GASTRIDIUM, 39.
Rachilla not prolonged behind the

floret. 57. PHLEUM, 38.

Lemma awned.

Glumes awned. 58. POLYPOGON, 39.

Glumes awnless.

Glumes saccate at base; palea

none. 59. GASTRIDIUM, 39.

Glumes not saccate at base; palea

present. 60. ALOPECURUS, 39.

Inflorescence not spike-like.

Palea 1 -nerved; stamen 1. 61. CINNA, 40.

Palea 2-nerved; stamens 3.

Glumes none; plant very small. 62. COLEANTHUS, 40.

Glumes 2; plant larger.

Callus with a tuft of long hairs at the

base. 63. CALAMAGROSTIS, 41.

Callus naked. 64. AGROSTIS, 42.

Tribe 5. AVENEAE.

Perfect flower only one, the other staminate.
Lower flower perfect, awnless; upper stami-
nate, awned. 65. HOLCUS, 44.
Lower flower staminate, long awned; upper

perfect, awnless. 66. ARRHENATHERUM, 45.

Perfect flowers two or more.

Rachilla not prolonged beyond the upper

flower. 67. AIRA, 45.

Rachilla prolonged beyond the upper flower.
Awn of lemma from between the two ter-
minal teeth. 68. DANTHONIA, 45.
Awn of lemma dorsal or none.

Spikelets large, more than 15 mm.

long. 69. AVENA, 46.

Spikelets small, less than 15 mm.

long.

Lemma erose-truncate. 70. DESCHAMPSIA, 46.

Lemma 2-toothed. 71. TRISETUM, 47.

Tribe 6. FESTUCEAE.

Lemma 3-nerved, rarely l-nerved.

Panicle loose; spikelets usually many-flowered. 72. ERAGROSTIS, 48.
Panicle dense, spike-like; spikelets 2-4-flowered.
Spikelets of two kinds in the same inflores-
cence, perfect and sterile. 73. CYNOSURUS, 48.
Spikelets all alike in the same inflorescence. 74. KOELERIA, 48.

4

34

POACEAE.

Lemma 5-nerved or more.

Keels of the palea winged. 75.

Keels of the palea not winged.

Spikelets with the upper florets sterile and

folded about each other. 76.

Spikelets with the upper florets perfect, or

narrow and abortive.
Spikelets cordate: lemmas cordate at

base.
Spikelets not cordate; lemmas not cordate

at base.
Stigmas arising below the apex of the

ovary.
Stigmas arising at the apex of the

ovary.

Lemmas compressed and keeled.
Lemma awn-pointed.
Lemmas pointless.

Glumes 1-3-nerved. 80.

Glumes 5-nerved or more. 81.
Lemmas convex or rounded on the

back.

Lemmas acute or awned.
Lemmas obtuse and scarious at

apex.
Lemmas prominently 5-7-

nerved 83.

Lemmas obscurely 5-nerved. 84.

Tribe 7. CHLORIDEAE.

Spikelets not in digitate clusters.

Spikelets much flattened; glumes unequal, keeled.

Spikelets subterete; glumes equal, convex.
Spikelets in terminal digitate clusters.

Spikelets I -flowered; stems creeping.

Spikelets several-flowered; stems not creeping.

Tribe 8. HORDEAE.

Spikelets solitary at each joint of the rachis.

Spikelets with one edge against the rachis; empty

glume 1. 89.

Spikelets with their sides againsc the rachis; empty

glumes 2.
Spikelets 2 to 4 at each notch of the rachis.

Rachis not readily breaking into joints; spikelets

1-7-flowered, 2-4 at each joint.
Rachis readily breaking into joints.

Spikelets i-flowered, three at each joint, only

the central one perfect.

Spikelets 1-5-flowered, 2-4 at each joint, all
perfect.

PLEUROPOGON, 49.
MELICA, 49.

77. BRIZA, 49.

78. BROMUS, 50.

79. DACTYLIS, 52.
PDA, 52.

DlSTICHLIS, 56.

82. FESTUCA, 56.

PANICULARIA, 58.
PUCCINELLIA, 59.

85. SPARTINA, 60.

86. BECKMANNIA, 60.

87. CYNODON, 60.

88. ELEUSINE, 61.

LOLIUM, 61.

90. AGROPYRON, 61.

91. ELYMUS, 62.

92. HORDEUM, 63.

93. SITANION, 64.

ECHINOCHLOA.

long leaves; spikelets 1 -flowered, with

47.

Coarse annuals with
sometimes a staminate flower below, nearly sessile in panicled

POACEAE. 35

1 -sided spikes or racemes; glumes unequal, hispid, mucronate;
sterile lemma similar and usually awned from the apex.

Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv. Barnyard grass. Glabrous; stems
stout, branching at the base, 30-120 cm. tall; panicle dense, 10-20 cm. long,
composed of many ascending or spreading racemes; spikelets green or purple,
3 mm. long, densely crowded in 3 or 4 rows; sterile lemma awned or in some
forms awnless.

Introduced from Europe, a weed in moist ground.

48. CHAETOCHLOA.

Annual grasses with erect stems and flat leaves; spikelets with
one perfect flower and rarely also a staminate one, in spike-like
panicles; pedicels bearing bristles; glumes and lower lemma
membranous, the latter often containing a palea and rarely a
staminate flower; upper lemma papery with a similar palea and
a perfect flower.

Chaetochloa viridis (L.) Scribn. Green Foxtail. Annual, usually tufted,
green; stems 30-90 cm. high; leaf-blades flat, 4-10 mm. wide, scabrous on the
margins; spikes green, 3-5 cm. long, the rachis villpus; bristles 1-3, upwardly
barbed, 6-12 mm. long; spikelets 2 mm. long; fertile lemma faintly wrinkled.

Sparingly introduced.

49. PASPALUM.

Perennials with 1-flowered spikelets in 2 rows along one side
of a rachis forming racemes; lower glume usually wanting;
lemma hard and firm, its margin inrolled; palea firm; grain
oblong, inclosed within the hardened glume and palea.

Paspalum distichum L. Stems ascending from a creeping base; leaves 4
12 cm. long; spikes in terminal pairs, 2-5 cm. long; spikelets acute, 2.5-3 mm.
long.

On overflowed river banks, especially along the Columbia River; probably
introduced.

50. PANICUM.

Spikelets with one perfect flower, often with a staminate
one below it; glumes 2, membranous; lemmas 2, the lower empty
or including the staminate flower, the upper indurated, shining,
enclosing a similar palea and the perfect flower; awns none
(in ours) ; fruit a caryocist, the free grain enclosed in a box formed
by the hardened lemma and palea.

Annual; panicle very long-rayed; spikelets acute. P. barbipulvinatum.

Perennial; panicle rather short-rayed.

Basal leaves like the stem leaves; spikelets acute. P. agrostoides.

Basal leaves different from the stem leaves, usually

forming a rosette; spikelets obtuse.

Spikelets 3 mm. long, glabrous or nearly so. P. scribnerianuni .

Spikelets 2 mm. long, pubescent.

Leaves glabrous on upper surface. P. occidentale.

Leaves pubescent on upper surface. P. pacificum.

36 POACEAE.

Panicum barbipulvinatum Nash. Annual; stems erect or decumbent at
the base, 15-50 cm. tall, mostly simple; leaf blades 5-30 cm. long, pubescent;
sheaths villous; panicle 10-20 cm. long, the capillary branches solitary or in
twos, ascending, branched and spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets
3 mm. long, ovoid, usually on peduncles as long or longer.

In dry soil. This species has commonly been confused with the eastern
P. capillare L.

Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Tufted perennial, glabrous or nearly so;
stems 40-100 cm. high, branched; leaf blades flat, 5-10 mm. wide; panicles
10-30 cm. long with ascending rays bearing densely flowered branchlets mostly
on the under side; spikelets 2 mm. long; first glume half the length of the spike-
let ;. pedicels bearing a few hairs.

Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Not otherwise known in our
limits.

Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Perennial, the stems 10-50 cm. tall, erect
or ascending, simple or branched above; stem leaves about 6, the blades lance-
olate, 410 cm. long, 615 mm. wide, stiff, ascending, glabrous or sometimes
pilose below; sheaths usually pilose, loose; panicles oblong or pyramidal,
3-8 cm. long, loose, exserted or the smaller ones included; spikelets turgid,
ovoid, 3 mm. long.

Dry prairies.

Panicum occidentale Scribn. Stems 20-40 cm. high; sheaths somewhat
hairy; blades smooth above, usually hairy beneath; panicle well exserted;
spikelets 2 mm. long.

Rocky banks and prairies. Vancouver Island to Idaho and California.

Panicum pacificum Hitchc. & Chase. Very similar to P. occidentale, but
more pubescent throughout, and the stems more leafy.
Vancouver Island to California and Arizona.

51. HOMALOCENCHRUS.

Perennials with rough leaves and open panicles; spikelets
with but one flower which is perfect; glumes none; lemmas awn-
less; grain closely enveloped by the glume.

Homalocenchrus oryzoides (L.) Poll. Panicle loose, the branches spread-
ing; spikelets narrowly oblong, 4-5 mm. long, loosely arranged; lemma his-
pidulous, the keel strongly ciliate.

Lake margins, infrequent in our limits. Seattle, Piper.

52. PHALARIS.

Annuals or perennials with spike-like or narrow panicles;
spikelets crowded, 1-flowered; glumes 2, about equal, compressed;
lemmas 3, the first two much reduced and sterile, the third
enclosing a palea and a perfect flower; stamens 3.

Perennial; panicle branched; glumes wingless. P. arundinacea.
Annual; panicle very dense, ovoid; glumes wing- keeled.

Keel of glumes entire. P. canariensis.

Keel of glumes toothed. P. minor.

Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary-grass. Stout tufted perennial,
50-200 cm. tall; leaves flat, green, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle erect, 6-15 cm.
long; spikelets lanceolate, 5 mm. long.

Margins of lakes and rivers, in wet ground.

POACEAE. 37

Phalaris canariensis L. Canary-grass. Annual, pale green, erect, 30-70
cm. high; inflorescence ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2-3 cm. long; spikelets ovate,
5-6 mm. long; glumes white with green veins, the keel not toothed.

Introduced in waste places.

Phalaris minor Retz. Annual; stems erect, 30-80 cm. high; inflorescence
oblong to oblong-ovoid, 2-5 cm. long; glumes oblong, pale, a green stripe on
each side of the toothed keel.

On ballast, Nanaimo, Vancouver Island, Macoun.

53. ANTHOXANTHUM.

Aromatic annuals or perennials with narrow spike-like pan-
icles; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow, somewhat compressed; glumes
2, unequal, awnless or mucronate-pointed ; lemmas shorter than
the glumes, the first and second empty, 2-lobed, clothed with
brown hairs and awned below the back; the third lemma fertile,
shorter, hyaline, broadly obtuse, awnless; grain free.

Anthoxanthum odoratum L. Sweet Vernal-grass. Spikelets crowded,
8 mm. long, usually brownish; first sterile lemma hairy, long-awned; second
sterile lemma short-awned.

In pastures. Introduced from Europe. Sweet-scented on drying.

54. HIEROCHLOE. VANILLA-GRASS.

Fragrant perennial grasses with flat leaves and usually rather
small and pyramidal terminal panicles; spikelets 3-flowered,
the terminal flower perfect, the others staminate; rachilla jointed
above the empty glumes; glumes 2, nearly equal, about as long
as the spikelet, acute, smooth; the first and second lemmas
awnless or short-awned; the third lemma enclosing the perfect
flower, becoming somewhat indurated in fruit; stamens in the
staminate flowers 3, in the perfect flower 2; styles distinct;
stigmas plumose; grain free.

Panicle and spikelets greenish; glumes and lemmas obtuse H. macrophylla.

Panicle and spikelets brownish; glumes and lemmas acute. H. odorata.

Hierochloe macrophylla Thurb. Stems 1 m. or less tail; leaves 30-
40 cm. long, 10-15 mm. broad, rough; panicle greenish, loose, the branches
in pairs; glumes obtuse; fertile lemma obtuse, ciliate-margined, pubescent at
the apex.

From the Columbia River southward.

Hierochloe odorata (L.) Wahlenb. Stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves 10-20 cm.
long, 2-6 mm. broad; panicle brownish, pyramidal, usually compact; glumes
acute; fertile lemma acute.

Near Comox, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Reported from Nootka Sound
by Hooker. A widespread northern grass.

55. MUHLENBERGIA.

Perennial grasses with small 1-flowered spikelets; glumes
usually unequal and shorter than the lemma, acute or sometimes
awned; lemma narrow, 3-5-nerved, with a straight awn from
the apex or from between the teeth.

38 POACEAE.

Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Stems 30-90 cm. high, simple or
nearly so; panicle narrowly oblong, 5-8 cm. long, spike-like and usually inter-
rupted; glumes bristle-tipped; lemma very acute.

Sumas Prairie, 49 latitude, Lyall, and eastward.

56. STIPA.

Tufted grasses; inflorescence a panicle; spikelets l-flo\vered,
narrow; floret with a bearded and pointed callus at base; lemma
1, indurated, bearing a twisted or bent awn which is articulated
at the base; grain narrow, free, tightly closed in the lemma.

All in our limits are perennials.

Awn 10-20 times as long as its lemma. S. comata.
Awn 4-7 times as long as its lemma.

Callus very short, obtuse; glumes 8-12 mm. long. S. lemmoni.

Callus acute; glumes 6-8 mm. long. 5. minor.

Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr. Tufted, pale green, 40-80 cm. high; blades
involute; ligule 4-5 mm. long, conspicuous; panicle open, 20-30 cm. long,
often included at base, the branches spreading and few-flowered; glumes 5-
nerved, subequal, 15-25 mm. long; lemma 10-12 mm. long; awn 10-15 cm.
long.

Vancouver Island, Macoun, and common east of the Cascade Mountains.

Stipa lemmoni Scribn. (S. columbiana Macoun.) Stems 60-90 cm. high ;
leaf blades flat or involute, firm; sheaths smooth; ligule 1 mm. long; panicle
narrow with erect branches, 2-5 cm. long; glumes subequal, scarious, lanceolate,
acuminate, 8-12 mm. long; lemma short-pubescent, the body about 6 mm. long;
awn 15-20 mm. long, pubescent to the second bend.

In dry ground, British Columbia to California.

Stipa minor (Vasey) Scribn. Tufted, 50-100 cm. tall, dark green; leaf-
blades involute, long-attenuate, 10-30 cm. long, scabrous; sheaths shorter
than the internodes, loose, smooth; ligule very short; panicle erect, rather dense,
8-20 cm. long, narrow, its base included in the uppermost sheath, the branches
mostly in pairs; spikelets 8-12 mm. long, purple-tinged; lemma sparsely
appressed-hairy, the awns 20-30 mm. long, bent near the middle, below which
they are pubescent.

In dry ground, infrequent except in the interior.

57. PHLEUM.

Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a spike-like raceme; spike-
lets 1-flowered; glumes membranous, compressed, keeled, the
apex obliquely truncate, the mid-nerve produced into an awn;
lemma much shorter; grain ovoid, free, enclosed in the lemma
and palea.

Spike-like racemes cylindric; awns of glumes short. P. pratense.

Spike-like racemes ovoid-oblong; awn as long as body of glume. P. alpinum.

Phleum pratense L. Timothy. Tall, erect, 60-150 cm. tall; leaf blades
15-20 cm. long, 8-10 mm. wide, smooth or scabrous; spike-like raceme nar-
rowly cylindrical, erect, 5-15 cm. long; spikelets 2-5 mm. long; empty glumes
ciliate on the keels which are prolonged into awns 1 mm. long.

Cultivated and running wild.

POACEAE. 39

Phleum alpinum L. Mountain Timothy. Stems 20-60 cm. high; leaf
blades flat, rather short; spike-like raceme usually purple, cylindric, 2-3 cm.
long; awns of glumes 2 mm. long.

Common in mountain meadows, and along the seacoast to northern
California.

58. POLYPOGON.

Annual grasses; inflorescence a spike-like panicle; spikelets
1 -flowered; glumes each extended into an awn; lemma smaller,
generally hyaline, short-awned; palea shorter than the lemma;
grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea.

Glumes notched at the apex, their awns 2-3 times as long;

panicle dense, cylindric. P. monspeliensis .

Glumes attenuate into awns of equal length; panicle lobed

or interrupted. P. littoralis.

Polypogon monspeliensis (L.) Desf. Annual, with erect or ascending stems,
8-30 cm. high; leaf blades flat, more or less scabrous; sheaths loose, shorter
than the internodes; spike-like panicle densely flowered, oblong, rarely inter-
rupted, 2-7 cm. long; glumes elliptic, notched at the apex, about 2 mm. long,
each bearing a terminal awn 3 or 4 times as long; lemma truncate, 1 mm. long,
bearing a terminal awn somewhat longer.

Moist places, especially where somewhat saline.

Polypogon littoralis (With.) Smith. Panicle dense, narrowly oblong, lobed
or often interrupted.

Along the seashore, not common. Tacoma, Flett; Port Angeles, Elmer;
Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoun.

59. GASTRIDIUM.

Annual erect grasses with flat leaves; panicle dense, spike-like;
spikelets 1 -flowered, narrow, shiny; rachilla produced beyond the
floret; glumes saccate at base, much longer than the lemma;
lemma hyaline, awnless or awned from just below the apex.

Gastridium lendigerum (L.) Gaud. Tufted; stems 15-50 cm. high, erect;
blades flat, scabrous, 3-5 mm. wide; panicle pale green, shining, spike-like,
5-12 cm. long; glumes very acute; lemma hairy.

Umpqua Valley and southward, introduced. Perhaps not in our limits.

60. ALOPECURUS.

Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a spike-like panicle; spike-
lets 1-flowered, flattened; glumes acute, sometimes short-awned;
lemma 3-nerved, awned on the back; palea usually present.

Spikelets 2.5 mm. long; panicle slender, 4 mm. thick. A. geniculatus .
Spikelets larger; panicle stouter, 6 mm. thick.

Anthers white; spikelets 4 mm. long. A. saccatus.
Anthers orange; spikelets more or less than 4 mm. long.

Spikelets 5 mm. long. A. pratensis.

Spikelets 3 mm. long. A. calif ornicus.

Alopecurus geniculatus fulvus (Smith) Sonder. Pale green and glabrous
or nearly so; stems decumbent and branched at base, 15-60 cm. long; leaf

40 POACEAE.

blades flat, somewhat scabrous above; sheaths little inflated; panicles slender,
erect, 3-7 cm. long; spikelets 2.5 mm. long; glumes ciliate on the keels; lemma
shorter than the glumes, bearing a short awn.
In wet places, common.

Alopecurus saccatus Vasey. Pale green, glabrous, simple or tufted, 10-30
cm. high, erect or geniculate at base; sheaths much inflated, about as long as
the internodes; ligule well developed; blades short, 2-8 cm. long, 2-4 mm.
broad; panicles usually exserted, 2-5 cm. long, thick, pale green or purplish;
glumes strongly ciliate on the keels; lemma shorter than the glumes and bearing
a divergent awn 67 mm. long.

In moist ground, rare, and local; near Yale, British Columbia, Macoun;
Barlow Gate, Oregon, Howell.

Alopecurus pratensis L. Meadow Foxtail. Perennial, glabrous; stems
30-70 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades flat, 4-10 cm. long; spike stout, 4-6 cm. long;
glumes united at base, equal, acute, ciliate on the keel; lemma obtuse, glabrous,
shorter than the glumes, bearing from near the base a slightly exserted straight
awn.

Sparingly introduced; native to Europe.

Alopecurus californicus Vasey. (A. pattescens Piper.) Perennial, tufted,
pale green, the smooth stems 30-50 cm. tall, erect or slightly geniculate at
the base; stem leaves 3; sheaths rather loose and inflated, shorter than the
internodes, smooth; blades flat, 6-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide, acuminate,
strongly scabrous above, less so beneath; ligule scarious, 3-5 mm. long;
panicle usually well exserted, pale and silvery, 27 cm. long, about 5 mm.
thick, erect, straight or somewhat flexuous; glumes 2-5 mm. long, nearly
equal, strongly ciliate on the keels, obtuse; lemma hyaline, 2-4-nerved, as
long as the glumes, obtuse, bearing from near the base a stout geniculate awn,
5 mm. long, scabrous above the bend.

In wet places, rare in our limits; Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun;
Medford, Oregon, Howell. A. howellii Vasey is apparently indistinguishable.

61. CINNA.

Tall perennial grasses with flat leaves, conspicuous hyaline
ligules and usually many-flowered nodding panicles; spikelets
1 -flowered; rachilla articulated below the glumes and prolonged
behind the palea into a minute bristle; glumes narrow; lemma
3-5-nerved; palea 1 -nerved; stamen 1.

Cinna latifolia (Trev.) Griseb. Stems solitary or few, erect, 60-120 cm.
high; leaf blades flat, green, 1-1.5 cm. broad, scabrous; panicle pale green,
drooping, 10-30 cm. long; glumes subequal, scabrous, 4 mm. long; lemma
shorter, scabrous, bearing a short straight awn; palea 2-nerved.

Along streams and in swamps, common.

62. COLEANTHUS.

Small annuals with short leaves and umbel-like panicles;
spikelets 1-flowered; glumes none; lemma ovate, keeled, usually
with a short straight awn; grain free.

Coleanthus subtilis (Tratt.) Scidcl. Very small purplish grass", 2-5 cm.
high; sheaths loose and dilated; blades 1 cm. long; panicle 1-3 cm. long, often
partly included in the upper sheath.

On the muddy banks of the Columbia River.

POACEAE. 4 1

63. CALAMAGROSTIS.

Tall perennial grasses with small spikelets in many-flowered
terminal panicles; spikelets 1 -flowered, the pubescent rachilla
prolonged behind the palea; glumes subequal, longer than the
lemma which is hyaline and obtuse, and bears a dorsal awn;
callus copiously hairy; palea shorter than the lemma; grain free,
enclosed in the lemma.

Awns strongly geniculate; callus hairs much shorter than

than the lemma.
Awn shorter than or little exceeding the glumes; glumes

strongly keeled; tall sea-shore plant. C. aleutica.

Awn greatly exceeding the glumes.

Panicle loose ; leaves nearly as long as the stems. C. howellii.

Panicle dense; leaves shorter than the stems. C. vaseyi.

Awns straight; callus hairs not much shorter than the lemma.
Panicle loose and open.

Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. C. scabra.

Spikelets 2-4 mm. long. C. canadensis.

Panicle narrow, rather close.

Panicle not spikelike. C. inexpansa.

Panicle dense, spike-like.

Glumes subcoriaceous, ovate, acute; panicle 4-6

cm. long. C. crassiglumis.

Glumes membranous, acuminate; panicle 5-20

cm. long. C. hyperborea.

Calamagrostis aleutica Trin. Very tall, 1-2 m. high; panicle pale, large
and loose; glumes lanceolate, acuminate; callus hairs half as long as the lemma.
Along the ocean coast, Alaska to California.

Calamagrostis howellii Vasey. Densely tufted; stems 25-50 cm. high;
basal leaves numerous, loosely involute; panicle 8-10 cm. long; glumes strongly
keeled, subequal, 5-6 mm. long.

Abundant on the rocky cliffs in the gorge of the Columbia River.

Calamagrostis vaseyi Beal. Stems tufted, 15-40 cm. high; panicle purple,
rather close, 6-10 cm. long.

In rocky places, in the mountains, at about 2000 m. altitude.

Calamagrostis scabra Presl. Bluetop. Stems about 1 m. high; panicle
loose, dark purple or rarely pale greenish; glumes sharp-acuminate; awn
longer than the lemma.

Common in alpine meadows.

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Stems tufted, slender, 60-120
cm. high; leaves flat, somewhat involute, pale green, 15-25 cm. long; panicle
10-20 cm. long, purple, pyramidal, the slender branches in fives; spikelets
3-3.5 mm. long; glumes equal, acute, hardly larger than the lemma; awn short,
straight.

In wet meadows and along streams.

Calamagrostis canadensis acuminata Vasey. Spikelets larger, 4-5 mm.
long.

With the species in wet meadows and along streams.

Calamagrostis inexpansa barbulata Kearney. Stems about 1 in. high;
leaves stiff; panicle purple, rather stiff; awn very short or wanting; callus-
hairs nearly as long as the lemma.

In bogs, near Union City, Mason County, Washington, Piper.

42 POACEAE.

Calamagrostis crassiglumis Thurb. Stems 10-20 cm. high; panicle dense,
3-5 cm. long; glumes ovate, acute; callus hairs nearly as long.
Vancouver Island to California.

Calamagrostis hyperborea Lange. Stems tufted, 40-90 cm. high, stiffly
erect; leaves stiff, erect, scabrous, somewhat involute; panicle erect, narrow,
densely flowered, 8-12 cm. long; glumes scabrous, acute, 4-4.5 mm. long.

Vancouver Island and eastward.

64. AGROSTIS. BENT-GRASS.

Annual or usually perennial grasses with small 1 -flowered
spikelets, usually in diffuse panicles; glumes membranous, keeled,
acute; lemma shorter, obtuse, hyaline, sometimes bearing a dorsal
awn; palea shorter than the lemma, sometimes minute or want-
ing; grain free, enclosed in the lemma.

Rachilla prolonged behind the palet.

Spikelets 3 mm. long, usually purple. A. aequivalvis.

Spikelets 2 mm. long, usually pale. A. thurberiana.

Rachilla not prolonged behind the palet.
Palet evident, 2-nerved.

Palet one-fourth the length of the lemma; panicle con-
tracted.

Palet about one-half the length of the lemma.
Panicle contracted, usually lobed.
Panicle not contracted.

Plants with extensive creeping stolons, these

bearing short leaves.

Plants erect or decumbent, but without exten-
sive creeping stolons.

Tall, 30-90 cm. high. A. alba.

Dwarf, alpine, 10-20 cm. high. A. humilis.

Palet wanting or minute and nerveless.
Plants spreading by rhizomes.

Hairs at base of lemma 12 mm. long. A. hallii.

Hairs at base of lemma minute or absent.

Panicle contracted. A. pattens.

Panicle open. A.foliosa.

Plants without rhizomes.

Panicle narrow, some of the branches short and

spikelet-bearing to the base.
Lemma awned.
Lemma awnless.

Panicle 5-30 cm. long; lowland plant. A. exarata.

Panicle 3-6 cm. long; alpine plant. A. rossae.

Panicle open, usually without short branches spike-
let-bearing to the base.

Awn of lemma attached near the base. A . howellii.

Awn of lemma, if present, attached at or above

the middle.
Lemma awnless.

Panicle very diffuse. A. hyemalis.

Panicle loose but not diffuse. A. oregonensis.

Lemma awned.

Awn straight, included or but slightly

exserted. A.melaleuca.

Awn exserted, bent. A . longiligula.

A. glomerata.
A. stolonifera.

A. maritime,.

A. micro phylla.

POACEAE. 43

Agrostis aequivalvis Trin. Tufted; stems slender, 30-60 cm. high; blades
narrow, 1 mm. wide; panicle open with slender branches; glumes equal, acute;
lemma obtuse, awnless.

Alaska to Oregon.

Agrostis thurberiana Hitchc. Stems tufted, 20-40 cm. high; blades 2-4
mm. wide; panicle narrow, loose, usually drooping; glumes equal; lemma
obtuse, 5-nerved.

In wet places in the mountains, rare. British Columbia to California and
Utah.

Agrostis glomerata (Presl.) Kunth. (A. in flat a Scribn.) Perennial; stems
erect, 20-30 cm. high, scabrous near the panicle; leaf sheaths striate, often
inflated; blades 2-8 mm. wide; panicle spike-like, 2-7 cm. long, often Ipbed;
spikelets 3 mm. long; glumes equal, scabrous on the keel, sharp-pointed;
lemma 2 mm. long, awnless or with a short awn from the middle of the back;
callus hairs short.

Along the seacoast, rare; Vancouver Island to northern California; probably
only a subspecies of A. exarata Trin.

Agrostis stolonifera L. (A. verticillata Vill.) Stems 20-80 cm. high,
often decumbent at base, sometimes stoloniferous; leaf blades pale, acute, 3-4
mm. wide; panicle dense, verticillate or lobed, 3-10 cm. long, usually pale
green; branches floriferous to the base; glumes equal, obtusish, 2 mm. long;
lemma 1 mm. long, awnless, truncate and toothed at the apex; palea nearly as
long as the lemma.

In wet places, sparingly introduced from Europe.

Agrostis maritima Lam. Tufted, the stems decumbent or spreading;
leaves numerous, very short; ligules 2-3 mm. long; panicle narrow, 2-5 cm.
long; lemma obtuse, the midvein protruding in a minute point.

In moist places near the seashore.

Agrostis alba L. Red lop. Perennial with creeping rootstocks; stems
erect, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, usually scabrous, the sheaths smooth;
panicle 7-25 cm. long, open at first, then contracted, greenish or purple; palea
present, one-third to one-half the length of the lemma.

Common in fields and meadows, especially in wet places.

Agrostis humilis Vasey. Stems 10-40 cm. high; panicles narrow, 2-8 cm.
long, usually purple; glumes equal; lemma awnless.
At high elevations in the mountains.

Agrostis hallii Vasey. Stems erect, 60-80 cm. high; blades rather broad;
ligule elongate; panicle narrow, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets pale; glumes acumi-
nate, about 4 mm. long; lemma awnless, the hairs at the base nearly half as
as long.

Oregon and California.

Agrostis pallens Trin. Stems 30-90 cm. tall; blades rather narrow; panicle
narrow, loose or in seashore forms contracted, pale green; spikelets 2.5-3 mm.
long; glumes equal; lemma awnless or with a minute awn.

Not common, but very variable.

Agrostis foliosa Vasey. Very similar to A. pallens Trin. but stems taller,
50-120 cm. high; panicle open, with stiff ascending branches; lemma awnless
or with a straight or bent awn.

In open places, British Columbia to California.

Agrostis microphylla Steud. (A. ampla Hitchc.) Stems 30-90 cm.
tall; blades flat, 2-8 mm. wide; panicle narrow, compact, pale green; glumes
acute, subequal; lemma one-third shorter.

In open ground, not common.

44 POACEAE.

Agrostis exarata Trin. Perennial, tufted, the stems 30-90 cm. tall; leaves
erect, the blades flat, 2-6 mm. broad, 5-10 cm. long, scabrous, the upper
distant from the panicle; panicle strict, pale green, spike-like or interrupted,
the short branches appressed and spikelet-bearing to the very base; glumes
2.5-3.5 mm. long, usually scabrous on the back.

Variable and very common.

Agrostis rossae Vasey. Tufted, 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal,
2-5 cm. long, 1-2 mm. broad, flat or folded; panicle narrow, erect, 3-6 cm.
long, green or purple; glumes 2 mm. long, not scabrous.

In alpine meadows, common.

Agrostis howellii Scribn. Stems 40-60 cm. high; blades very long, 3-5
mm. wide; panicle very loose; spikelets clustered near the tips of the branches;
glumes acuminate, equal; lemma acute, awned from the back.

In rocky places in the Columbia Gap.

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.) BSP. Annual, tufted, 15-90 cm. tall; leaves
flat or involute, narrow, very scabrous; panicle very loose, 15-30 cm. long;
branches in whorls of 2-12, capillary, 5-15 cm. long, branched above the middle
and spikelet-bearing only near the tips.

In moist places, common.

Agrostis pregonensis Vasey. Stems slender, 60-80 cm. high; blades
narrow; panicle pyramidal, nodding, open, the branches capillary; glumes
subequal, scabrous on the keel; lemma shorter, obtuse, awnless.

In marshes, rare.

Agrostis melaleuca (Trin.) Hitchc. Perennial from creeping root-
stocks, not tufted; stems erect, 30-50 cm. high, leafy; leaf blades 1-3 mm.
wide; panicle oblong, 5-15 cm. long; glumes subequal, copper-colored, 2.5-3
mm. long, acute, smooth; lemma nearly as long, bearing from the middle of
the back a short straight scarcely exserted awn; palea minute or wanting.

In sphagnum marshes, Garibaldi, Oregon, Hitchcock; north to Alaska.

Agrostis longiligula Hitchc. Stems tall, 60-80 cm. high; leaf blades
flat, scabrous, 3-4 mm. wide; ligule 5-6 mm. long; panicle purple, rather
dense, 10-18 cm. long; glumes 3-4 mm. long, acute, scabrous on the keel,
hispidulous on the back, the upper a little shorter; lemma 2.5 mm. long,
scabrous on the nerves, bearing a bent awn 2.5 mm. long; palea minute.

Alaska and Vancouver Island, Macoun, to northern California.

65. HOLCUS.

Annual or perennial grasses with densely-flowered terminal
panicles; spikelets deciduous, 2-flowered, the lower flower perfect,
the upper staminate; glumes membranous, keeled, the lower 1-
nerved, the upper 3-nerved and often short-awned; lemmas 2,
papery, that of the upper floret bearing a bent awn; palea
narrow; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma.

Holcus lanatus L. Velvet-grass or Mesguite. Perennial; the whole plant
downy with pale pubescence; stems erect, 3090 cm. high; leaf blades flat,
rather broad and short; sheath loose, shorter than the intcrnodes; panicle
pale purplish, 5-10 cm. long, rather densely-flowered, the branches in twos
or threes; spikelets 4-6 mm. long; upper glume short-awned near the apex;
lemma of the staminate flower with a hook-like awn.

Abundantly introduced in fields and waysides.

POACEAE. 45

66. ARRHENATHERUM.

Tall perennials with long narrow panicles; spikelets 2-flowered,
lower flower staminate, upper perfect; rachilla extending beyond
the flowers; glumes thin-membranous, keeled, very acute or
awn-pointed, unequal, persistent; lemmas 2, rigid, 5-7-nerved,
deciduous, the first bearing a long bent and twisted dorsal awn
inserted below the middle, the second unawned; palea hyaline,
2-keeled; grain ovoid, free.

Arrhenathemm elatius (L.) Bcauv. Tall Oat-grass. Glabrous perennial,
100-150 cm. high; stem leaves 3, the blades flat, minutely scabrous, the sheaths
shorter than the internodes; panicle shining, 15-25 cm. long, rather narrow,
the branches suberect; lemmas 6-7 mm. long, the lower bearing a long dorsal
geniculate awn.

Naturalized from Europe.

67. AIRA.

Delicate annuals with narrow leaves ; spikelets small, 2-flowered;
flowers perfect; rachilla jointed below the lemmas and not pro-
longed beyond the upper one; glumes nearly equal, awnless,
acute, longer than the lemmas; lemmas each with a twisted awn
on the back; grain usually adherent to the lemma and palea.

Panicle loose; lemma 2.5-3 mm. long. A. caryophyllea.

Panicle dense; lemma 3.5-4 mm. long. A. praecox.

Aira caryophyllea L. Hair-grass. Stems 10-20 cm. high; panicle very
loose; spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, silvery, shining._
Introduced from Europe; common in dry soil.

Aira praecox L. Stems 5-10 cm. high; panicle small and rather dense;
spikelets 3.5-4 mm. long, yellowish, shining.

Very sparingly introduced; a native of Europe.

68. DANTHONIA.

Flowers solitary or few in a small raceme or panicle; spikelets
3 to many-flowered, the flowers all perfect or the upper staminate;
rachilla pubescent, extending beyond the flowers; glumes keeled,
acute, subequal, persistent, generally extending beyond the
uppermost lemma; lemmas rounded on the back, 2-toothed,
deciduous, the bent awn flat and twisted at the base, arising
from between the acute or awned teeth; palea hyaline, 2-keeled
near the margins, obtuse or 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed in the
lemma.

Spikelets ascending in a close panicle.

Callus very short, not hairy. D. pinetorum.

Callus elongate, densely hairy. D. intermedia.
Spikelets spreading, in a loose panicle or solitary.

Sheaths smooth. D. californica.

Sheaths hairy. D. americana.

46 POACEAE.

Danthonia pinetorum Piper. Densely tufted ; leaves pale, narrow, involute,
often curled; spikelets nearly sessile, pale; lemma loosely hairy, the apex bifid
into 2 slender subulate teeth; awn 7 mm. long.

In pine woods, Mason County, Washington, Piper; Nanaimo and Sproat
Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun. Very near the eastern D. spicata (L.)
Beauv.

Danthonia intermedia Vasey. Stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves bright green,
soft, flat or involute; sheaths glabrous or sparsely hairy; spikelets 312, usually
purple, nearly sessile; lemma broadly lanceolate, 2-toothed.

In alpine meadows, British Columbia to Quebec, south to California and
New Mexico.

Danthonia californica Boland. Erect, 50-100 cm. tall; leaf blades flat,
scabrous; sheaths loose, shortly retrorse-pubescent, and with a tuft of hairs
at the throat; spikelets 1-2 cm. long, 3-5 in a raceme, rarely more numerous
or even solitary, usually long-pedicelled; lemma abruptly acuminate, long-
ciliate below the middle, 2-cleft at apex, bearing an awn of about equal length.

In meadows, not common in our limits.

Danthonia americana Scribn. Much like D. californica but not so tall;
spikelets usually 2 or 3; sheaths hairy; lemmas attenuate-acuminate.
In meadows, British Columbia to California.

69. AVENA. OAT.

Annuals with large spikelets; inflorescence a panicle; spike-
lets 2 -many-flowered ; lower flow r ers perfect, the upper often
staminate; glumes somewhat unequal, membranous, persistent;
lemmas deciduous, rounded on the back, acute, generally bearing
a dorsal awn; apex often 2-toothed; palea narrow, 2-toothed;
grain oblong, deeply furrowed, enclosed in the lemma and palea,
free or sometimes adherent to the latter.

Avena fatua glabrata Peterm. Smooth Wild Oat. Stems stout, pale,
smooth, 50-100 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades broad and flat, the sheaths about
equalling the internodes; panicle loose 15-30 cm. long; spikelets, including
awns, 3.5-4 cm. long, erect or drooping, on slender branches; lemma smooth,
except the scabrous apex and the ring of stiff white hairs at the base, bearing
on the back a geniculate, stout, twisted awn below the 2-cleft apex.

Sparingly introduced. The common wild oat, A. fatua L., has bristly red
hairs on the lemma. It may also be expected in our limits.

70. DESCHAMPSIA.

Annuals or perennials; inflorescence a contracted or open
panicle; spikelets 2-flowered, both flowers perfect, the hairy
rachilla extending beyond the flowers as a bristle or rarely termin-
ated by a staminate floret; glumes keeled, acute, membranous,
shining, persistent; lemmas of about the same texture, deciduous,
each bearing a dorsal awn, the apex erose-truncate ; palea
narrow; grain oblong, free, enclosed in the lemma.

Lower glume 1-nerved.

Glumes not longer than the florets. D. caespitosa.

Glumes longer than the florets. D. atropurpurea.

POACEAE. 47

Lower glume 3-nerved.

Annual; glumes 5-7 mm. long. D. calycina.

Perennial; glumes 3-4 mm. long. D. elongata.

Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) Beauv. Silver-top. Densely tufted perennial;
stems 60-150 cm. high, much exceeding the numerous basal leaves; stem leaves
3, the blades narrow, involute, 5-12 cm. long, scabrous, the smooth sheaths
shorter than the internodes; panicle 10-30 cm. long, usually open, the capillary
branches in whorls of 2-5, flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets shining,
greenish or purplish, 2-3 mm. long; lemma hairy at the base, erose-toothed
at the apex, bearing a slender awn near the base.

In moist soils, common. A very variable widespread grass.

Deschampsia atropurpurea (Wahlenb.) Scheele. Perennial ; stems 30-90 cm.
high; leaves broad and flat; panicle rather close, purple; spikelets broad, flat,
5-6 mm. long.

In mountain meadows, common.

Deschampsia calycina Presl. Annual; the slender stems erect, 15-40 cm.
tall; leaves narrow, involute, the blades 2-6 cm. long; panicle very loose, 7-20
cm. long, with subequal branches mostly in twos, these capillary, branched
above and bearing spikelets near the tips; spikelets pale green, sometimes
purple-tingled, about 7 mm. long; lemma long-hairy at the base, minutely
toothed at the apex, bearing a geniculate a"wn three or four times as long.

In dry soil.

Deschampsia elongata (Hook.) Munro. Stems densely tufted, smooth,
30-90 cm. tall; leaves filiform, commonly involute, smooth; panicle narrow,
15-45 cm. long, somewhat nodding; branches very unequal, ascending or
appressed, very slender, naked below; spikelets pale green, usually purple-
tinged near the apex; lemmas hairy at base, shining, irregularly toothed at
apex, bearing a slender awn about twice as long.

Common in open places.

71. TRISETUM.

Ours all cespitose perennials; inflorescence a spike-like or
open panicle; spikelets 2-4-flowered, the flowers all perfect or
the uppermost staminate; rachilla glabrous or with long soft
hairs, extending beyond the flowers; glumes unequal, acute,
persistent; lemmas 2-4, usually shorter than the glumes, decidu-
ous, 2-toothed, bearing a dorsal awn below the apex or sometimes
awnless; palea narrow, hyaline, 2-toothed; grain free, enclosed
in the lemma.

Panicle dense and spike-like. T. spicatum.
Panicle loose and spreading.

Rays long and drooping; sheaths smooth. T. cernuum.

Rays shorter, erect; sheaths hairy. T. canescens.

Trisetum spicatum (L.) Richter. Densely tufted, 10-40 cm. high, pubes-
cent to glabrous with the sheaths pubescent; panicle oblong-ovate, 5-15 cm.
long, shining and often brownish-purple; glumes ciliate on the keels, the lower
short; lemma 5-6 mm. long, its awn divergent and about as long.

In mountain meadows at 1500-2000 m. altitude.

Trisetum cernuum Trin. Stems 60-100 cm. tall, erect, the nodes pale;
leaf blades flat, merely scabrous, 15-20 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle

48 POACEAE.

10-15 cm. long, loose, nodding; branches in distant whorls, capillary, cernuous,
flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 2-4-flowered, 6-7 mm. long without
the awn; lemma 3-4 mm. long, bearing an awn of about twice its length.
In open woods, common.

Trisetum canescens Buckl. Much like T. cernuum, the leaf blades and
sheaths pubescent; nodes usually dark; panicle erect, 7-16 cm. long; lemma
7 mm. long.

In coniferous woods.

72. ERAGROSTIS.

Annual or perennial grasses; inflorescence a contracted or
open panicle; spikelets many-flowered, more or less flattened;
glumes unequal, shorter than the lemmas, keeled, 1-nerved;
lemmas membranous, keeled, 3-nerved, awnless; palea shorter
than the lemmas, prominently 2-nerved or 2-keeled, usually
persisting on the rachilla after the lemma has fallen; grain free,
loosely enclosed in the lemma and palea.

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.) BSP. Stems prostrate, creeping, much
branched from the base, forming dense circular mats; leaf blades 2-3 cm. long,
somewhat pubescent; sheaths loose, inflated, hairy; panicles very numerous,
pale green, dense, 24 cm. long, usually with their bases included in the upper-
most sheaths; spikelets oblong, 4-7 mm. long.

On river banks, widely distributed; rare in our limits.

73. CYNOSURUS.

Annual or perennial cespitose grasses with flat leaves; spikelets
of two forms in small fascicles which form a dense somewhat
unilateral spike-like panicle; terminal spikelets of each fascicle
2-4-flowered, perfect, its rachilla jointed; lower spikelets sterile,
with many empty lemmas; glumes 2, narrow lanceolate, acute;
lemmas broader, membranous, 1-3-nerved, mucronate or awn-
pointed; empty lemmas of sterile spikelets spreading, subequal,
linear, 1-nerved; styles distinct, short; stigmas loosely plumose.

Cynosurus cristatus L. Crested Dogsta-il. Stems erect, 30-60 cm. high;
leaves firm, 1-4 mm. wide, glabrous; panicle spike-like, 5-10 cm. long; spike-
lets both fertile and sterile in each cluster, the terminal one fertile; sterile
spikelet larger, the glumes and lemmas much narrower and very scabrous.

Sparingly introduced from Europe. Seattle, Piper; Victoria, Fletcher.

74. KOELERIA.

Tufted perennial grasses with narrow leaves and densely
flowered spike-like panicles; spikelets 2-4-flowered; rachilla
articulated between the lemmas; glumes acute, subequal, keeled,
scarious on the margins; lemmas 3-nerved, keeled, acute; palea
hyaline, acute; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea.

Koeleria cristata (L.) Pers. Perennial, the erect stems densely tufted,
30-70 cm. tall, usually glabrous; leaves narrow, commonly involute; panicle
dense, greenish or purplish, shining, 5-15 cm. long, often more or less inter-
rupted; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 2-4-flowered.

Dry soil, infrequent in our limits. A very variable widespread grass.

POACEAE. 49

75. PLEUROPOGON.

Soft erect annuals or perennials with rather large spikelets in
terminal racemes; spikelets with 8-15 perfect flowers; rachilla
jointed above the glumes and between the flowers; glumes 2,
1-nerved, or the second imperfectly 3-nerved, awnless, unequal;
lemmas longer than the glumes, 7-nerved, entire, or somewhat
2-toothed at the apex, with the midnerve extending into a short
awn; keel of palea with a distinct crest or wing-like appendage;
grain free.

Pleuropogon refractum Gray. Stems about 1 m. high; leaves flat, 6-8
mm. wide; raceme slender; spikelets 2-4= cm. long, horizontal or refracted,
loosely flowered.

Along streams in moist woods, rare. Washington to California.

76. MELICA.

Perennial grasses with simple stems; inflorescence a contracted
or open panicle; spikelets 1 -several-flowered, often one-sided;
rachilla extending beyond the flowers and usually bearing 2-3
empty club-shaped or hooded lemmas twisted around each other;
glumes membranous, the lower 3-5-nerved, the upper 5-9-nerved;
lemmas larger, rounded on the back, 5-7-nerved, awnless, the
margins more or less scarious; palea broad, shorter than the
lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea.

Lemmas acuminate at apex; stems bulbous at base. M. subulata.
Lemma notched at apex; stems not bulbous.

Awns short or none. M. harfordii.

Awns long. M. smithii.

Melica subulata (Griseb.) Scribn. Glabrous; stems tufted, usually few,
bulbous at base; blades flat, shining; panicle narrow and rather loose, suberect,
10-20 cm. long; spikelets 3-5-flowered; glumes unequal, usually purplish;
lemmas pubescent, 12 mm. long.

In open woods, frequent. Alaska to California and Wyoming.

Melica harfordii Boland. Stems tall, tufted, the bases not bulbous;
lemmas obtuse and notched at apex, 8 mm. long, ciliate with long hairs for
most of its length.

In dry rocky places, Vancouver Island to California.

Melica smithii (Porter) Vasey. Glabrous; stems tufted, usually few, not
bulbous at base; blades flat; panicle loose, the solitary branches at length
spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3 6-flowercd; glumes unequal; lemmas glabrous,
10 mm. long, the straight awns half as long or less.

Sumas Prairie, Lyall; and eastward.

77. BRIZA.

Annuals or perennials with flat or convolute leaves and loose
and open or narrow and spike-like panicles; spikelets many-
flowered, round-ovate or cordate; rachilla jointed above the
glumes and between the florets; florets crowded, the upper usually

5

50 POACEAE.

imperfect; glumes 2, subequal, membranaceous with broad scari-
ous margins, rounded on the back, shorter than the flowers;
lemmas 5-many-nerved, cordate at base, awnless; palea much
smaller than the lemma, obtuse; styles short, distinct; stigmas
plumose.

Briza media L. Perennial, tufted; stems erect, of various lengths, 10-60
cm. high on the same plant; leaf blades scabrous; panicle loose, pyramidal,
5-10 cm. long; spikelets ovate to cordate, 6-8 mm. long, 5-9-flowered.

Sparingly introduced from Europe. Reported from Nanaimo, Vancouver
Island, Macoun.

78. BROMUS. BROME-GRASS.

Annuals, biennials or perennials with flat leaves and terminal
panicles of large spikelets; peduncles thickened at the summit;
spikelets few-many-flowered; glumes unequal, acute; lemmas
rounded on the back, or sometimes compressed-keeled, 5-9-
nerved, the apex usually 2-toothed, generally bearing an awn
from just below the summit; palea shorter than the lemma;
grain adherent to the palea.

Spikelets strongly flattened; perennials.

Awns less than 7 mm. long; leaves linear-lanceolate, flat,

not pilose. B. marginatus.

Awns more than 7 mm. long.

Panicle very broad, the longest rays 15-25 cm. long,

drooping. B. sitchensis.

Panicle large but the rays not drooping. B. hookerianus.

Spikelets subterete, not strongly flattened.

Native perennials mostly with loose and drooping panicles ;

lemma usually more or less long-hairy.

Panicle narrow, erect or nearly so. B. vulgaris.

Panicle broad, drooping.

Lemma evenly pubescent. B. pacificus.

Lemma unevenly pubescent. B. richardsonii.

Introduced annuals or biennials.

Awns much longer than the body of the narrow lemma.
Lemma pubescent or rarely glabrous; awns 13-15

mm. long. B. tectorum,

Lemma not pubescent; awns 18-45 mm. long.

Awns 35-45 mm. long B. maximus.

Awns less than 30 mm. long.

Panicle a dense head-like cluster. B. rubens.

Panicle loose. B. sterilis.

Awns shorter than or scarcely exceeding the broad

lemma.

Panicle dense, small. B. hordeaceus.

Panicle loose, open.

Margins of the lemma inrolled in fruit. B. secalinus.

Margins of the lemma not inrolled in fruit. B. commutatus.

Bromus marginatus Nees. Perennial, tufted; the stout stems about 1 m.
high; leaf blades coarse, sparsely pubescent; panicle 15-25 cm. long, rather
narrow, the branches in whorls of 2-4, about 7 cm. long, and bearing two
spikelets; spikelets 2.5-4 cm. long, 57 mm. wide, compressed and keeled,

POACEAE. 51

7-9-flowered; lemma rough-pubescent, 11-14 mm. long, 2-toothed at apex,
and bearing a stout awn 47 mm. long.
A variable species, rare in our limits.

Bromus sitchensis Bong. Stout grass, 1-1.5 m. high, smooth or nearly so;
panicle large, loose, drooping, 25-35 cm. long; lemma smooth or scabrous,
12-14 mm. long.

Moist banks, along the seashore.

Bromus hookerianus (Thurb.) Shear. Much like B. sitchensis but smaller;
panicle erect, the branches not drooping; lemmas scabrous.
In open places, common.

Bromus vulgaris eximius Shear. Perennial; stems slender, 80-100 cm.
tall; leaf blades 15-25 cm. long, glabrous or sparsely pilose; sheaths pilose
with spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule truncate, fringed, 3-5 mm. long;
panicle sparse, more or less nodding, 8-12 cm. long; spikelets 2-3 cm. long,
2-4 mm. wide; lemma 8-10 mm. long, sparsely pubescent on the back, some-
what ciliate on the margin, the awn 6-9 mm. long.

Common in open woods.

Bromus vulgaris robustus Shear. Lemma pilose on the keel and margins
near the base; leaves and leaf sheaths pubescent.
Infrequent.

Bromus pacificus Shear. Stems stout, about 1 m. tall; leaf-blades large,
8-11 mm. broad; panicle large, drooping; lemmas pubescent, 11-12 mm. long.
Moist banks and copses, especially along the coast.

Bromus richardsonii pallidus (Hook.) Shear. Stems 60-120 cm. high;
leaf blades broad, scabrous above, smooth beneath; panicle large, loose, droop-
ing; spikelets pale, 6-11-flowered, 2-3 cm. long; lemma 12-15 mm. long, villous
at the margins of the lower half.

In mountain bogs, rare in our limits.

Bromus tectorum nudum Klett & Richter. Annual; stems 30-60 cm.
high; leaf blades pubescent; panicle loose, one-sided, drooping, the branches
slender; spikelets 15-20 mm. long; glumes acute, the lower about half the
length of the upper; lemma lanceolate, smooth, 11-13 mm. long, bearing at
the apex two narrow hyaline teeth and a straight awn 13-15 mm. long.

Introduced from Europe. Seattle, Piper. Typical B. tectorum with the
lemma scabrous to pubescent occurs at Puyallup, Washington.

Bromus maximus Desf. Stems 20-40 cm. high; sheaths and blades
pilose; panicle erect, 5-10 cm. long, somewhat one-sided, the branches rather
short and erect or nearly so after flowering.

Sparingly introduced from Europe.

Bromus rubens L. Annual, tufted; stems 20-50 cm. high, erect; sheaths
and leaf blades pubescent; panicle ovoid, compact, 4-7 cm. long, reddish at
maturity; spikelets 7-11 -flowered, 2-2.5 cm. long; glumes narrow, acuminate,
subequal, lower 1-nerved, upper 3-nerved; lemma lanceolate, pubescent,
13-16 mm. long, the apex cleft into two long hyaline teeth; awn straight,
18-22 mm. long.

Introduced from Europe.

Bromus sterilis L. Annual, the stout stems 50-100 cm. high, usually
decumbent at base; panicle 10-20 cm. long, loose and drooping, its branches
in whorls of 2-6, long and slender, usually bearing but'one spikelet; spikelets
drooping, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, 5- 10- flowered; lemma narrowly lanceolate, 17-20
mm. long, bearing a stout rough awn, 20-30 mm. long.

Introduced from Europe.

52 POACEAE.

Bromus hordeaceus L. Annual, erect, 20-60 cm. tall; leaf blades pilose
or smooth, the sheaths pubescent with retrorse hairs; panicle narrow, dense,
5-10 cm. long; spikelets erect, 12-15 mm. long, 5-12-flowered; lemma pubes-
cent, bearing a stout straight or somewhat twisted awn 6-9 mm. long.

Common in waste places; introduced from Europe.

Bromus secalinus L. Chess or Cheat. Annual, erect, 30-70 cm. tall;
leaf blades 1020 cm. long, sparsely hairy above, smooth beneath; sheaths
glabrous; panicle 8-18 cm. long, pyramidal, erect at first, in fruit somewhat
drooping; spikelets oblong-lanceolate, turgid in fruit, 10-18 mm. long; lemma
glabrous or nearly so, 6-8 mm. long, its margins involute in fruit, tipped with
an awn 2-5 mm. long; palea nearly equal to the lemma.

Introduced from Europe.

Bromus commutatus Schrad. Very similar to B. secalinus; panicle more
drooping; lemma broader, not inrolled in fruit, tipped with a stout straight
awn 7-8 mm. long.

Introduced from Europe.

79. DACTYLIS.

Perennial grasses with flat leaves; inflorescence a densely
clustered or interrupted panicle; spikelets 3-5-flowered, short-
pedicelled, in small fascicles, the flowers all perfect or the upper
staminate; glumes thin, membranous, keeled, unequal, mucro-
nate; lemmas larger than the glumes, rigid, 5-nerved, keeled,
the midnerve extending into a point or short awn; palea shorter
than the lemma; grain free, enclosed in the lemma and palea.

Dactylis glomerata L. Orchard-grass. Perennial, tufted, the stout stems
60-150 cm. tall; leaf blades flat, scabrous, 6-8 mm. broad; sheath scabrous,
exceeding the internode; panicle 3-10 cm. long, pyramidal-ovate, greenish or
purplish; branches solitary, ascending, spikelet-bearing above; lemmas con-
spicuously ciliate on the keels.

Escaped from cultivation.

80. POA. BLUE-GRASS.

Annual or perennial grasses with simple stems and narrow
usually flat leaves; inflorescence a contracted or open panicle,
spikelets 2-6-flowered, compressed, the rachilla usually glabrous;
flowers perfect or rarely dioecious; glumes membranous, keeled,
1-3-nerved; lemmas membranous, keeled, awnless, longer than
the glumes, generally with a tuft of cobwebby hairs at the base,
5-7-nerved, the marginal nerves usually pubescent, often also the
dorsal one; palea a little shorter than the lemma, 2-nerved or
2-keeled; grain free, or sometimes adherent to the palea.

Annual; lemma without cobwebby hairs at base. P. annua.

Perennial.

Plants with creeping rootstocks.

Stem flattened, 2-edged; panicles small. P. compressa.

Stem cylindric.

Lemma webbed, that is with a tuft of long hairs at
the base.

POACEAE.

53

Dioecious, seashore plant; spikelets 10-15 mm.

long. P. macrantha.

Perfect; spikelets 4-5 mm. long. P. pratensis.

Lemma not webbed.

Low seashore plant with narrow involute leaves

and small panicle; spikelets close. P. confinis.

Taller grass, not maritime, with flat or folded

leaves; spikelets loose. P. nervosa.

Plants tufted, without rootstocks.

Lateral nerves ol lemmas prominent ; web present. P. trivialis.

Lateral nerves of lemmas not prominent.
Web present at base of lemma.

Leaves flat or folded, not soft and flaccid.

Panicle short pyramidal; spikelets 6-7 mm.

long; low alpine plant. P. arctica.

Panicle ample, spreading; spikelets 3-4 mm.

long. P. triflora.

Leaves flat, rather short, soft and flaccid.

Panicle lax and spreading; spikelets 5-6 mm.

long; florets not early deciduous. P. leptocoma.

Panicle narrow, the rays usually erect;

florets early deciduous.

Lemma glabrous or nearly so. P.

Lemma pubescent. P.

Web absent, no tuft of hairs at base of lemma.
Nerves of the lemma pilose below.

Alpine plant; leaf blades flat, green, broad.
Maritime plant; leaf blades narrow or

folded, glaucescent.
Nerves of the lemma not pilose.

Stems low, 5-20 cm. high; grasses of the

highest mountains.
Leaves soft; panicle purple, very short;

plants 510 cm. high.
Leaves rather rigid; panicle pale, narrow,

elongated; plant 10-20 cm. high.
Stems taller, usually 20-40 cm. high, mostly

grasses of rupestrine habitat.
Panicle close, erect; leaves flat.

Lemmas pubescent at base; leaves

rather narrow, sometimes folded.
Lemmas glabrous; leaf blades

broader.
Panicles loose; leaves narrow, flat or

involute.

Ligules of the sterile shoots obsolete;
of the stem leaves short and trun-
cate.
Ligules well developed on all the

leaves.
Rays of the panicle in about 5

series; ligules 2-5 mm. long
Rays of the panicle in fewer
series; ligules 1-2 mm. long.
Panicle close; glumes firm;

blades flat. P. saxatilis.

Panicle loose; glumes thin;

blades involute. P. gracillima.

bolanderi.
howellii.

P. alpina.

P. pachypholis.

P. lettermani.
P. suksdorfii.

P. sandbergii.
P. paddensis.

P. multnomae.

P. alcea.

54 POACEAE.

Poa annua L. Annual Blue-grass. Annual, the compressed stems 5-15
cm. tall; leaves glabrous, the blades short and soft; panicle pyramidal, some-
times 1-sided; spikelets 3-7-flowered, crowded, 4 mm. long; lemma 3-3.5 mm.
long, not hairy at base.

Introduced; common along waysides and in cultivated ground.

Poa compressa L. Canada Blue-grass. Usually low, spreading by root-
stocks and forming dense mats, the much compressed stems 15-40 cm. high,
decumbent at base, glabrous; panicle 3-7 cm. long, contracted, the branches
spikelet-bearing to the base or nearly so; spikelets 3-9-flowered; lemmas ob-
scurely nerved, the nerves slightly pubescent below.

Sparingly introduced.

Poa macrantha Vasey. Pale green; rootstocks extensively creeping, stout;
leaves involute or folded; panicle 5-10 cm. long; staminate spikelets yellowish,
10-15 mm. long; pistillate smaller.

Common in sand dunes along the coast.

Poa pratensis L. Kentucky Blue-grass. Perennial with conspicuous run-
ning rootstocks, the terete stems 3090 cm. tall; panicle pyramidal, open,
6-20 cm. long, the ascending or spreading branches in whorls of 3-5, spikelet-
bearing above the middle; spikelets 3-5-flowered; lemmas 3-5 mm. long with
prominent intermediate nerves, silky-pubescent on the midnerve and margins,
cobwebby at the base.

Meadows and pastures everywhere.

Poa confinis Vasey. Stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves numerous, very narrow,
involute; panicle 13 cm. long, the short branches in pairs; spikelets 35-
flowered; lemmas broadly ovate.

High sea beaches; common on the ocean coast.

Poa nervosa (Hook.) Vasey. Stems weak, 30-40 cm. high; leaves soft,
green, flat or folded; panicle lax, 610 cm. long; spikelets pale green, compressed,
the 47 florets distant; lemma thin, lanceolate, scabrous.

On moist wooded banks, rare. Nootka Sound, British Columbia, Scouler;
Cape Horn, Washington, Piper; Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Piper.

Poa trivialis L. Rough Meadow-grass. Stems 30-60 cm. high; sheaths
and flat blades scabrous; ligule well developed; panicle rather loose; spikelets
mostly 3-flowered; lemma 5-nerved, the nerves very prominent.

Sparingly introduced.

Poa arctica R. Br. Perennial by creeping rootstocks; stems slender,
2-3-jointed, erect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves green, flat or folded, 2-5 cm. long,
2-3 mm. wide; panicle loose, pyramidal, erect or somewhat nodding, 3-8 cm.
long, the slender rays mostly in twos; spikelets oblong-obovate, 3-6-flowered,
6-7 mm. long; glumes ovate, acute, subequal; lemma purplish, ovate, ob-
tusish, pubescent on the keel and lateral nerves below the middle, 3-4 mm.
long, the tuft of hairs at base nearly as long.

Mount Rainier, Piper, Allen; our form is not typical and has been mistaken
for P. laxa Haenke.

Poa triflora Gilib. Fowl Meadow-grass. Tufted, the stems 60-90 cm. high;
leaves narrow, linear, smooth and soft; ligule conspicuous; panicle usually
purple, 10-30 cm. long, the branches mostly in fives; spikelets 2-5-flowercd;
lemma obscurely nerved.

In wet places, common.

Poa leptocoma Bong. Glabrous, bright green; stems slender, erect,
20-40 cm. high; leaves flat, flaccid, 5-12 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle lax,
5-10 cm. long, more or less nodding, the capillary branches mostly in twos

POACEAE. 55

and 2-5 cm. long; spikelets compressed, 5-6 mm. long, 3-flowered; glumes
slightly unequal, the upper longer and broader; lemma lance-ovate, acute,
3-4 mm. long, with a tuft of hairs at base and long-villous on the keel and
marginal nerves below the middle.
Boggy places in the mountains.

Poa bolanderi Vasey. A glabrous, loosely tufted, short-lived perennial,
30-50 cm. high, erect; leaf blades few, thin, soft, rather short; panicle erect,
narrow, 1012 cm. long, the branches few at the well separated nodes' and
usually remaining erect; spikelets 1-3-flowered, 2-3 mm. long; lemma smooth,
the basal web scanty.

Vancouver Island to California.

Poa howellii Vasey. Very similar to P. bolanderi; lemma acute, pubes-
cent; florets dropping very readily.

In dry woods, not rare. Vancouver Island to California.

Poa alpina L. Stems 15-30 cm. high; blades short, linear, flat, 3-6 mm.
wide; panicle usually purple, short pyramidal; spikelets broadly ovate,
3-9-flowered; lemma villous on the midrib and nerves below.

In the mountains, Alaska to Washington.

Poa pachypholis Piper. Densely tufted, 15-30 cm. high; leaves glaucous,
the blades narrow and involute; panicle short, thick, very close; glumes and
lemma thick and firm; lemma pubescent on the lower half of the nerves.

Ocean Bluffs at Ilwaco, Washington.

Poa lettermani Vasey. Very dwarf, tufted, only 5-10 cm. high; panicle
purple, 1-2 cm. long, oblong, quite dense; spikelets 2-4-flowered; lemma
oblong, acutish, glabrous.

Mount Rainier, at 3000 m. altitude.

Poa suksdorfii Vasey. Pale green, densely tufted, 10-20 cm. high; blades
folded or involute, rather numerous; panicle narrow and spike-like, 3-8 cm.
long; spikelets 1-3-flowered; lemma ovate, thin and papery, 4-5 mm. long.

In loose gravel in the mountains at high elevations.

Poa sandbergii Vasey. Perennial, glabrous, not glaucous, tufted ; the
stems 15-50 cm. tall; basal leaves numerous, the blades 5-10 cm. long, linear;
stem leaves 2, low down, the blades 1-2 cm. long, the sheaths often purple;
panicle 4-10 cm. long, narrow, the ascending branches in whorls of 2-5,
spikelet-bearing near the top; spikelets 2-4-flowered, usually purplish; lemmas
oblong, 3.5 mm. long, sparsely pubescent above, villous near the base.

In dry places in the mountains, rare; common in the interior.

Poa paddensis Williams. (P. purpurascens Vasey.) Densely tufted;
stems 15-30 cm. high; blades flat or loosely involute, 2-4 mm. wide; panicle
erect or spreading, dark purple, rather close; spikelets thick, 3 5-flowered;
glumes ovate, acutish; lemmas ovate, sparsely scabrous.

In alpine meadows, common. Vancouver Island to Oregon.

Poa multnomae Piper. Densely tufted, 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves
numerous, very narrow, smooth, folded; panicle loose; spikelets ovate-lan-
ceolate, 3-5-flowered, 5-7 mm. long; lemma ovate, acutish, puberulent at
base, scarious at apex.

On rock cliffs along the Columbia.

Poa alcea Piper. Much like P. multnomae but taller; ligules conspicuous;
spikelets oblong, 6-9 mm. long, mostly 5-flowered.

On moist rock cliffs, Elk Rock, near Portland, Oregon, and southward.

Poa saxatilis Scribn. & Williams. Densely tufted alpine perennial, 20-30
cm. tall; basal leaves numerous, green, the blades 26 cm. long, flat, slightly

56 POACEAE.

scabrous, about 2 mm. broad; stem leaves 2; ligules well developed; sheaths
loose, becoming scarious; panicles green or purple, erect, rather loose, 4-7 cm.
long, the rays mostly in twos; spikelets lanceolate, 6-9 mm. long, loosely 3-5-
flowered; glumes subacute, smooth, subequal, about 4 mm. long; lemma ob-
scurely 5-nerved, oblong, subacute, scabrous on the back, puberulent at base
and on the keel, 4-4.5 mm. long.
Rocky places at high altitudes.

Poa gracillima Vasey. Very similar to P. saxatilis which may not be
distinct; leaf blades involute; panicle loose; spikelets 7 mm. long; lemma thin,
scabrous on the back, pubescent at base, scarious at apex.

On cliffs in the mountains.

81. DISTICHLIS.

Rather rigid erect grasses springing from creeping bases,
with dense panicles of rather few large and compressed spikelets,
which are usually more numerous and less crowded in the stami-
nate than in the pistillate plants; spikelets 8-16-flowered,
dioecious; glumes 2, keeled, acute, shorter than the lemmas;
lemmas 3-many-nerved, acute; grain free.

Distichlis spicata (L.) Greene. Salt-grass. Extensively creeping; leaves
rather rigid, smooth, involute; spikelets ovate or oblong, 8-16 mm. long,
smooth, 6-12-flowered.

Along the seashore, common.

82. FESTUCA. FESCUE.

Annuals or perennials with terminal panicles, sometimes
reduced to racemes; spikelets 2 -many-flowered ; glumes more or
less unequal, acute, keeled, the lower 1-, rarely 3-nerved, the
upper 3-, rarely 5-nerved; lemmas lanceolate, firm in texture
at least near the base, narrow, rounded on the back or slightly
keeled, always 5-nerved, acute or usually awned; palea usually
about equalling the lemma; grain glabrous, elongated, often
adherent to the palea.

Annuals.

Spikelets densely 8-13-flowered. F. octoflora.

Spikelets loosely 1 6-flowered.

Branches of the short panicle divergent.

Florets 3-5 in each spikelet; only the principal rays

divergent. F. pacifica.

Florets 1-3 in each spikelet; all the spikelets diver-
gent. F. reflexa.
Branches of the elongated panicle erect or appressed.

Lemma ciliate. F. megalura.

Lemma not ciliate.

First glume one-third as long as second. F. myuros.

First glume two-thirds as long as second. F. bromoides.

Perennials.

Callus and auricles conspicuously hairy. F. aristulata.

Callus and auricles glabrous.

Leaves very narrow, mostly involute.

POACEAE. 57

Plant with creeping rootstocks. F. rubra.

Plant tufted; rootstocks none.

Tufts separable with difficulty; lemmas acute,

not awned. F. viridula.

Tufts easily separable; lemmas awned.

Panicle loose; lemmas long-awned. F. occidentalis.

Panicle close; lemmas not long-awned. F. ovina.

Leaves rather broad, flat.

Lemma firm, not at all keeled, awnless. F. elatior.

Lemma rather thin, keeled above the middle, awned.

Floret with a narrow stalk-like base. F. subuliflora.

Floret not stalk-like at base. F. subulata.

Festuca octoflora Walt. Tufted annual, 8-30 cm. tall; panicle 2-6 cm.
long, rather dense, often one-sided; spikelets 610 mm. long, 7 13-flowered;
lemmas 3-4 mm. long, scabrous, attenuate into an awn about as long.

In dry open places.

Festuca pacifica Piper. Annual; stem single or a few in a loose tuft,
5-30 cm. tall; panicle 4-10 cm. long; branches mostly solitary, longest below,
all erect at first but becoming spreading or reflexed by means of a prominent
pulvinus at the base; spikelets 2-6-flowered; lemma 6-7 mm. long, the awn
two to three times as long.

In prairies, rare west of the Cascade Mountains.

Festuca reflexa Buckl. In habit like F. pacifica; panicle 5-12 cm. long,
the rays solitary; spikelets at length all spreading; lemma lanceolate, glabrous
or scabrous, bearing a short or long awn.

Dry open places, Vancouver Island to California.

Festuca megalura Nutt. Tufted annual, 30-40 cm. tall, smooth; panicle
spike-like, elongated, flexuous, 5-25 cm. long, pale-green; spikelets 4-5-flow-
ered, 2-2.5 cm. long, including the awns; lemma lanceolate, scabrous, the body
5 mm., the awn 10-15 mm. long.

Along roads and streets, native, but appearing as if introduced.

Festuca myuros L. Mouse-tail Fescue. Very similar to F. megalura, but
the panicle usually smaller; lemma not ciliate; first glume very short.
Sparingly introduced; native of Europe.

Festuca bromoides L. Glabrous; stems 10-30 cm. high; panicle usually
dense, 5-10 cm. long; rays solitary; glumes subequal, the lower shorter.
Waysides, introduced from Europe.

Festuca aristulata (Torr.) Shear. (F. calif arnica Vasey.) Coarse tufted
grass, 60-120 cm. high, scabrous throughout; junction of sheath and blade
white-hairy; panicle large and very loose; spikelets 5-flowered; lemma 8-10
mm. long, lanceolate, scabrous.

Dry ground, upper Willamette Valley to California.

Festuca rubra L. Perennial, with short running rootstocks; the whole
plant smooth; stems 60-100 cm. tall, slender; leaves narrow, involute, 10-20
cm. long; panicle narrow, erect, about 10 cm. long, the short erect branches
in twos, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets frequently purplish, 10-12 cm.
long, 5-6-flowered; lemma smooth, 5-6 mm. long, tipped with an awn 3-4 mm.
long.

Mostly along the seashore. F. rubra kitaibeliana (Schult.) Piper is a
subspecies distinguished by having pubescent lemmas.

Festuca viridula Vasey. Densely tufted, dark green, smooth; stems 50-
100 cm. high; leaves narrow, erect, soft, 7-nerved, the basal ones involute;

58 POACEAE.

panicle loose and open, suberect, 10-15 cm. long; spikelets 3-6-flowered;
lemma firm, keeled toward the apex, 5-nerved, acute or sometimes mucronate,
smooth or nearly so, 6-7 mm. long.
Common in alpine meadows.

Festuca occidentalis Hook. Densely tufted, the whole plant smooth and
bright green; stems 30-60 cm. high; leaf blades smooth, becoming longitudi-
nally grooved when dry; panicle narrow, loose, 8-20 cm. long, often drooping
at the summit; spikelets green, 3-5-flowered; lemmas scabrous near the apex
or smooth, 5-6 mm. long, bearing a slender awn of equal length.

In open woods, common.

Festuca ovina supina (Schur) Hack. Plant densely tufted, usually
smooth; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves firm, involute, not shrinking when dry;
panicle strict, narrow, 2-4 cm. long; lemmas short-awned; ovary not hairy
at apex.

In the mountains at high altitudes.

Festuca elatior L. Meadow Fescue. Perennial; the stout stem 100-150
cm. tall, smooth and glabrous throughout; leaves flat, dark green, 7-15 cm.
long, 3-4 mm. wide; panicle narrow, erect, 10-25 cm. long, the branches soli-
tary or in twos; spikelets rather crowded, lanceolate-oblong, 12-18 mm. long,
5 10-flowered; lemma scarious-margined, acute, awnless.

A native of Europe, escaped from cultivation.

Festuca subuliflora Scribn. Stems 60-80 cm. high; leaves broad, flat or
loosely involute; panicle broad, the spreading rays mostly solitary; spikelets
large, loose; lemmas long awned, each narrowed at base into a stalk-like
structure, so that the rachilla is apparently jointed between the florets.

In open woods, not common.

Festuca subulata Trin. Loosely tufted, glabrous or nearly so; stems 40-
120 cm. high; leaf blades flat, thin, 3-10 mm. broad; panicle very loose and
somewhat drooping, 15-40 cm. long, rays in 3-5 sets; spikelets pale green,
3-5-flowered, 7-12 mm. long; lemma membranaceous, narrowly lanceolate,
keeled its entire length, 5-7 mm. long, with an awn 5-20 mm. long.

In moist woods, common.

83. PANICULARIA.

Tall aquatic perennial grasses with terminal panicles; spikelets
few-many-flowered, terete, or somewhat flattened; glumes un-
equal, obtuse or acute, 1-3-nerved; lemmas membranous, obtuse,
rounded on the back, 5-9-nerved, the nerves disappearing in the
hyaline apex; palea scarcely shorter than the lemma, rarely
longer; grain smooth, enclosed in the lemma and palea, free,
or when dry slightly adhering to the latter.

Spikelets linear, 10-20 mm. long.

Lemma scabrid only on the nerves; glumes 2-3 mm. long. P. borealis.
Lemma scabrid all over the back; glumes 1-2 mm. long.

Spikelets 10-15 mm. long; lemma 3 mm. long, truncate. P. leptostachya.
Spikelets 18-20 mm. long; lemma 5-6 mm. long, acut-

ish. P. occidentalis.

Spikelets ovate or oblong, 2-8 mm. long

Lemma with 5 prominent nerves. P. pauciflora.

Lemma with 7 prominent nerves.

Spikelets 3-4 mm. long. P. nervata.

Spikelets 4-6 mm. long. P. americana.

POACEAE. 59

Panicularia borealis Nash. Stems weak, erect, glabrous, 50-100 cm. tall;
leaf blades 8-20 cm. long, pale green, nearly smooth; sheaths loose, longer than
the internodes; panicle lax, 15-30 cm. long, the branches single or in twos,
usually short and erect; spikelets linear, 10-15 mm. long; lemmas thin, 3.5-4
mm. long, 7-nerved, the nerves minutely hispid.

In shallow ponds and ditches.

Panicularia leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper n. comb. (Clyceria leptostachya
Buckl.; Panicularia davyi Merrill.) Much like P. borealis; sheaths scabrous;
spikelets 10-16 mm. long; lemma scabrous all over the back, truncate;
glumes very short.

In ponds, rare.

Panicularia occidentalis Piper n. sp. Pale green, flaccid, 60-90 cm. high;
sheaths smooth, longer than the internodes; ligules large, 4-8 mm. long;
blades flat, scabrous above, smooth beneath, 5-9 mm. broad, 8-20 cm. long;
panicle loose, spreading, usually enclosed at base, 30-50 cm. long; branches
in about 7 series, scabrous, a long one and one or two short ones at each
joint; spikelets 18-20 mm. long, 6-9-flowered; rachilla slender, cernuous;
glumes hyaline, the lower broadly ovate, obtuse, 1.5 mm. long, the upper
oblong, acutish, 3 mm. long; lemma firm, strongly nerved, 5-6 mm. long,
acutish, narrowly hyaline-margined, scabrous-puberulent all over the back.

Type specimen collected at Vancouver, Washington, C. V. Piper no. 4905,
June 5, 1904; also collected at Sauvies Island, Oregon, Thos. Howell, May
1881; Salem, Oregon, E. Hall, no. 630, in 1871. Most nearly related to P.
leptostachya (Buckl.) Piper; differing in its broader leaf-blades, smooth sheaths
and larger spikelets and florets.

Panicularia pauciflora (Presl) Kuntze. Stems 50-100 cm. high, smooth;
leaf blades 10-20 cm. long, nearly 1 cm. broad, acute, scabrous; sheaths nearly
equalling the internodes; panicle loose, 15-20 cm. long, usually purplish, its
base included in the upper sheath; branches slender, spreading, 2-5 at a node,
flower-bearing above the middle; spikelets 4-5 mm. long, 4-6-flowered; lem-
mas prominently 5-nerved, rarely 7-nerved.

Common in springy places.

Panicularia nervata elata (Nash) Piper. Stems 60-90 cm. high; leaves
linear, dark-green, 15-30 cm. long, 6-10 mm. wide; panicle loose, at length
drooping; spikelets 2-4 mm. long.

In wet places, common.

Panicularia americana (Torr.) MacM. Reed Meadow-grass. Stems stout,
100-150 cm. high; leaf blades 6-15 mm. wide; panicle large and loose, 20-40
cm. long, nodding at the top; spikelets 4-7-flowered; upper glume 2-2.5 mm.
long.

In wet places, not common in our limits.

84. PUCCINELLIA.

Tufted perennial grasses of seacoast or alkaline regions;
spikelets as in Panicularia, but lemmas firmer, usually smaller,
often sub-acute and minutely pubescent at base, the nerves
obscure.

Panicle narrow, its base usually inclosed in the upper sheath,

erect or the short lower branches sometimes divergent. P. angustata.

Panicle well exserted, the branches becoming divaricate or re-
flexed. P. distans.

60 POACEAE.

Puccinellia angustata (R. Br.) Nash. Creeping by stolons; stems low,
slender; leaves somewhat fleshy, narrow, involute; spikelets 3-7-flowered ;
first glume usually 1-nerved.

Salt marshes along the coast.

Puccinellia distans (L.) Parl. (Poa nutkaensis Presl.) Not stoloniferous;
stems geniculate, 20-60 cm. high; blades not fleshy, flat or folded; panicle
branches usually in fours or fives, spreading or reflexed; spikelets 3-6-flowered;
first glume usually 3-nerved.

Seashores; very variable. Forms with the panicle narrow and the branches
ascending have been referred perhaps correctly to the European P. festucae-
formis (Host) Parl.

85. SPARTINA. CORD-GRASS.

Coarse perennial grasses with strong creeping rootstocks, rigid
simple stems and long tough leaves; inflorescence of 1 -sided
spreading or erect alternate spikes; spikelets 1-flowered, narrow,
deciduous, borne in two rows on the rachis, articulated with the
very short pedicels below the glumes; glumes keeled, very un-
equal; lemma keeled, equalling or shorter than the second glume;
palea often longer than its lemma; grain free.

Spartina michauxiana Hitchc. Stems 1-2 m. tall, simple, smooth; leaf
blades flat, keeled, long-acuminate, involute in age, scabrous on the margins;
spikes 5-20, 5-12 cm. long, ascending, sometimes peduncled; spikelets closely
imbricated; glumes very scabrous on the keels, awn-pointed; lemma scabrous
on the midrib, which terminates below the 2-toothed apex.

Cascades of the Columbia River, Hall, perhaps in our limits.

86. BECKMANNIA.

Tall erect perennials; inflorescence a terminal panicle of erect
spikes; spikelets 1-2-flowered, globose, compressed; glumes mem-
branous, saccate, obtuse or abruptly acute; lemmas 1 or 2,
narrow, thin-membranous; palea hyaline; grain oblong, free,
enclosed in the lemma.

Beckmannia erucaeformis (L.) Host. Perennial, the stems stout, 60-
90 cm. tall, glabrous throughout; leaf blades 1030 cm. long, 610 mm. wide,
scabrous, the loose sheaths exceeding the internodes; panicle narrow, 10-30
cm. long, the densely-flowered branches mostly solitary and erect; spikelets
nearly orbicular, flattened, 2 mm. long.

In wet meadows, rare west of the Cascade Mountains. Victoria, Van-
couver Island, Macoun; Colquitz River, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Wil-
lamette Valley.

87. CYNODON.

Low creeping perennials with short flat leaves and slender
spikes digitately arranged at the ends of the branches; spikelets
1-flowered, awnless, sessile in two rows along one side of a slender
rachis, forming unilateral spikes; rachilla jointed above the glumes
and prolonged behind the palea into a slender bristle; glumes 2,
narrow, keeled, usually acute; lemma broader, usually a little
longer than the glumes, obtuse, more or less pilose on the keel

POACEAE. 6 1

and margins; palea as long as the glume; styles distinct; grain
free.

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. Bermuda-grass. Low, 5-30 cm. high,
loosely branched and extensively creeping by rootstocks or stolons, glabrous;
leaf blades flat; ligules very short but bearing a ring of white bristles; branches
of the umbel 4-6; spikelets 2 mm. long.

Sparingly introduced.

88. ELEUSINE.

Tufted annuals with rather stout unilateral spikes digitately
arranged at the tip of the stem; spikelets several-flowered, sessile,
closely imbricated in 2 rows along one side of the rachis; rachilla
jointed above the glumes; lemmas compressed, keeled, thin but
rigid, obtuse; palea a little shorter than the lemma, compressed;
seed finely striated.

Eleusine indica Gaertn. Goose-grass. Glabrous annual; stems flattened,
erect or decumbent, 15-60 cm. high; sheaths overlapping; spikes 3-8 cm. long,
2-10 in an umbel, bearing the 3-5-flowered spikelets on the lower side.

Introduced from the oriental tropics.

89. LOLIUM.

Annuals or perennials with simple erect stems and simple
terminal spikes; spikelets several-flowered, solitary and sessile
in alternate notches of the rachis, one edge of the spikelet against
the rachis; glume 1 (2 in the terminal spikelet), on the side away
from the rachis, shorter or longer than the lemmas which are
rounded on the back and 5-7-nerved, with an obtuse, acute or
awned apex; grain smooth, adherent to the palea.

Glumes longer than the spikelet. L. temulentum.
Glumes shorter than the spikelet.

Lemmas awned; young leaves involute. L. multiflorum.

Lemmas awnless; young leaves folded. L. perenne.

Lolium temulentum L. Darnel. Annual; spikelets 5-8-flowered; lemma
awnless or short-awned.
Sparingly introduced.

Lolium multiflorum Lam. Italian Rye-grass. Glabrous, tufted; stems
erect, 60-90 cm. high; sheaths usually shorter than the internodes; blades
3-8 mm. wide, involute in the bud; ligule short, truncate; spikes 20-30 cm.
long; spikelets 7-9-flowered; glumes shorter than the spikelet; lemma narrowly
elliptic, the awn as long as the body.

Introduced from Europe.

Lolium perenne L. English or Perennial Rye-grass. Perennial; young
leaves folded; spikelets 8-15-flowered, 8-12 mm. long; lemmas 5-6 mm. long,
awnless or short-awned.

Naturalized from Europe.

90. AGROPYRON. WHEAT-GRASS.

Perennials with simple stems and terminal spikes; spikelets
3-many-flowered, sessile, single and alternate at each notch of

62

POACEAE.

the usually continuous rachis, the side of the spikelet, that is the
edge of the glumes, toward the rachis; lemmas rigid, rounded on
the back, 5-7-nerved, usually acute or awned at the apex; palea
often with hairy keels; grain pubescent at the apex.

Plants tufted, without rootstocks; spikelets subcylindric. A. tenerum.

Plants with creeping rootstocks.

Spikelets compressed, spreading; leaves pale, rough on the

back. A. occ-identale.

Spikelets subcylindric, erect; leaves green, smooth on the

back. A. repens.

Agropyron tenerum Vasey. Slender Wheat-grass. Perennial, tufted;
stems erect, 30-100 cm. high, rather slender, glabrous; stem leaves 3 or 4, the
blades becoming involute, scabrous on both sides, the sheaths glabrous and
shorter than the internodes; spike 10-20 cm. long, narrow, the spikelets densely
crowded; lemmas linear-oblong, 5-nerved, scabrous, acuminate or short-awned.

Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; common in the interior.

Agropyron occidentale Scribn. (A. smithii Rydb.) Bluestem. Whole plant
pale or glaucous; stems erect, 30-100 cm. high; leaves firm, the nerves thick
and prominent; spike 8-15 cm. long, compact; spikelets 7-13-flowered, 12-20
mm. long, glabrous; lemma firm, awn-pointed, the nerves faint.

High sea-beaches, rare; common in the interior.

Agropyron repens L. Couch or Quack-grass. Stems erect, 100-150 cm.
high; leaf blades green, pilose above, the nerves not prominent; spike 5-15 cm.
long; spikelets 5-flowered; lemma glabrous or nearly so, strongly nerved,
usually awn-pointed.

Sparingly introduced; a very pernicious weed.

91. ELYMUS. RYE-GRASS.

Perennial or annual grasses with spike-like inflorescences which
do not readily break up into segments; spikelets 1-7-flowered,
2-4 at each joint of the rachis or rarely solitary; glumes entire,
equal, rigid, narrow; lemmas acute, acuminate or awned, entire.

Glumes subulate, obscurely nerved.

Annual; glumes awned. E. caput-medusae.

Perennial plants with creeping rootstocks; glumes not

awned.
Lemma glabrous, often glaucous; glumes not

hirsute. E. triticoides.

Lemma scabrous-puberulent; glumes sparsely

hirsute. E. Vancouver ensis,

Glumes lanceolate, distinctly nerved.

Culms very stout, 12 m. tall; plants with rootstocks. E. arenarius.
Culms slender, seldom 1 m. tall; plants without root-
stocks.

Lemma not ciliate. E. glaucus.

Lemma ciliate.

Awns long. E. hirsutus.

Awns short. E. virescens.

Elymus caput-medusae L. Glabrous annual; stems 20-50 cm. high,
erect or geniculate at base; leaves 12 mm. broad, becoming involute; spike
stout, erect, green or becoming purplish, 1-4 cm. long without the awns;

POACEAE. 63

spikelets 2 at each node, 1- or rarely 2-flowered; glumes subulate, rigid, 2-2.5
cm. long; lemma lanceolate, very scabrous, tipped with a stout awn 5-10
cm. long.

Introduced from Europe; abundant in the upper Willamette Valley.

Elymus triticoides Buckl. Stems erect, about 1 m. tall, not densely tufted;
leaves 4-6 mm. wide, sometimes scabrous; panicle spike-like or with some of
the lower branches elongated, usually purplish, rather loose; lemma acuminately
short-awned.

Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; common in the interior.

Elymus vancouverensis Vasey. Stems stout, 60-90 cm. high; leaves
thick, involute; spike dense, 10-12 cm. long; spikelets crowded; lemma scab-
rous-puberulent, mucronate or awn-pointed.

On high sandy beaches, rare. Near Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun;
Coupeville, Washington, Gardner; Seattle, Piper, Howell.

Elymus arenarius L. Culms stout, 1-2 m. tall; spikes 10-20 cm. long,
dense, erect; spikelets 23 cm. long, appressed, 3 7-flowered; glumes lanceolate,
acuminate, awnless; lemma scabrous to hairy, cuspidate at tip.

On high sea-beaches. Typical E. arenarius has the upper part of the culm
and the glumes glabrous and does not occur in our limits. The common plant
of the Alaska coast extending southward to Vancouver Island having sessile
spikelets and pliant villous glumes is E. arenarius moll-is Piper. n.comb.(.
moll-is Trin.). The plant of the Puget Sound region having pedicelled spike-
lets and stiff hispid to glabrate glumes is E. arenarius compositus (Abromeit)
St. John. Both these subspecies have the culm pubescent near the top.

Elymus glaucus Buckl. Stems 50-100 cm. tall, erect; leaf blades spreading
or drooping, 10-30 cm. long, 6-16 mm. wide; spike-like panicle narrow, erect
or rarely nodding above, 5-15 cm. long, greenish or purplish, glaucescent;
spikelets usually appressed, mostly in pairs, 3-6-flowered; glumes lanceolate;
lemma not pubescent but rough near the apex, tipped with an awn about twice
as long.

Common and variable.

Elymus hirsutus Presl. (E. borealis Scribn.) Much like E. glaucus but
bright green; spike looser or interrupted, often nodding; lemma ciliate.
Alaska southward to the Olympic Mountains.

Elymus virescens Piper. Green and glabrous; stems 30-60 cm. high;
spike dense, erect, 6-8 cm. long; glumes 3-nerved, lanceolate; lemma lanceolate,
obtusely cuspidate.

Olympic Mountains, head of Duckaboose River, in moist coniferous woods.

92. HORDEUM. WILD BARLEY.

Cespitose annuals or perennials with terminal cylindrical
spikes; spikelets l-flo\vered, usually in threes at each joint of the
rachis, the lateral generally short-stalked and imperfect; rachilla
produced beyond the flower; glumes rigid, the lower ones often
reduced to awns and forming an apparent involucre around the
spikelets; lemmas rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex,
awned; palea scarcely shorter than the lemma; grain usually
adherent to the lemma, hairy at the summit.

Floret of the central spikelet pedicelled; glumes ciliate. H. murinum.
Floret of the central spikelet sessile; glumes not ciliate.

64 POACEAE.

Glumes not all subulate.

Glumes of middle spikelet lanceolate. H. pusiHum.

Glumes of middle spikelet setaceous. H. gussoneanum.

Glumes all alike, subulate.
Lateral florets long-awned.

Awns 4-6 mm. long. H. jubatum.

Awns 2-3 cm. long. H. caespitosum.

Lateral florets not awned.

Lateral florets neutral. H. nodosum.

Lateral florets perfect. H. boreale.

Hordeum murlnum L. Wall Barley. Stems 15-30 cm. tall; leaf blades
2-12 cm. long, 2-6 mm. wide; spikes 5-10 cm. long, thick; spikelets mostly in
threes, all stalked; both glumes of the central spikelet and the inner glume of
the lateral spikelets ciliate and flattened, bearing awns 20-25 mm. long; outer
glumes of lateral spikelets neither flattened nor ciliate; lemma scabrous at the
apex, long-awned.

A weed in waste places.

Hordeum pusillum Nutt. Stems 15-30 cm. high; spikes 3-8 cm. long;
both glumes of the central spikelet lanceolate and the inner ones of the lateral
spikelets dilated.

Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, perhaps introduced. Com-
mon eastward.

Hordeum gussoneanum Parl. Annual, glabrous, 10-30 cm. high; upper
sheath inflated; spike cylindrical, green, 2-5 cm. long; lemma 2-2.5 cm. long,
including the stiff straight awn.

Sparingly introduced from Europe.

Hordeum jubatum L. Squirrel Tail. Annual, tufted, erect, 30-60 cm.
high, glabrous or sometimes pubescent; leaf blades flat, becoming involute,
the sheaths shorter than the internodes; spike-like panicle pale green or yel-
lowish, 7-10 cm. long, readily breaking apart; central spikelet sessile, fertile,
the lateral ones peduncled and sterile; glumes all subulate, 3-6 cm. long.

In salt marshes, not common.

Hordeum caespitosum Scribn. Much like H. jubatum but the spikes
more slender and the awns shorter.

Tacoma, Leckenby; perhaps introduced.

Hordeum nodosum L. Annual or perennial, 30-90 cm. high, erect, leaf
blades flat or involute, the sheaths smooth or hairy; panicle spike-like, 3-8 cm.
long, narrow, usually flexuous, readily separating into joints; central spikelet
sessile, fertile, the lateral ones peduncled and sterile glumes all subulate, 2 cm.
or less in length.

In moist meadows and along the seashore.

Hordeum boreale Scribn. & J. G. Smith. Similar in every way to H.
nodosum except for the perfect lateral florets.

In moist ground, Alaska to Oregon; perhaps only a form of H. nodosum.

93. SITANION.

Cespitose perennials, with spikes which readily break up into
segments; spikelets 2-3 at each joint of the rachis, rarely solitary,
1-5-flowered; glumes subulate and entire, or lanceolate and bifid,
or parted into several long-awned lobes; lemmas lanceolate and

POACEAE. 65

acute, or those of the lowest floret sterile and subulate, entire
with a single awn, or trifid and three-awned.
This genus is hardly distinct from Elymus.

Glumes 2-nerved; inflorescence 2-8 mm. long.

Awns of lemmas 3-4 cm. long. S. rigidum.

Awns of lemmas 45 cm. long. S. glabrum.
Glumes 3-5-nerved; inflorescence 10-15 cm. long.

Leaves glaucous, 5-8 mm. broad. S. planifolium.

Leaves green, 2-5 mm. broad. .S. rubescens.

Sitanion rigidum J. G. Smith. Stems 10-20 cm. high; leaf blades green
or slightly glaucous, rigid, 2-5 mm. wide, flat or at length involute; spike
green, 2-8 cm. long, erect or nearly so, often included at base in the upper
sheath; glumes or glume divisions 4 and entire or 6, that is the lateral ones
divided to the base, all awned; lemma 7-9 mm. long, tipped with a stout awn
34 mm. long.

In rocky soil in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.

Sitanion glabrum J. G. Smith. Pale or somewhat glaucous, tufted; leaves
flat, 2-5 cm. wide; spike 5-8 cm. long; glumes bifid, 6-8 cm. long.
Dry rocky places in the mountains, at high altitudes.

Sitanion planifolium J. G. Smith. Tufted, 50-60 cm. high, more or less
glaucous; leaf-blades 58 mm. wide, flat, glabrous; spike suberect, purplish,
6-9 cm. long; glumes 6-7 mm. long, entire or bifid, tipped with an awn about
2 cm. long; lemma 10 mm. long, lancolate, minutely scabrous, bearing an awn
3-4 cm. long.

Olympic Mountains, Elmer; Mount Adams, Suksdorf.

Sitanion rubescens Piper. Stems tufted, 50-70 cm. high; leaves flat;
spikes erect, flexuous, 10-15 cm. long, purplish; glumes 4, entire or rarely
bifid, 3-nerved; lemma tipped with a slender awn about 4 cm. long.

Dry rocky slopes of Mount Rainier.

Family 17. CYPERACEAE. SEDGE FAMILY.

Grass-like or rush-like herbs; stems slender, solid (rarely
hollow), triangular, quadrangular, terete or flattened; leaves
narrow \vith closed sheaths; flowers perfect or unisexual in
spikes or spikelets, one in the axil of each scale (glume or bract] ;
spikelets solitary or clustered, 1 to many-flowered; scales two-
ranked or in a spiral, persistent or deciduous; perianth hypogy-
nous, composed of bristles or scales or wanting; stamens 1-3,
rarely more; ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled; style 2 or 3-cleft; fruit a
lenticular or triangular akene; endosperm mealy; embryo minute.

Flowers unisexual, borne in the same or more com-
monly separate spikelets. 94. CAREX, 66.
Flowers of the spikelets all perfect, rarely partly

aborted; spikelets all alike.
Spikelets with scales in two ranks.

Perianth none; spikelets in solitary or um-

belled terminal heads. 95. CVPERUS, 81.

Perianth of 6-9 bristles; spikelets axillary. 96. DULICHIUM, 82.

6

66

CYPERACEAE.

Spikelets with scales spirally arranged and over-
lapping all around.
Spikelets 1-4-flowered, some of the flowers

imperfect.

Spikelets with several-many perfect flowers.
Style swollen at the base, persistent on

the akene.

Style not swollen at the base, deciduous.
Spikelets 1-many; bristles 1-6, short,

rarely none.

Spikelets 1 or a few; bristles 6-many,
soft, smooth, very long, slender,
much exserted.

94. CAREX. SEDGE.

97. RYNCHOSPOEA, 82.

98. ELEOCHARIS, 82.

99. SCIRPUS, 83.

100. ERIOPHORUM, 84.

Grass-like plants, perennial by rootstocks; stems mostly
triangular; leaves 3-ranked, the upper (bracts) elongated or very
short and subtending the spikes of flowers, or wanting; flowers
solitary in the axils of bracts (scales), monoecious or dioecious;
spikes either wholly staminate, or pistillate, or sometimes
androgynous; perianth none; staminate flowers of 3 stamens;
pistillate flower of a single pistil with a style and 2-3 stigmas
borne in the axil of a second bract (the perigynium) which com-
pletely encloses the akene; akene 3-angled, lenticular or plano-
convex.

KEY To SECTIONS.

Spikes solitary, terminal.
Spikes several.

Spikes all alike.

Spikes of two sorts.

I. PRIMOCAREX.
II. VIGNEA.

III. EUCAREX.

Section I. PRIMOCAREX.
Spike solitary, terminal.

Perigynia pubescent; plant dioecious.
Perigynia glabrous; plant not dioecious.

Spike ovoid, brown; perigynia thin and inflated.

Perigynia 6-7 mm. long, much exceeding the scales;

stems longer than the leaves.
Perigynia 5 mm. long, slightly exceeding the scales;

stems shorter than the leaves.

Spike not ovoid nor brown; perigynia not bladder-like.
Perigynia reflexed when fully mature, fusiform,

beaked, stipitate at base.
Perigynia few, 3-5; scales pale.
Perigynia more numerous; scales colored.

Scales dark purple; spikes 8-10 mm. thick;

leaves flat, 3-4 mm. wide.
Scales brownish; spikes 3-4 mm. thick;

leaves involute, 2 mm. wide.

Perigynia not becoming reflexed; not stipitate (ex-
cept C. circinata).

C. stenochlaena.

C. breweri.
C. paddoensis.

C. pauciflora.

C. nigricans.
C. pyrenaica.

CYPERACEAE.

Scales much longer than the few, 1-6, perigynia. C. geyeri.
Scales not longer than the several to numerous

perigynia.

Perigynia broadly obtuse, beakless. C. leptalea.

Perigynia narrowed to the bidentate apex.
Scales as long as or longer than the peri-
gynia. C. hepburm.
Scales shorter than the perigynia. C. circinata.

Section II. VIGNEA.

Spikes sessile, all alike, bearing the inconspicuous staminate flowers at the
base, at the top, or rarely scattered; stigmas 2, rarely 3; perigynia mostly
plano-convex; akenes lenticular.

When the staminate flowers are below the pistillate, the base of the spike
is commonly contracted; when above the pistillate, the upper scales are
empty at maturity.

Staminate flowers borne at the top of the spike.
Perigynia plumo, nearly terete, pale green.
Perigynia strongly compressed.

Beak of perigynium much longer than the body.
Beak of perigynium shorter than the body.

Spikes somewhat paniculate; perigynia brown,

biconvex.
Spikes aggregated into a head.

Stigmas 3; perigynia 12 mm. long.
Stigmas 2; perigynia much smaller.

Leaves equalling or exceeding the stem;

head interrupted, 5-8 cm. long.
Leaves shorter than the stem; head

densely ovoid.
Beak and top of perigynium rough on

the angles.

Beak and top of perigynium smooth.
Perigynia elliptic, narrowly wing-
margined; seashore plant.
Perigynia ovate-lanceolate, not
wing-margined; alpine plant.

Staminate flowers at the base of each spike or rarely scat-
tered.

Margins of perigynia not thin or winged.
Spikes crowded into a dense head.

Head pyramidal, 5-10 mm. long; perigynia

smooth on the margins.

Head oblong to ovoid, 15-30 mm. long; peri-
gynia strongly serrulate.
Spikes scattered.

Perigynium 4-4.5 mm. long.
Perigynium 2-2.5 mm. long.

Perigynium not minutely puncticulate with

white dots, somewhat spongy at base.
Perigynium minutely puncticulate with

white dots, not spongy at base.
Herbage glaucous; perigynia many, as-
cending, obscurely beaked.
Herbage green; perigynia few, spreading,
distinctly beaked.

C. tenella.
C. 'stipata.

C. cusickii.

C. macrocephala.

C. vicaria.

C. hoodii.

C. pansa.
C. vernacula.

C. -illota.
C. arcta.
C. bolanderi.

C. laeviculmis .

C. canescens.
C. brunnescens.

68'

CYPERACEAE.

Margins of perigynia thin or winged.

Perigynia spongy at base, spreading when mature.
Perigynia not spongy at base, ascending or ap-

pressed.
Spikes crowded into a dense head, rarely one or

two of the lower ones separate.
Bract leaf-like, longer than the head.
Bract not leaf-like, shorter than the head.
Perigynia brown, the margins very nar-
row and smooth.
Perigynia straw-colored, the margins

winged and serrulate.
Head ovoid-pyramidal, very dense.
Head looser, some of the lower spikes

often separate.
Spikes distinct, scattered or approximate, mostly

oblong or ovoid.
Spikes scattered, silvery green.
Spikes approximate, straw-colored or brown.
Leaves involute or folded; heads often

nodding; perigynia lanceolate.
Leaves flat; heads erect.

Heads straw-colored or pale-brown-
ish; perigynia lanceolate.
Heads darker.

Scales ferruginous, dull; perigynia
4-4.5 mm. long, reddish at the
tip, the orifice not conspicuously
white-hyaline.

Scales chestnut, shiny; perigynia
6 mm. long, chestnut at the tip,
the orifice conspicuously white-
hyaline.

Sect-ion III. EUCAREX.

C. stellulata.

C. athrostachya.
C. illota.

C. pachystachya.
C. preslii.

C. feta.

C. phaeocephala.

C. scoparia.

C. leporina.
C. piperi.

Spikes of two sorts, the lower wholly pistillate, sessile or stalked, the upper
one or two slender and wholly staminate, or sometimes bearing pistillate flowers
at base or apex; stigmas 3 and akenes 3-angled, or if stigmas 2 and akenes
lenticular the lower spikes stalked.

Perigynia pubescent, the beak bidentate.

Cauline leaves present; bracts sheathing at base; peri-
gynia ovoid, not stipitate; spikes dense, many-
flowered.
Spikes loosely-flowered, approximate; stem not tall

and slender.
Spikes densely-flowered, scattered; stem tall and

slender.

Leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad.
Leaves involute, less than 2 mm. broad.
Cauline leaves none, the radical numerous; bracts sheath-
less; perigynia 3-angled or subglobose, stipitate;
spikes few-flowered.
Plant tufted; some of the flowering stems short and

and hidden among the leaves; spikes pale.
Stems shorter than the leaves; lowest bract reddish
and auricled at base; perigynia 1-4.

C. oregonensis.

C. lanuginosa,

C. filiform is.

C. brevicaulis.

CYPERACEAE.

69

Stems equalling or exceeding the leaves; lowest
bract not colored nor auricled at base; perigynia
3-8. C. rossii.

Plant stoloniferous; none of the flowering stems short

and hidden among the leaves; spikes dark.

Perigynia obovoid, whitish. C. vespertina.

Perigynia ellipsoid, brown at base. C. verecunda.

Perigynia glabrous or merely granular-roughened.

Beak of membranaceous somewhat inflated perigynium
deeply bidentate, the long teeth sharp and rigid;
leaves conspicuously nodulose.

Pistillate spikes drooping. C. comosa.

Pistillate spikes erect or ascending.

Perigynia shiny, ascending, much inflated, 10 mm.

long. C. exsiccata.

Perigynia not shiny, spreading, not much inflated,

4-8 mm. long. C. utricidata.

Beak of perigynium wanting or if present entire or merely
emarginate, or if bidentate the teeth short; leaves
not conspicuously nodulose.
Stigmas 3 and akenes 3-angled.

Spikes narrowly cylindrical, 610 cm. long; peri-
gynia granular, spreading; leaves 1-2 cm. broad. C. amplifolia.
Spikes not so long and slender; perigynia smooth;

leaves not so broad.

Perigynia spreading, the beak bidentate. C. oederi.

Perigynia not spreading, the beak entire or

emarginate, scarcely bidentate.
Terminal spike pistillate above, staminate

below.
Spikes erect; scales obtusish; perigynia

inflated, 3 mm. long. C. accedens.

Spikes more or less drooping; scales
sharp-pointed; perigynium not
inflated.
Scales acute or acuminate; perigynia

nerveless, 3.5 mm. long. C. atrata.

Scales mucronate; perigynia nerved,

5 mm. long. C. mertensii.

Terminal spike wholly staminate.

Pistillate spikes slender peduncled,

usually drooping.
Scales acute or cuspidate, about as

long as the perigynia.
Staminate spike linear; scales
pale; leaves 1-3 mm. broad;
rootstock creeping. C. limosa.

Staminate spike oblong-cylindric;
scales dark; leaves 4-8 mm.
broad, tufted. C. spectabilis.

Scales cuspidate or aristate, much

longer than the perigynia.
Perigynia broadly ovate to orbi-
cular. C. paupcrciilu.
Perigynia elliptic-lanceolate. C. macrocliaeta.
Pistillate spikes erect.

Scales brown; leaves 2-5 mm. broad. C. ablatn.
Scales pale.

70 CYPERACEAE.

Leaves 4-7 mm. wide; spike very

loose. C. hendersom.

Leaves 2 mm. wide; spike dense.
Perigynium beakless; leaves

glaucous. C. livida.

Perigynium with a beak half
as long as body; leaves not
glaucous. C. californica.

Stigmas 2 and akenes lenticular.

Perigynium plump, not angled, beakless.

Mature perigynia subglobose or pyriform, not
stipitate, glabrous, somewhat fleshy, trans-
lucent, strongly nerved. C. aurea.
Mature perigynia obovoid, stipitate, pulveru-
lent, not fleshy nor translucent. C. celsa.
Perigynium compressed, plano-convex or biconvex,

the beak entire or emarginate.
Scales pointed, longer than the perigynia.

Perigynia granular-roughened, 2-5 mm.
long; pistillate spikes slender, ascending,
often cernuous; scales a little longer than
the perigynia. C. sitchensis.

Perigynia not granular-roughened, 3 mm.
long; scales much longer than the peri-
gynia.

Pistillate spikes nodding; perigynia el-
liptic, pale, dull, not turgid. C. cryptocarpa.
Pistillate spikes ascending or erect; peri-
gynia nearly orbicular, dark, shiny,
turgid. C. magnified.
Scales not longer than the perigynia; spikes

erect.
Lowest leaves of the flowering stems reduced

to sheaths.

Perigynia ovoid, 2 mm. long; scales pale;
pistillate spikes often very loose at
base. C. interrupta.

Perigynia ellipsoid, 3 mm. long; scales

dark; spikes dense. C. nudata.

Lowest leaves of the flowering stems bearing

blades.
Perigynia obscurely nerved; scales dark

purple.

Beak of perigynium bent to one side. C. scop-nlorum.
Beak of perigynium straight.

Scales as long and broad as the

perigynium. C. rigida.

Scales shorter and narrower than

the perigynia. C. gymnoclada.

Perigynia strongly nerved; scales purple.
Scales not obtuse, about as long as the

perigynia.

Spikes 1.5-2.5 cm. long; perigynia
strongly biconvex and brown
when mature. C. /;<//</.

Spikes 3-4 cm. long; perigynia

compressed, straw-colored. C. angustata

CYPERACEAE. 71

Scales obtuse or obtusish, purple with

broad green midrib and pale

margins; perigynia green or

straw-colored.

Leaves 35 mm. wide; staminate

spikes often 2. C. dives.

Leaves 1-3 mm. wide; staminate

spike solitary.

Perigynium 2 mm. long. C. kelloggii.

Perigynium 2.5-3 mm. long.
Spikes scattered; perigynia

straight, appressed. C. lenticularis.

Spikes aggregated; peri-
gynia curved, spread-
ing. C. hindsii.

Carex stenochlaena (Holm) Mackenzie. Tufted, glabrous, dioecious;
stems erect, 15-40 cm. high; leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than the stem;
spike solitary, cylindric, erect, densely-flowered, 20-30 mm. long; perigynia
lanceolate, pubescent, 2-nerved, the short beak entire; scales dark brown,
strongly ciliate, nearly as long as the perigynia.

In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.

Carex breweri Boott. Tufted; culms 10-40 cm. high, smooth; leaves
numerous, narrow, stiff , shorter than the stems; spike solitary, ovate to globular,
obtuse, brown, 10-25 mm. long; staminate flowers at the top, few; perigynium
ovoid, very thin, much inflated, finely nerved, short-beaked, 67 mm. long,
the whitish orifice oblique; scales ovate, acute, hyaline-margined, shorter
than the perigynium.

At high altitudes, Mount Hood and southward.

Carex paddoensis Suksdorf. Very similar to C. breweri; stems 10-15 cm.
high; leaves filiform, stiff, mostly exceeding the stems; heads solitary, dark-
brown, ovoid and acute, about 1 cm. long; perigynia elliptic-lanceolate, thin,
not much inflated, obscurely nerved, 5 mm. long, short-beaked; scales ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, not hyaline-margined, about as long as the perigynia,
firm, the tips spreading.

Mount Adams (by some called Mount Paddo), Siiksdorf; abundant on
Mount Rainier at 2700 m. altitude, Piper, Allen.

Carex pauciflora Lightf. Rootstocks elongated; stems slender, 10-40
cm. high; leaves shorter than the stem, flat, very narrow; spikelet solitary,
few-flowered, staminate above; perigynia lanceolate, acuminate, obscurely
nerved, green, 6-8 mm. long, strongly reflexed and readily deciduous when
mature; stigmas 3.

In bogs, rare in our limits.

Carex nigricans C. A. Mey. Rootstock creeping; stems 5-40 cm. high;
leaves flat, 2 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; spike solitary; staminate
flowers many in the upper half of the spike; perigynia lanceolate, stipitate,
spreading; scales dark brown, acute, about as long as the perigynia.

Common in the mountains above timber line.

Carex pyrenaica Wahlcnb. Tufted; stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves filiform,
involute, longer or shorter than the stems; spike solitary, oblong, pale to dark
brown; staminate flowers few at the summit of the spikes; perigynia lanceolate,
stipitate, shiny, appressed; scales brown, acute, equalling the perigynia.

Common in the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.

Carex geyeri Boott. Densely tufted, 30-45 cm. high; leaves flat, rigid,
very scabrous, 2 mm. wide, about as long as the stems; inflorescence a single

72 CYPERACEAE.

terminal straw-colored spike, the upper and larger portion of which is stami-
nate; pistillate flowers several, usually but one maturing; perigynium smooth,
oblong, with a very short entire beak, 1 -nerved on each side; scales pale or
rusty, elongated, acuminate, exceeding the perigynia.
In dry pine woods.

Carexleptalea Wahlenb. Tufted, glabrous; stems very slender, erect, 15-50
cm. high; leaves filiform, mostly shorter than the stems; spike solitary, linear,
green, 5-15 mm. long; perigynia ellipsoid, contracted at base, many-nerved,
smooth, beakless and obtuse; scales pale, ovate, cuspidate, about as long as
the perigynia.

In bogs, not common.

Carex hepburni Boott. Densely tufted; stems filiform, erect, 5-20 cm.
tall; leaves numerous, rigid, filiform, erect, mostly longer than the stems,
their brownish sheaths persistent; spike solitary, 6-15 mm. long, 5 mm. thick,
brown; perigynium 4 mm. long, lanceolate, pale, narrowed into a short serru-
late bidentate beak; scales brown, obtuse, as long as the perigynia; stigmas 2
or 3.

In the mountains at about 2500 m. altitude. Very closely related to the
European C. nardina Fries.

Carex circinata C. A. Mey. Tufted, glabrous; stems 5-20 cm. high,
usually curved; leaves filiform, firm, mostly curved, about as long as the
stem; spike solitary, erect, 13 cm. long; perigynium linear-oblong, faintly
nerved, gradually attenuate into a 2-lipped scabrous-margined beak; scales
linear, obtuse, purple except the white midrib; stigmas 2 or 3.

Olympic Mountains, 2000 m. altitude, Elmer; otherwise known only
in Alaska.

Carex tenella Schkuhr. Loosely tufted; stems very slender, 20-50 cm.
high; leaves flat, soft, 1-2 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spikes small,
1-6-flowered; bracts minute or wanting; perigynia ovoid, plump, many-nerved,
smooth, the short beak entire; scales hyaline, ovate, acute, shorter than the
perigynia.

In bogs, not common.

Carex stipata Muhl. Stems 50-100 cm. tall, sharp-angled; leaves flat, 6-8
mm. wide, shorter than the stem; sheaths somewhat rugulose on the inner
side; inflorescence a dense ovoid head of many crowded spikes, 3-5 cm. long,
straw-colored or olivaceous, commonly exceeded by the slender lowest bract;
perigynia spongy at base, spreading, triangular-ovoid, many-nerved, each
tapering into a stout 2-toothed serrulate beak, longer than the body; scales
ovate, acuminate, much shorter than the perigynia.

Common in wet places in the woods.

Carex cusickii Mackenzie. ( C. teretiuscula ampla Bailey.) Densely
tufted, the slender stems 90-120 cm. high; leaves narrow, 2-4 mm. broad, most-
ly shorter than the stems; spikes 6-20, brown, in elongated often nodding
usually branched inflorescences, 5-12 cm. long; terminal florets staminate;
perigynia spreading, ovoid, stipitate, nerved at the base on both sides, 3 mm.
long, the serrulate beak as long as the thick body; scales brown, ovate,
cuspidate, as long as the perigynia.

In wet places, common.

Carex macrocephala \Villd. (C. anthericoides Presl.) Dioecious; root-
stocks extensively creeping, covered with the fibers of the old sheaths; stems
stout, 3-angled, 1530 cm. high; leaves firm, 310 mm. wide, mostly shorter
than the stems; bracts shorter than the head; heads dense, brown, ovoid,
erect, 5-7 cm. long; perigynia spreading, lanceolate, brown, strongly nerved,
margined, irregularly serrulate, 12 mm. long, the deeply bidentate beak as

CYPERACEAE. 73

long as the body; scales lanceolate, erosely denticulate, attenuate-acuminate,
brown with a paler midrib, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.
In sand dunes along the ocean coast.

Carex vicaria Bailey. Tufted; stems erect, slender, 30-90 cm. high; leaves
about as long as the stems, 2-5 mm. wide, their sheaths rugulose; lower bracts
filiform, 14 cm. long; spikes rather loosely-flowered, 48 mm. long, many in a
narrow head 5-8 cm. long; perigynia yellow, broadly ovate, stipitate, indis-
tinctly nerved on the inner face but conspicuously so on the back, the beak
deeply bidentate, as long as the body; scales awn-pointed, brownish, shorter
than the perigynia.

In wet meadows; very closely related to C. vulpinoidea Michx.

Carex hoodii Boott. Slender, erect, tufted, very smooth, 30-60 cm. high;
leaves many, pale, 2-3 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; spikes 6-10,
densely crowded into an ovoid or oblong head, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia spread-
ing, lanceolate, rather thick, 5 mm. long, dark when mature, obscurely nerved,
narrowly wing-margined, somewhat stipitate at base, narrowed into a rough-
margined beak nearly as long as the body; scales lance-ovate, acuminate,
scarious margined, brownish, as long as the perigynia.

In moist places, not common. First found along the Columbia River by
Douglas and by Scouler.

Carex pansa Bailey. Rootstocks horizontal, creeping; stems 15-30 cm-
high, erect, smooth except near the top; leaves pale, 2-3 mm. broad, half the
length of the stems; head ovoid, dark brown, consisting of 6-10 closely aggre-
gated spikes; perigynia brown, elliptic, stipitate, flattened, smooth, narrowly
winged, 4 mm. long, the emarginate beak half as long as the body; scales
ovate, acuminate, dark brown, scarious margined.

On old sand dunes along the ocean coast. First collected by Henderson
at Clatsop, Oregon, and Ilwaco, Washington.

Carex vernacula Bailey. Stems 10-40 cm. high, erect, scabrous; leaves
flat, 2-4 mm. wide, long-pointed, shorter than the stems; bract leaf-like;
spikes compacted into a globose or ovoid brown head, 1-4 cm. long, or rarely
one or more of the lower spikes distinct; perigynia membranaceous, lance-
olate-ovate, shortly stipitate, narrowed into a stout bidentate beak; scales
brown, acute or mucronate, shorter than the perigynia.

Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell.

Carex illota Bailey. Stems slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high; leaves flat,
1-2 mm. wide, shorter than the stems; spikes 3-6, compacted into an ovoid to
globular brown head, 5-8 mm. in diameter; perigynia pale, plump, ovate,
stipitate, strongly nerved, marginless, narrowed into a brown serrate bidentate
beak shorter than the body; scales brown, obtuse, shorter than the perigynia.

In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.

Carex arcta Boott. Loosely tufted, pale green; stems 20-60 cm. high,
smooth or nearly so; leaves pale green, 2.5-4 mm. wide, usually longer than
the stems; head ovoid-oblong, green or brownish, of 512 crowded spikes;
spikes oblong or ovoid, 6-8 mm. long; perigynia spreading, ovate, somewhat
cordate, gradually tapering into the serrulate beak, strongly nerved on the
outer face, 2-3 mm. long; scales hyaline, often brownish, acute, shorter than
the perigynia.

In open rather dry woods.

Carex bolanderi Olney. Tufted, pale green; stems 20-100 cm. long, rather
slender, weak and spreading; leaves soft, smooth, 2-4 mm. wide, shorter than
the stems; inflorescence of 4-10 scattered spikes; spikes oblong, 10-15 mm.
long, sessile or nearly so; perigynia lanceolate, faintly nerved, 4 mm. long, the
body gradually tapering into the nearly equal serrulate deeply 2-toothed be.ik;

74 CYPERACEAE.

scales white, scarious, with a broad green midvein, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate-
cuspidate, as long as the perigynia.
In moist woods, common.

Carex laeviculmis Meinsch. Glabrous throughout, tufted; stems very
slender, 30-50 cm. high; leaves numerous, flat, 1-1.5 mm. broad, shorter than
the stems; spikes 3-7, sessile, 3-5 mm. long, separate, the lower ones distant;
bract solitary, usually shorter than the inflorescence; perigynia spreading when
mature, lanceolate, shortly stipitate, strongly curved, flat above, convex
beneath, pale green, short-beaked, faintly 7-nerved on each face, 2.5 mm. long;
scales ovate, obtuse, brownish, hyaline except the midrib, shorter than the
perigynia.

In moist shady places in the mountains.

Carex canescens L. Loosely tufted, pale, somewhat glaucous; stems 15-50
cm. high; leaves flat, soft, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the stems; spikes
4-9, subglobose to cylindric, sessile, usually scattered in a loose inflorescence;
perigynia oval to ovate, usually serrulate toward the tip, short-beaked; scales
ovate, hyaline, shorter than the perigynia.

In moist places.

Carex brunnescens (Pers.) Poir. Tufted; stems slender, 15-50 cm. high,
green; leaves flat, 1-3 mm. wide, shorter than the stem; spikes 3-7, small,
4-10-flowered, scattered or approximate; lower bract bristle-like; perigynia
ovoid, serrulate above, distinctly beaked, spreading when mature; scales ovate,
brownish, shorter than the perigynia.

In open rather dry places in the mountains.

Carex stellulata Good. Tufted; stems very slender, 30-90 cm. high;
leaves narrow, 1-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter than the stems; inflorescence
narrow, of 3-9 usually scattered spikes; spikes green, 12-40-flowered, the peri-
gynia soon strongly reflexed; perigynia narrowly ovate, spongy at base, faintly
nerved on the inner face, the margin thin but narrow, 3-4 mm. long; scales
brownish, ovate, acute, shorter than the perigynia.

In shady woods along streams; varies much in the size and proximity
of the spikes.

Carex athrostachya Olney. Stems tufted, 30-60 cm. tall; leaves 2-3 mm.
wide, shorter than the stems; inflorescence a dense ovoid straw-colored head
composed of 5-20 crowded spikes, these staminate below; lower bracts 2-5 cm.
long, exceeding the head; perigynia lanceolate, spongy at base, the long beak
2-toothed, its margins serrulate; scales acuminate, about equalling the peri-
gynia.

Rare in our limits but common east of the Cascade Mountains. Reported
from Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun.

Carex pachystachya Cham. Stems tufted, 30-90 cm. tall; leaves flat,
flaccid, 3-4 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; inflorescence a dense ovoid
head 10-12 mm. long, composed of 6-12 crowded sessile brownish spikes;
perigynia spreading, ovate-lanceolate, flat, about 4 mm. long, the beak bi-
dentate, serrulate on the thin margins; scales acutish, equalling the perigynia.

Very common in wet meadows.

Carex preslii Steud. ( C. multimoda Bailey.) Very similar to C. pachy-
stachya but the head less dense, one or more of the lower spikes clearly separate
or if crowded the head oblong; perigynia indistinguishable.

Common in wet places up to 1500 m. altitude. First collected by Haenke
at Nootka Sound, British Columbia.

Carex feta Bailey. Stems slender, 60-80 cm. high; leaves flat, 1-2 mm.
wide, shorter than the stem; spikes 3-8, oblong, 5-10 mm. long, distinct;

CYPERACEAE. 75

perigynia broadly ovate, broad-winged, serrulate above, nerved, loosely arrang-
ed, 1.5 mm. long; scales lanceolate, acutish, narrower than the perigynia but
nearly as long.

In wet meadows, rare.

Carex phaeocephala Piper. Densely tufted, smooth throughout, pale
green; stems 10-40 cm. high; leaves mostly folded or involute, 2-3 mm. wide,
shorter than the stems, tough in texture and persistent when dry; bracts
short, scarious; spikelets 3-7, distinct but crowded into an oblong-lanceolate
erect or slightly nodding brown head 1-3 cm. long, the lower spike often
separated and short-peduncled, the other sessile; perigynia brown, lanceolate,
wing-margined, the serrulate bidentate beak as long as the body; scales brown,
acute, as long as the perigynia.

In rocky or sandy soil in the mountains, at about 2500 m. altitude.

Carex scoparia Schkuhr. Stems erect, slender, 30-80 cm. high; leaves
flat, 2-3 mm. wide, much shorter than the stems; bracts filiform; spikes 3-10,
usually close together but distinct, oblong, pointed, straw-colored or brownish,
6-12 mm. long; perigynium thin, appressed, broadly lanceolate, narrowly wing-
margined, gradually tapering into a broad bidentate serrulate beak; scales
acute or acuminate, shorter than the perigynia, pale brown.

In moist places, not common.

Carex leporina L. Tufted, slender, erect, 15-40 cm. high, scabrous near
the top; leaves shorter than the stems, 2-3 mm. wide; bracts very small or
absent; spikes 3-7, oblong-ovoid, dark brown, staminate at base, each 8-15
mm. long, crowded into a head; scales lanceolate, acute, shining, brown with
a scarious margin, about as wide and long as the perigynia; perigynia 4 mm.
long, ascending, narrowly ovoid, compressed, wing-margined, the roughish
tapering 2-toothed reddish-tipped beak as long as the body; orifice not at all
or but minutely hyaline.

Seattle, Piper; East Sound, Washington, Henderson; rare in our limits.

Carex piperi Mackenzie. (C. pratensis furva Bailey; C. furva Piper not
Webb.) Stems slender, smooth, terete, stiffly erect, 40-60 cm. high; leaves
pale green, flat, 2-3 mm. broad, much shorter than the stems; lower bract
slender, shorter than the head; spikes 3-6, chestnut-brown, ovoid, acutish,
10-15 mm. long, close together in a head; scales chestnut-brown, shiny,
lance-ovate, acute, thin margined, just exceeding the perigynia; perigynia
ascending but not appressed, lanceolate, narrowly margined, 6 mm. long,
pale brown with chestnut-tipped 2-toothed beak and white hyaline orifice;
beak gradually narrowed, as long as the body.

Damp meadows, Vancouver Island to Oregon.

Carex oregonensis Olney. Creeping with short rootstocks, glabrous, pale
green; stems 30-40 cm. high, smooth; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. broad, pale, firm,
scabrous on the margins, usually longer than the stems; bracts leaf-like with
thin white auricles at base, the lower about as long as the inflorescence; spikes
4-7, erect, short-peduncled, close together, the upper 1-3 staminate; perigynia
paler, ovoid, prominently nerved, pubescent, each gradually narrowed into
the bidentate beak; scales pale, ovate, cuspidate, shorter than the perigynia,
brown, except the hyaline margins and pale midrib.

In sandy ground in pine woods, mostly on the eastern slopes of the Cascade
Mountains.

Carex lanuginosa Michx. Stems erect, slender, 30-60 cm. tall, rough-
angled; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. wide, as long or nearly as long as the stem; stami-
nate spikes 1-3, sometimes pistillate at base; pistillate spikes 1-3, mostly
long-pcduncled, 1830 mm. long; perigynia oval, densely pubescent, each with
a short 2-toothed beak; bracts acute or acuminate, about equal to the perigy-
nium.

76 CYPERACEAE.

In wet meadows. Very similar to C.filiformis but stouter and with broader
leaves.

Carex filiformis L. Stems slender, erect, 60-90 cm. high, smooth, usually
reddish at base; leaves involute, very narrow, scabrous on the margins, shorter
than the stems; staminate spikes 1-3; pistillate 1-3, erect, sessile or short-
peduncled, 1-5 cm. long; perigynia ovoid, densely short-pubescent, each with
a short biclentate beak; scales ovate, thin, obtuse to acute, nearly as long as
the perigynia.

In shallow water or wet meadows.

Carex brevicaulis Mackenzie. Loosely tufted, glabrous; stems 5-10 cm.
high, rough-angled; leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, longer than the stems; bracts
auricled and colored at base; spikes 3-5, the terminal one staminate; the lower
pistillate spike long-peduncled, the upper one or two sessile; perigynia pubes-
cent, stipitate, globose, each abruptly contracted into a slender serrulate bi-
dentate beak; scales ovate, acute or cuspidate, reddish brown, narrower and
shorter than the perigynia.

In dry ground, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to California; rare.

Carex rossii Boott. Densely tufted, the stems 20^0 cm. tall; leaves pale,
flat, scabrous, 1-3 mm. wide, commonly equalling the stems; bracts not
auricled at base; inflorescence of 1-4 spikes, the uppermost staminate; stamin-
ate spike slender, 3-8 mm. long, pale, nearly sessile; pistillate spikes 1-3,
distinct, loosely few-flowered; perigynia obovoid, pubescent, each with a
2-toothed beak; scales purple with hyaline margins, or greenish, sharply
acuminate, shorter and broader than the perigynia.

In stony soil, especially in the mountains.

Carex vespertina (Bailey) Howell. Rootstocks stout; stems erect, 20-50
cm. high, rough-angled; leaves pale, 2-3 mm. wide, firm, shorter than the stem;
spikes 2-4, the uppermost staminate, linear, 2-3 cm. long, the others much
smaller, sessile and separated; lower bract leaf-like, 1-3 cm. long; perigynia
pale, obovoid, pubescent, the stout beaks deeply bidentate.

In rocky soil, Vancouver Island to Oregon; rather rare.

Carex verecunda Holm. (C. inops Bailey.) Rootstocks slender; stems
erect, rough-angled, about 30 cm. high; leaves narrow, rigid, much shorter
than the stems; spikes 3 or 4, sessile near the top of the stem, the terminal
staminate, the others shorter and staminate at the top; perigynia pubescent
above, ellipsoid, each abruptly narrowed into the slender deeply bidentate
beak; scales brown with scarious margins, acute, about as long as the peri-
gynia.

Known only from Mount Hood, Oregon, where it was first collected by
Henderson.

Carex comosa Boott. Tufted, the stem stout, 50-150 cm. high, rough and
sharply angled; leaves broad, 6-15 mm. wide, scabrous on the margins; spikes
4-6, drooping on slender peduncles, the uppermost staminate, linear, brown-
ish, 3-9 cm. long, often partly pistillate; pistillate spikes pale green, cylindric,
about 1.5 cm. thick, densely flowered, often partly staminate; perigynia spread-
ing, firm, lance-ovate, strongly many-nerved, each attenuate into a long
2-toothed beak, the teeth 12 mm. long and spreading; scales brownish, awned,
about as long as the perigynia.

Usually in shallow water.

Carex exsiccata Bailey. Glabrous; stems 60-100 cm. high, rough-angled;
leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, about as long as the stems; sheaths fibrillose;
upper 3-4 spikes staminate; lower 2-4 spikes pistillate, nearly sessile, cylindric,
2-5 cm. long; perigynia straw-colored or brownish, slightly inflated, strongly

CYPERACEAE. 77

nerved, ascending, lance-ovate, gradually narrowed into the bidentate beak;
scales narrow, acute or acuminate, much shorter than the perigynia.
In swamps and often in shallow water; common.

Carex utriculata Boott. Glabrous; stems 40-100 cm. high, stout, smooth-
ish, the angles obtuse; leaves flat, 2-10 mm. wide, prominently nodulose,
usually exceeding the stems; bracts similar; upper 2-4 spikes linear and stam-
inate; lower 2-4 spikes pistillate, cylindric, erect, densely-flowered, peduncled,
3-12 cm. long; perigynia narrowly ovoid, somewhat inflated, each gradually
narrowed into a slender bidentate beak, straw-colored or brownish, 5-10 mm.
long; scales -lanceolate, acute or the lower awn-pointed.

In swamps; common. By some botanists united with the European
C. rostrata Stokes, from which it is scarcely distinct.

Carex amplifolia Boott. Stems 30-90 cm. tall, scabrous on the sharp
angles; leaves flat, 12-20 mm. broad, longer than the stem; spikes 5-7, the
uppermost staminate, 5-8 cm. long; pistillate spikes narrowly cylindrical,
straight or curved, 6-10 cm. long, dark olivaceous, the lower ones long-ped-
uncled; perigynium subglobose, glabrous, the beak with an oblique entire
orifice, spreading, rusty; scales purple with a green midrib, shorter and narrow-
er than the perigynia.

In wet places in woods; common. First collected by Douglas on the Colum-
bia River.

Carex oederi Retz. (C. flava recterostrata Bailey). Glabrous, tufted;
stems 10-40 cm. high, erect; leaves 1-3 mm. wide, often exceeding the stems;
bracts leaf-like; spikes 3-10, the uppermost staminate; pistillate spikes sessile
or short-peduncled, often close together, 5-15 mm. long, the upper ones often
staminate at the top; perigynia spreading, plump, broadly oval, each narrowed
at base and contracted into a bidentate beak much shorter than the body;
scales ovate, obtuse, much shorter than the perigynia.

In wet places, not common.

Carex accedens Holm. (C. spreta Bailey.) Glabrous; stems 40-50 cm.
high, erect, scabrous; leaves flat, 24 mm. broad, shorter than the stems;
pistillate spikes 2 or 3, oblong to ovoid, about 1 cm. long, sessile, contiguous;
perigynia broadly ellipsoid, thin, green, nerveless, minutely punctate, the very
short beak entire; scales black with white nerves, obtuse, not as broad as
the perigynia.

In wet meadows, especially where overflowed; not common. First collected
near Portland, Oregon, by Howell.

Carex atrata L. Tufted; stems erect or nodding above, 20-40 cm. high;
leaves flat, 3-4 mm. wide, shorter than the stems; lowest bract nearly as long
as the inflorescence; spikes 3-5, close together, oblong, densely-flowered, 1-2
cm. long, the terminal one staminate at the base, all peduncled; perigynia
oval or obovate, yellowish sprinkled with purple, each contracted at base
and abruptly narrowed into a short bidentate beak; scales ovate, acute,
dark purple with hyaline margins, longer than the perigynia.

Mount Rainier, Allen; Mount Adams, Flett.

Carex mertensii Prescott. Stems 40-90 cm. high, sharply angled; leaves
flat, 37 mm. broad, much shorter than the stems, conspicuously sheathing;
bracts leaf-like, sheathless or nearly so, the lower exceeding the inflorescence;
spikes 5-8, 2-5 cm. long, densely flowered, drooping on slender peduncles,
more or less staminate at base, the upper one sometimes entirely staminate;
perigynia broadly ovate, winged, very flat, pale, few-nerved, appressed; scales
dark purple with pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas ,v

Along streams in the mountains, 1000-1500 m. altitude. A very handsome
species, first found by Mertens at Sitka, Alaska.

7 CYPERACEAE.

Carex limosa L. Stoloniferous; stems rough-angled, slender, 15-40 cm.
high; leaves somewhat glaucous, mostly shorter than the stems, 1-3 mm. wide;
bracts shorter than the inflorescence; terminal spikes staminate, erect, linear;
pistillate spikes 1-3, drooping on slender peduncles, 0.5-2 cm. long; perigynia
ovoid, flattened, narrowed at base, very short-beaked, glaucous; scales brown-
ish, ovate, acute or short-cuspidate, slightly exceeding the perigynia.

In sphagnum bogs.

Carex spectabilis Dewey. (C. invisa Bailey.) Glabrous; stems tufted, slen-
der, 40-60 cm. high, erect, sharp-angled; leaves flat and smooth, 4-8 mm. broad,
nearly as long as the stems; bracts leaf-like, 4 mm. wide, without sheaths,
nearly equalling the inflorescence; spikes 3-6, short-cylindric, erect or nodding,
sessile or the lower ones variously peduncled, the upper one staminate; pistillate
spikes cylindric, 1-2.5 cm. long, often loosely flowered at base, sometimes
staminate at tip; perigynia ovate-elliptic, green with purple specks, few-nerved,
flat, the short beak emarginate at orifice; scales dark-purple with white
midvein, mucronate, shorter than the perigynia.

Common in high mountain meadows.

Carex paupercula Michx. Stems slender, 20-60 cm. high, the angles
sharp and usually rough; leaves flat, 2-4 mm. wide, usually shorter than the
stem; bracts leaf-like, the lowest usually longer than the inflorescence; terminal
spike staminate; lateral spikes 1-4, pistillate, slender-peduncled, sometimes
drooping, 1-2 cm. long; perigynia ovoid, flattened, constricted at each end,
glaucous; scales ovate-lanceolate, aristate, much longer than the perigynia,
usually brownish.

Vancouver Island, Macoun. A widely spread species that has usually been
referred to C. magellanica Lam.

Carex macrochaeta C. A. Mey. Loosely tufted, glabrous; stems 30-60
cm. high, mostly rough-angled; leaves flat, firm, 2-4 mm. wide, mostly shorter
than the stems; spikes 3-5, the lower ones nodding on slender peduncles, the
upper one or two staminate and erect; pistillate spikes often staminate at top,
cylindric, 2-3 cm. long; perigynia elliptic, each with a very short entire beak,
pale sprinkled with purple dots, 4-5 mm. long; scales black, the white midrib
prolonged into a long awn; stigmas 2 or rarely 3.

Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Piper. Rare in our limits.

Carex ablata Bailey. Stems slender, 30-60 cm. high, smooth; leaves pale,
flat, 2-5 mm. wide, much shorter than the stems; bracts sheathing at base,
usually much shorter than the inflorescence; spikes usually 5-7, approximate,
sessile, the lower ones often distant, the upper pistillate spikes cylindric, 1-2
cm. long; perigynia lanceolate, obscurely nerved, pale green, glabrous, bident-
ate at apex; scales acutish, shorter than the perigynia, brown with a green
midrib.

Common in the mountains at 2000 m. altitude.

Carex hendersoni Bailey. Tufted, glabrous; stems slender, smooth, 60-90
cm. high; leaves flat, 4-7 mm. broad, shorter than the stems; bracts leaf-like,
exceeding the inflorescence; terminal spike linear, staminate, about 2 cm. long;
pistillate spikes about 4, loosely-flowered, the upper one sessile, the lowest one
distant and long-peduncled; perigynia 56 mm. long, triangular-ovoid, stipitate,
green, strongly nerved, each tipped with an oblique beak half as long as the
body; scales with a broad scarious margin, cuspidate, pale, shorter than the
perigynia.

In rich woods. Named after Professor L. F. Henderson who found it near
Portland, Oregon.

Carex livida (Wahlenb.) Willd. Creeping with long stolons; herbage glau-
cous; stems 15-50 cm. high; leaves folded or involute, about 2 mm. wide, shorter

CYPERACEAE. 79

than the stems; bracts short, the lower about equalling the inflorescence;
spikes 14, the upper staminate ; pistillate spikes sessile or the lower one stalked,
erect; perigynia ovoid, narrowed at each end, faintly nerved, beakless, pale;
scales ovate, obtuse, brownish, shorter than the perigynia.

In bogs, Alaska to Oregon. Port Renfrew, Vancouver Island, Brand &
Rosendahl.

Carex californica Bailey. Glabrous; stems arising from stout rootstocks,
erect, 30-40 cm. high, sharp-angled, smooth, the leafless basal sheaths purple;
leaves flat, narrow, 2 mm. wide; bracts sheathing, the lowest not equalling the
stem; spikes 2 cr 3, the upper 1, rarely 2, staminate; pistillate short-peduncled,
2-3 cm. long; perigynia green, oblong-ovoid, each with a short entire beak;
scales brownish, mostly obtuse, shorter than the perigynia; stigmas 3.

Rare. Skamania County, Washington, Suksdorf, to Mendocino County,
California.

Carex aurea Nutt. Stems arising from long horizontal rootstocks, 10-30
cm. high; leaves flat, pale green, 3-4 mm. wide, usually overtopping the stems;
bracts mostly exceeding the stem; spikes 3-6, all stalked, the uppermost stam-
inate and linear, or rarely androgynous, the rest pistillate, narrowly cylindrical,
loosely flowered, 1-3 cm. long; perigynia globose, very minutely beaked, red-
dish when mature, strongly nerved; scales brownish, ovate, obtuse, acute or
cuspidate, mostly shorter than the perigynia.

In low meadows, not common.

Carex celsa (Bailey) Piper n. comb. ( C. aurea celsa Bailey; C. hassei
Bailey.) Very similar to C. aurea; spikes rather compactly flowered; perigynia
obovoid, faintly nerved, short-stipitate, beakless; scales ovate, mostly obtuse,
brown with a pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia.

In wet meadows, not common. Very similar to the European C. bicolor
All.

Carex sitchensis Prescott. ( C. howellii Bailey.) Glabrous; stems stout,
12 m. high, rough angled; leaves 5 mm. broad, nearly as long as the stems;
sheaths becoming brown and papery; staminate spikes 2 or 3, erect, peduncled;
pistillate spikes 3-5, cylindric, densely flowered, 5-10 cm. long, usually cernu-
ous, peduncled, the upper ones often staminate at top; perigynia elliptic,
granular, nerved, each narrowed into a short entire beak; scales linear-lance-
olate, a little longer than the perigynia, acuminate, brown with a white hyaline
tip.

Near the ocean coast in marshes, Alaska to Oregon.

Carex cryptocarpa C. A. Mey. Somewhat tufted, glabrous; stems 30-90
cm. high, sharp-angled, rough above; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, shorter than
the stems; spikes 35, all more or less drooping on slender peduncles; staminate
spikes 2 or 3; pistillate spikes mostly staminate at apex, 25 cm. long; perigynia
elliptic or oval, scabrous on the margins above, straw-colored, each with a short
entire beak; scales dark, oblong-lanceolate, acute, much longer than the
perigynia.

Abundant in marshes near the seashore.

Carex magnifica Dewey. Tufted, glabrous; stems stout, very sharp-angled
and rough, 1-1.5 m. high; leaves pale, harsh and stiff, strongly keeled, 3-6
mm. broad; spikes 5-7, dark purple, usually ascending, 2-6 cm. long; upper
one or two wholly staminate, the others mainly pistillate but usually staminate
at top; perigynia firm, brownish, nearly orbicular, nerveless, very short beaked,
2.5 mm. long; scales dark purple, acute, much longer than the perigynia.

Very common especially in the marshes near the seashore. In most
botanical works it has been taken for the very different C. sitchensis Prescott.

80 CYPERACEAE.

Carex interrupta Boeckl. Stoloniferous; stems 40-50 cm. high, slender,
smooth; leaves 2-3 mm. broad, flat, shorter than the stems; sheaths fibrillose;
lowest bract leaf-like, nearly as long as the inflorescence; terminal spike and
sometimes the next one staminate, 1.5-2.5 cm. long; pistillate spikes 3 or 4,
narrowly cylindric, sessile or short-pedicelled, erect, 1-7 cm. long, densely
flowered near the top, but often very loosely scattered toward the base;
perigynia green or straw-colored, ovate, 2 mm. long, smooth or with a few teeth
near the top, the beak short and bidentate; scales ovate, obtuse, pale or brown-
ish, longer than the perigynia.

Wet meadows and stream banks. First collected by Scouler on the lower
Columbia River.

Carex nudata W. Boott. Tufted, glabrous; stems slender, 30-40 cm. high,
scabrous on the angles; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, shorter than the stems,
their sheaths slightly fibrillose; bracts with purple auricles at base, sheathless,
the lower rarely equalling the inflorescence; spikes 4 or 5, cylindric, 1-2.5 cm.
long, erect, peduncled, mostly contiguous; perigynia narrowly ellipsoid, straw-
colored or often purple at tip, faintly nerved, finely punctate, quickly decidu-
ous, 3 mm. long; scales dark purple, mostly oblong and obtuse, about equalling
the perigyn'a.

Along mountain streams, infrequent.

Carex scopulorum Holm. Stoloniferous, glabrous; stems 10-40 cm. high,
erect, scabrous, leafy at the basr; leaves flat, shorter than the stems; bracts
with black auricles, the lower nearly as long as the inflorescence; spikes 2-7,
cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, ascending, the upper ones contiguous; terminal spike
mostly staminate; perigynia stipitate, obovoid, turgid, 2-nerved, granular
and purplish toward the tip, the short entire beak bent to one side; scales
ovate, acute, black with a pale midrib; stigmas 2.

Wet mountain meadows, abundant.

Carex rigida Good. Rhizomes stout, rather short; stems 30-50 cm. high,
stiff, erect, scabrous; leaves flat, 3-5 mm. broad, mostly crowded near the base,
shorter than the stem; bract black-auricled at base; spikes nearly black;
staminate linear, 5-15 mm. long; pistillate 2, rarely 3, short-cylindric, sessile,
erect, the lower in the axil of the bract, the upper often partly staminate;
perigynia firm, nerveless, elliptic to obovoid, plano-convex, short-beaked,
speckled with black near the tip, 2.5-3 mm. long; scales black, obtuse, as long
as the perigynia.

A variable species; common in wet alpine meadows at about 1700 m.
altitude.

Carex gymnoclada Holm. Stoloniferous, glabrous; stems 30-50 cm. high,
erect, scabrous, leafless; leaves narrow, flat, as long as the stems; bracts sheath-
less, the lower nearly as long as the inflorescence; spikes usually 3, cylindric,
about 1 cm. long, sessile or nearly so, erect, the terminal one staminate; peri-
gynia ovate to oval, stipitate, faintly 2-nerved, pale-green, the short beak en-
tire; scales oval, acutish, black with a pale midrib, shorter than the perigynia;
stigmas 2.

In mountain bogs, rare.

Carex aperta Boott. (C. bovina Howell.) Tufted, smooth throughout;
stems 30-60 cm. high; leaves flat but keeled, 4-6 mm. broad, rather shorter
than the stems, pale green; spikes 3 or 4, the terminal staminate, mostly short
peduncled, erect; pistillate spikes 1-3 cm. long, densely flowered, 5 mm. thick;
scales equalling the perigynia, acuminate, purple with a green midrib, divaricate
at maturity; perigynia 2 mm. long, turgid, broadest at the middle, tapering to
each end, brown when mature, the two or three angles pale; beak short and
entire.

This is the common "hay sedge" of the Columbia River bottoms where it
was first collected by Douglas.

CYPERACEAE. 8 1

Carex angustata Boott. ( C. acutina Bailey.) Tufted, glabrous, pale green;
stems 50-60 cm. high, usually scabrous above; leaves flat, thin, equalling or
shorter than the stems; lower bract as long as the inflorescence; spikes 4 or 5,
cylindrical, erect, approximate, 3-7 cm. long, the upper one or two staminate;
perigynia oval or elliptic, thin, straw-colored, granular, faintly nerved, the
short beak entire; scales obtuse, almost as long as the pergynia, not divaricate
at maturity.

Infrequent; Portland, Oregon, Kellogg & Harford; Mount Hood, Oregon,
Henderson.

Carex dives Holm. Stems 30-60 cm. high, erect, very rough; leaves flat,
broad, as long as the stems; bracts sheathless, leaf-like, the lowest exceeding
the inflorescence; spikes 6-7, the uppermost one or two staminate, the others
pistillate, densely flowered, 4-10 cm. long, peduncled, the lowest nodding;
perigynia oval, compressed, granular, 2-nerved, denticulate above, 2.5 mm.
long, pale green with purplish blotches, the beak short and entire; scales oblong,
purple with green midvein; stigmas 2.

In swamps, British Columbia to California; rare.

Carex kelloggii Boott. Stems tufted, slender, 15-40 cm. tall, erect;
leaves numerous, flat, 2-3 mm. wide, commonly as long as the stem, some-
times longer; spikes 4-15, the bracts commonly exceeding the stem; staminate
spike usually single, slender, purplish; pistillate spikes 3-many, mostly
sessile or nearly so, greenish, dense, 2-4 cm. long, 3 mm. thick; perigynia
ovate, plane, promptly deciduous, 2 mm. long, smooth, flattened, 3-or4-nerved
on the outer face, stipitate at the base, short-beaked, the beak emarginate;
scales green with purple margins, obtusish, shorter than the perigynia.

On wet stream banks and lake shores, common.

Carex lenticularis Michx. Glabrous, tufted; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high;
leaves 1-3 mm. wide, equalling or exceeding the stems; lower bract sheathing,
exceeding the spikes; spikes 3-8, narrowly cylindric, 1-4 cm. long, erect, close
together, sessile or the lower short-peduncled; perigynia ovate, _ minutely
granulate, faintly nerved, pale green or the nerves brownish, each with a very
short entire beak; scales obtuse, green with broad hyaline margins, much
shorter than the perigynia.

Rare in our limits.

Carex hindsii Clarke. Very similar to C. kelloggii; pistillate spikes 3 or 4,
stouter, 1-3 cm. long, 5 mm. thick; perigynia pale green, lanceolate, stipitate,
curved and spreading, smooth, 7-nerved on the back, 5-nerved on the anterior
face, flat and empty above, the short beak entire, 3 mm. long; scales obtuse,
purple with the midrib and margin pale.

Along the ocean coast, Vancouver Island to Oregon. First found at the
mouth of the Columbia River by Hinds.

95. CYPERUS.

Annual or perennial; stems simple, 3-angled, leafy near the
base, and with one or more leaves at the summit which form an
involucre for the simple or compound umbellate or capitate
inflorescence; rays of the umbel sheathed at the base, usually
very unequal, one or more of the heads or spikes commonly
sessile; spikelets flat or roundish, few to many-flowered; scales
concave, 2-ranked, all but the lower one flower-bearing; flowers
perfect; perianth none; stamens 1-3; akene lenticular or 3-angled.

Rachis wingless; scale tipped with a recurved awn. C. inflexus.

Rachis winged; scale merely mucronate. C. erythrorhizos.

7

82 CYPERACEAE.

Cyperus inflexus Muhl. Annual; stems 1-15 cm. tall, ascending; leaves
about 1 mm. wide, often curved, about as long as the stems; bracts much longer
than the inflorescence; spikelets ovate-lanceolate, 3-5 mm. long, in dense heads,
umbellately arranged on unequal rays; scale green or brownish, the awn-like
tip strongly recurved; stamen 1.

On river banks, rare. Somas Falls, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Kalama,
Washington, Piper.

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems usually 15-60 cm. tall,
sometimes much smaller; leaves flat, commonly 2-4 miru broad, _shorter than
the stem; involucral leaves 4-8, broad at base, far exceeding the inflorescence;
spikelets bright chestnut, linear, 5-6 mm. long, densely crowded into flattened
spikes, 1-3 cm. long, the latter umbelled on the unequal branches of the primary
umbel; scales oblong, keeled, the green midrib prolonged into a short mucro-
nate tip; wings of the rachis separating to the base, forming pairs of small
scales.

River banks, rare in our limits. Vancouver, Washington, Sheldon.

96. DULICHIUM.

Tall perennials with cylindrical jointed stems, leafy to the top;
lower leaves reduced to sheaths; spikes axillary, peduncled,
simple or compound; spikelets 2-ranked, flat, linear, many-
flowered; scales 2-ranked; flowers perfect; perianth of 6-9 back-
wardly barbed bristles.

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. Stems stout, 30-90 cm. tall, leafy;
spikelets linear, 1-2.5 cm. long, 6-10-flowered.
Borders of lakes and ponds, common.

97. RYNCHOSPORA.

Mostly leafy perennials with rootstocks, erect, 3-angled or
cylindrical stems and flat or inrolled leaves; spikelets variously
clustered; scales thin, overlapping all around; upper flowers
imperfect, the lower perfect; perianth of 1-20, mostly 6, barbed
bristles, or none.

Rynchospora alba (L.) Vahl. Stems slender, 15-40 cm. high; leaves
filiform, shorter than the stem; spikelets white, in 1-3 densely crowded corymbs;
akene oblong-obovoid, tipped with a flattened triangular tubercle about half
as long; bristles longer than the akene.

In sphagnum bogs, rare in our limits.

98. ELEOCHARIS. SPIKE RUSH.

Annual or perennial; stems simple, triangular, quadrangular,
terete, flattened or grooved, the leaves reduced to sheaths or the
lowest very rarely blade-bearing; spikelets solitary, terminal,
erect, several-many-flowered, not subtended by an involucre;
scales concave, in a spiral; perianth of 1-12 bristles usually
barbed; stamens 2 or 3; akene 3-angled or biconvex; base of the
style persistent on the summit of the akene forming a terminal
tubercle.

CYPERACEAE. 83

Styles 2-cleft; akenes biconvex.

Tubercles constricted basally; perennial with rootstocks. E. palustris.

Tubercles not constricted basally; annual, tufted. ' E. obtusa.
Styles 3-cleft; akenes 3-angled.

Tubercles broad and short; akenes ribbed. E. acicularis.

Tubercles subulate; akenes smooth. E. rostellata.

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult. Rootstocks extensively creep-
ing; stems 30-70 cm. tall; spike lanceolate-oblong, 1-2 cm. long; bristles 4,
usually exceeding the obovate smooth biconvex akene; tubercle obtuse,
contracted at its junction with the akene; style 2-cleft.

Abundant in wet ground and in shallow w r ater.

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schult. Stems erect or ascending, densely tuft-
ed, 5-7 cm. high; spikelets brownish, ovoid, obtuse, 2-13 mm. long; bristles
6-8, exceeding the brown shining akene; tubercle very short and broad, deltoid,
acute.

In wet places, quite common.

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Perennial by creeping root-
stocks, usually forming extensive mats; stems very slender, 7-15 cm. tall,
erect; spikes 3-10-flowered, 3-5 mm. long; bristles 3 or 4, shorter than the
akene or wanting; akene oblong or obovoid, somewhat 3-angled, marked with
9-12 longitudinal ribs, with very numerous cross-lines between them; tubercle
broad, contracted at its junction with the akene;_ style 3-cleft.

Abundant on the margins of ponds often forming a sward.

Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Perennial, the sterile shoots decumbent and
rooting at the tips; fertile erect, wiry, 30-60 cm. high; spikelets fusiform,
12-20-flowered; bristles longer than the akenes.

In marshes, rare. Vancouver Island, Macoun; Skamania County, Suksdorf.

99. SCIRPUS.

Annual or perennial ; stems leafy or the leaves reduced to basal
sheaths; spikelets terete (in ours), solitary, or in a terminal
cluster which is subtended by a 1 -several-leaved involucre;
scales in a spiral, usually all fertile, one or two of the lowest
sometimes empty; flowers perfect; perianth of 1-6 bristles, or
sometimes none; stamens 2 or 3; style 2 or 3-cleft, not swollen at
the base; akene triangular, lenticular or plano-convex.

Spikelets solitary, terminal.

Involucral bract wanting. -5. nanus.

Involucral bract present.

Bract 2-3 times as long as the spikelet. S. subterminalis.

Bract not longer than the spikelet.

Peiianth bristles none. S. riparius.

Perianth bristles 6, smooth. S. cespitosus.

Spikelets several-many, rarely solitary.
Stems terete; inflorescence umbellate.

Akenes 2.5-3 mm. long, the scales one-fourth longer. S. occidentalis.
Akenes 2 mm. long, the scales little longer. S. validus.

Stems three-angled.

Involucral leaf solitary. S. americanus.

Involucral leaves several.

Spikelets 1-2 cm. long. S. robustus.

Spikelets 3-5 mm. long. 5. microcarpus.

84 CYPERACEAE.

Scirpus nanus Spreng. Densely tufted, the stems flattened and grooved,
1-6 cm. high; roots with minute tubers; spikelet ovoid, greenish, bearing 2-4
or rarely more florets; scales acutish, the lowest usually larger; bristles when
present longer than the smooth shining akene.

Common on brackish shores, but rarely blooming.

Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Usually aquatic; stems 30-90 cm. high;
bract appearing like a constriction of the stem; bristles 6, barbed, shorter than
the akene.

In mountain ponds, rare. Mount Mark, Vancouver Island, Macoun;
Mount Adams, Howell, Suksdorf.

Scirpus riparius (R. Br.) Spreng. Stems tufted, 5-15 cm. high; spikelets
oblong-ovate, 3-5 mm. long, pale brown; akenes obovoid, 3-angled, smooth
dark-brown, 1 mm. long.

In marshy places along the seashore. Seattle, Piper; Whidby Island,
Gardner.

Scirpus cespitosus L. Densely tufted, the stems 10-30 cm. high; spikelets
oblong-ovate, pale brown, about 4 mm. long; akenes oblong, 3-angled, smooth,
brown, exceeded by the 6 smooth bristles.

Sub-alpine bogs, rare.

Scirpus occidentalis (Wats.) Chase. Western Bulrush or Tule. Stems
1-2 m. high, from stout scaly rootstocks; panicle loose, the suberect slender
branches 1-9 cm. long, slender; spikelets mostly in clusters of 2-7, pale brown,
subcylindric, 10-20 mm. long; scales oblong-ovate, viscid near the apex,
aristate.

In shallow water along lake margins, very common and abundant.

Scirpus validus Vahl. Very similar to 5. occidentalis; spikelets ovoid,
5-10 mm. long; scales broadly ovate, mucronate, somewhat pubescent; akene
obovoid, plano-convex, 2 mm. long.

Rare in our limits, reported from Vancouver Island, Macoun; common east-
ward.

Scirpus americanus Pers. Stems sharply 3-angled, 20-90 cm. high, from
stout elongated rootstocks; leaves 1-4, shorter than the stem, channeled;
bract 2-10 cm. long, pointed; spikelets 1-6, ovoid, closely crowded; scales
brown, ovate, 2-cleft at apex and often awned; bristles 2-6, shorter than the
plano-convex smooth akene.

In brackish marshes, infrequent.

Scirpus robustus Pursh. Stems stout, often 1 m. tall; leaves about as
long as the stem; spikelets brown, ovoid or oblong-ovoid, acutish, 10-20 mm.
long; scales ovate, notched and awned.

Along the seashore, quite common.

Scirpus microcarpus Presl. Perennial, the stout stems about 1 m. tall;
leaves 8-10 mm. broad, smooth beneath, rough on the margins and upper
surface of the midvein, the upper leaf usually exceeding the stem; inflorescence
a two to three times compound umbel, the primary rays 3-10 cm. long, unequal;
bracts leaf-like, about equalling the inflorescence; spikelets ovoid, numerous,
dark green, 3-5 mm. long, in heads of 3-12 or more; scales broadly ovate,
acute; stamens 2; styles bifid; bristles 4; nutlet white, oblong- lenticular, very
short-beaked.

Common in wooded swamps.

100. ERIOPHORUM. COTTON-GRASS.

Bog perennials with rootstocks and erect triangular or nearly
cylindrical stems; leaves linear or one or two of the upper ones

ARACEAE. 85

reduced to bladeless sheaths; spikelets terminal, solitary, or in
heads or umbels, with or without a 1 -several-leaved involucre;
scales in a spiral, overlapping; flowers perfect; perianth of 6 or
numerous thread-like smooth soft bristles which project much
beyond the scales at maturity.

Spikelets solitary; involucral bracts wanting.

Bristles copper-colored. E. chamissonis.

Bristles white. E. chamissonis albidum.

Spikelets several, subtended by 1 or more bracts;
bristles white.

Leaves 3-sided; bract solitary; akene linear. E. gracile.

Leaves flat; bracts 2 or 3; akene obovoid. E. polystachion.

Eriophorum chamissonis C. A. Mey. Stems solitary, 20-40 cm. high;
leaves very narrow, 3-angled, channelled; spikelet erect; akenes oblong, acute;
bristles 2-3 cm. long, rusty or cinnamon-colored.

In sphagnum bogs, not rare.

Eriophorum chamissonis albidum (Nyl.) Fernald. Bristles white.
Vancouver Island and eastward.

Eriophorum gracile Koch. Stems very slender; leaves very narrow,
3-angled, channelled; scales mostly blunt at the tip; bristles white, 1.5-2 cm.
long.

In sphagnum bogs.

Eriophorum polystachion L. Stems rather stout; leaves linear, flat;
spikelets several, nodding; scales acute; bristles white, 2-3 cm. long.
In bogs, especially in the mountains.

Family 18. ARACEAE. ARUM FAMILY.

Plants with acrid or pungent juice and simple or compound
leaves; flowers crowded on a spadix, perfect, monoecious or
dioecious; spathe present or none; perianth of 4-6 sepals or
none; fruit usually a 1-4-celled 1-seeded berry.

101. LYSICHITON.

Acaulescent swamp herbs with large leaves from a thick
horizontal rootstock; spathe sheathing at base, with or without
a broad colored lamina, at first enveloping the cylindrical spadix
which later becomes exserted on a stout peduncle; flowers per-
fect, crowded, covering the spadix; perianth 4-lobed; stamens
4, opposite the perianth-segments; ovary 2-celled, 2-ovuled;
fruits fleshy, somewhat immersed in the rachis and coalescent.

Lysichiton camtschatcense (L.) Schott. Yellow Skunk Cabbage. Leaves
large, 30-90 cm. long, oblong, acute or acutish, narrowed at base into a short
margined petiole; spathe golden-yellow, the blade boat-shaped, acute, narrowed
into a sheathing petiole; peduncle stout, 20-30 cm. long; spadix cylindric, in
fruit 5-12 cm. long.

In swamps, common. Root very pungent.

86 PONTEDERIACEAE.

Family 19. LEMNACEAE. DUCKWEED FAMILY.
Very small thallose plants floating free on the water, propagat-
ing by the division of the thallus; flowers 1-3, monoecious, from
the edge or upper surface, rare; fruit a 1-7-seeded utricle.

Thallus 1-5-nerved, with a single rootlet. 102. LEMNA, 86.

Thallus 5-12-nerved, with several rootlets. 103. SPIRODELA, 86.

102. LEMNA.

Thallus 1-5-nerved, producing a single rootlet beneath;
flowers produced from a cleft in the margin of the thallus, usually
3 together, surrounded by a spathe, two staminate, each of a
single stamen, the other pistillate of a single pistil; ovary 1-celled.

Thalli oblong, separate or soon separating. L. minor.

Thalli oblong, each narrowed into a sheath-like base, remaining

connected. L. trisulca.

Lemna minor L. Thalli round to elliptic-ovate, 2-5 mm. long, very ob-
scurely 3-nerved; seed oblong-obovate, amphitropous, each with a prominent
operculum.

Very common on still ponds, often mixed with Spirodela.

Lemna trisulca L. Thalli thin, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, attenuate
into a stalk-like base, usually several, remaining connected, each faintly 3-
nerved; seed ovate, amphitropous, with a small round operculum.

Still ponds and ditches, rare.

103. SPIRODELA.

Very similar to Lemna but rootlets several and with axile
vascular tissues; anther-cells divided by a vertical partition
and dehiscing longitudinally.

Spirodela polyrhiza (L.) Schleid. Thallus round-obovate, 3-8 mm. long,
thick, purple and rather convex beneath, dark green above, palmately mostly
7-nerved.

Common on the surface of still ponds.

Family 20. PONTEDERIACEAE. PONDWEED FAMILY.

Aquatic herbs with perfect more or less irregular flowers, sur-
rounded by a spathe; perianth of 6 petal-like segments free from
the 3-celled ovary; stamens 3 or 6, unequal or dissimilar, on the
throat of the perianth; style 1; fruit a 1-3-celled capsule or
1-celled utricle.

104. HETERANTHERA.

Low herbs living in mud or shallow water, with a 1-few-
flowered spathe bursting from the sheathing side or base of a
petiole; perianth-limb somewhat equally 6-parted; stamens in the
throat, usually unequal; capsule 1- or incompletely 3-celled.

JUNCACEAE. 87

Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. Stems slender, branched, leafy, 30-
100 cm. long; leaves sessile, linear, acute; spathe terminal, 1-flowered; flowers
small, pale yellow, the tube very slender, 3-6 cm. long; capsule 1-celled, 6-8
mm. long.

In ponds, rare in our limits. Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell.

Family 21. JUNCACEAE. RUSH FAMILY.
Grass-like, usually tufted herbs mostly perennials; inflorescence
a compound panicle, corymb or umbel, with the flowers singly or
loosely clustered or aggregated into spikes or heads, rarely reduced
to a single flower; flowers small, regular, with or without bract-
lets; perianth 6-parted, the parts glumaceous; stamens 6, rarely
3; pistil superior, tricarpellary; ovary 3-celled, or 1-celled with
3 parietal placentae; ovules 3-many; stigmas 3; fruit a loculicidal
capsule; seeds 3-many, small.

Leaf-sheaths open; capsule 1- or 3-cclled, many-seeded;

placentae parietal or axial. 105. JUNCUS, 87.

Leaf-sheaths closed; capsule 1-celled, 3-seeded; placen-
tae basal. 106. JUNCOIDES, 91.

105. JUNCUS. RUSH.

Annual or perennial plants; stems leaf-bearing or scapose;
leaves glabrous, cylindrical, flat or channeled; inflorescence a
panicle or corymb, often one-sided, bearing its flowers either
singly and with 2 bractlets or in heads and without bractlets,
but each head in the axil of a bract; stamens 6, rarely 3; ovary
1-celled or 3-celled; placentae parietal or axial; seeds several to
many.

Lowest leaf of the inflorescence appearing like a continua-
tion of the stem, the inflorescence therefore seemingly
lateral.
Flowers in compound panicles, usually numerous.

Stamens 3; leaf of the inflorescence much shorter

than the stem. /. effusus.

Stamens 6.

Flowers 3-4.5 mm. long. /. balticus.

Flowers 5-6 mm. long. /. lescurii.

Flowers few, 1-3 in each cluster.

Inner sheaths bristle-tipped; capsule retuse. /. subtriflorus.

Inner sheaths leaf-bearing; capsule acute. /. parryi.

Lowest leaf of the inflorescence not appearing like a con-
tinuation of the stem.
Leaves not provided with cross-partitions, either flat and

grass-like or terete and channelled.
Flowers not bracteolate, in true heads.

Perianth shorter than the capsule; heads several-
many, 3-5-flowered. /. covillei.
Perianth longer than the capsule; heads solitary
or few.

88 JUNCACEAE.

Seeds not tailed. J. falcatus.

Seeds tailed. /. regelii.

Flowers bracteolate, loosely scattered or somewhat

congested but not in heads.

Annuals; stems branched, leafy. /. bufonius.

Perennials; stems simple.

Perianth segments 2.5-3 mm. long, obtuse. /. gerardi.
Perianth segments 3.5-5.5 mm. long, sharp-
pointed.
Auricle at summit of sheath, short and

cartilaginous. J. dudleyi.

Auricle at summit of sheath, elongated and

scarious.

Panicle loose; flowers pale green. J. tennis.

Panicle close; flowers fuscous. J. occidentalis.

Leaves provided with distinct cross-partitions.
Blades of the leaves equitant.

Heads pale, numerous; stamens 6. /. oxymeris.

Heads brown or black; stamens 3, rarely 6. /. ensifolius.

Blades of the leaves cylindric or only slightly com-
pressed.
Stamens 3.

Plant aquatic, some of the leaves floating. J. supiniformis.
Plant not aquatic.

Heads small, pale, several-many. /. acuminatus.

Heads large, dark, few. /. bolanderi.

Stamens 6.

Capsules subulate; heads large; outer perianth

segments longer. J. torreyi.

Capsules not subulate.

Heads solitary, dark. J. mertensianus.

Heads several-many.

Capsule much longer than the peri-
anth. J. oreganus.
Capsule shorter than the perianth.

Perianth segments brown, acute. /. nevadensis.
Perianth segments pale, obtuse. /. alpinus.

Juncus effusus L. Densely tufted, about 1 m. high, forming tussocks in
swamps; panicle compound, many-flowered; perianth-segments lanceolate,
acuminate, as long as the obovate obtuse capsules.

A polymorphic species, of which three sub-species occur in our limits.

Juncus effusus pacificus Fernald & Wiegand. Panicle loose; perianth-
segments pale, 2.5-3.5 mm. long.

Everywhere common in wet ground.

Juncus effusus hesperius Piper. Panicle compact; perianth segments
dark brown, 2.4-2.9 mm. long; upper sheath loose, membranous, dull, greenish-
drab above.

Often occurring with /. effusus pacificus but blooming about a week
earlier; common near the seacoast.

Juncus effusus gracilis Hook. Very similar to /. effusus hesperius but
upper sheath close, coriaceous, shiny, usually chestnut-colored.
In swamps, not common.

Juncus balticus Willd. Stems erect, terete, naked, 30-60 cm. tall, from
stout horizontal rootstocks; leaves consisting only of sheaths; panicle appar-

JUNCACEAE. 89

ently lateral, the elongated bract appearing like a continuation of the stem;
panicle simple or compound, 1-10 cm. long; perianth segments lanceolate,
acute, or obtusish, about 4 mm. long, usually brown; stamens 6; capsule
acutely angled and short-beaked; seeds oblong, the surface reticulated.
Common in wet places, often in brackish marshes.

Juncus lescurii Boland. Stems stout, 30-100 cm. high, naked; flowers
in a dense panicle; outer perianth segments 5-6 mm. long, lanceolate, acumin-
ate, longer than the obtuse inner ones; capsule not beaked.

In drifting sand along the ocean coast from Alaska to California.

Juncus subtriflorus (Meyer) Coville. Tufted; stems slender, 10-25 cm.
high; inner leaf-blades reduced to bristles; bract as long as or longer than the
inflorescence; perianth segments acute or acuminate, brownish, the outer
longer, exceeding the brown oblong refuse capsule.

In the mountains at 1500-2000 m. altitude.

Juncus parryi Engelm. Densely tufted; stems 20-40 cm. high; inner leaf
blades not reduced; bract much exceeding the inflorescence; perianth segments
brown, acute, the outer 7 mm. long, slightly exceeding the inner; capsule
oblong, acute, exceeding the perianth.

Growing in similar situations and often with /. subtriflorus. British
Columbia to California and Colorado.

Juncus covillei Piper. Stems low, 10-20 cm. high; leaves flat, pale;
panicle small, the heads 3-5-flowered; perianth segments brown with green
midvein, shorter than the capsule.

On sandy lake shores, Vancouver Island to California.

Juncus falcatus Meyer. Stems usually 10-20 cm. high; leaves flat, 2-3
mm. wide; flowers crowded into a single globose head, or rarely 2 or 3; outer
perianth segments acuminate, 6 mm. long, exceeding the inner obtuse ones;
capsule oblong, retuse.

Along the coast, Vancouver Island to California.

Juncus regelii Buch. Perennial, stoloniferous, pale green; stems smooth
or minutely scabrous, 12-50 cm. high, erect; leaves flat, 1.5-2 mm. broad;
head solitary or sometimes 2 or 3, globose, many-flowered; outer perianth seg-
ments lanceolate, acute; inner ovate, obtuse; all rough, brown with pale
margins; stamens 6; capsule longer than the perianth; seeds linear, tailed at
each end.

In springy places in the mountains, Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Utah.

Juncus bufonius L. Annual, branching from the base, 5-30 cm. tall; leaf
blades flat or involute, slender; flowers loosely scattered, usually on but one
side of the long branches of the panicle; perianth segments pale, scarious-
margined, lanceolate, acuminate; stamens 6; capsule narrowly oblong, with a
short blunt beak; seeds very finely reticulate.

Very common everywhere.

Juncus gerardi Loisel. Loosely tufted, 30-60 cm. high; leaves erect,
usually flat; sheaths covering half the stem or more; panicle small, rather
close, 2-7 cm. long; perianth greenish-brown, the outer segments linear, the
inner oval.

Salt marshes, Vancouver Island and adjacent mainland, Macoun. Not
otherwise known in the Pacific coast but common on the Atlantic coast.

Juncus dudleyi Wiegand. Densely tufted, stiffly erect, 30-50 cm. high;
leaves short, usually less than half as long as the stems; auricles yellowish;
panicle rather close, 2-7 cm. long; perianth segments spreading, pale, 4-5 mm.
long, slightly exceeding the 1-cellcd ovoid capsule.

Cape Horn, Columbia River, Suksdorf. Easily distinguished by the cartil-
aginous auricles.

90 JUNCACEAE.

Juncus tenuis Willd. Densely tufted, 15-30 cm. tall; leaves flat or some-
what involute, narrow, shorter than the stems; auricles whitish, 1-1.5 mm. long;
panicle loose, seldom exceeded by the slender bract; perianth segments spread-
ing, lanceolate, pale, 3-4 mm. long; capsule ovoid, thin-walled, round at the
apex, 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae; seeds minutely reticulate.

In moist places, common.

Juncus occidentalis (Coville) Wiegand. In habit like /. tenuis, but stouter;
panicles denser, sometimes glomerate; perianth yellowish, the segments erect,
45 mm. long; capsule ovoid, the walls firm.

Rare in our limits. Victoria, Macoun; Coupeville, Washington, Gardner.

Juncus oxymeris Engelm. Stems flattened and two-edged, 60-100 cm.
high, from stout rootstocks; leaves 5-8 mm. broad; panicle compound, loose,
820 cm. long; perianth segments linear-lanceolate, acuminate, pale, shorter
than the capsule; stamens 6.

In marshy places, not common. Vancouver Island to California.

Juncus ensifolius Wiks. Rootstocks thick, creeping; stems leafy, 15-30
cm. high; heads few, globose, dark brown or nearly black; perianth segments
lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. long; stamens 3, rarely 6; capsule 3-angled,
acute, barely exceeding the perianth.

Very common, Alaska to Caliiornia.

Juncus ensifolius major Hook. Differs from the species in being larger,
30-60 cm. high, and in bearing more numerous smaller pale brown heads.
Common in wet places.

Juncus supiniformis Engelm. Tufted, with very short rhizomes; stems
many, 3-10 cm. high, shorter than the leaves; leaves septate, very narrow,
terete or somewhat compressed, the floating ones very slender, the emersed
ones erect, rigid; heads several, 2-5-flowered, umbellate; perianth segments
greenish or purplish, oblong-lanceolate, acute, equal in length; stamens 3;
capsules 3-angled, mucronate, longer than the perianth.

In water, Vancouver Island, Macoun, and northern California.

Juncus acuminatus Michx. Stems tufted, 30-60 cm. tall; stem leaves
1-3, with prominent partitions; panicle loose, with ascending stout stiff
branches; heads pale, 5-20-flowered; perianth segments subequal, lanceolate-
subulate, shorter than the acute capsule; stamens 3.

Rare in our limits, but widely spread, British Columbia to Maine and south-
ward to Oregon and Georgia.

Juncus bolanderi Engelm. Stems 60-100 cm. high; leaves not flattened,
the ligules very large; heads few, subglobose, 9-12 mm. in diameter, many-
flowered; perianth brown, the segments subequal, narrow and aristate, 2.5-3.5
mm. long; stamens 3; capsule obtuse, equalling or exceeding the perianth.

Vancouver Island to northern California, near the coast, rather rare.

Juncus torreyi Coville. Stems 20-80 cm. high, bearing 2 or 3 slender leaves;
flowers crowded into 1-20 pale heads, each 10-15 mm. in diameter; perianth
segments subulate, the outer longest.

Very rare in our limits. Coupeville, Washington, Gardner.

Juncus mertensianus Bong. Stems terete, weak, crowded, 10-30 cm.
high, from short creeping rootstocks; leaves 5-15 cm. long, about 2 mm. wide;
ligules scarious; heads solitary, globose, dark brown, about 1 cm. broad;
perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm. long, exceeding the obtuse
capsule.

In the mountains at 1500-2500 m. elevation, common.

JUNCACEAE. 9 1

Juncus oreganus Wats. Stems slender, spreading, 15-20 cm. high; panicle
loose; flowers in small heads; perianth segments chestnut-brown, with green
midrib, the outer acute, the inner rather obtuse and a little longer; stamens 6;
capsule brown, acute and mucronate, exceeding the perianth.

In bogs along the coast, rare. Ilwaco, Piper, Henderson; Seattle, Frye;
International Boundary, Lyall; Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun.

Juncus nevadensis Wats. Loosely tufted; stems slender, 10-40 cm. high,
much exceeding the leaves; lowest leaves reduced to sheaths, the others with
terete septate blades; cauline leaves 1 or 2; inflorescence umbellate, the hemi-
spherical heads 3-10-flowered; perianth segments pale brown, equal, lanceolate,
acute or mucronate, the inner hyaline-margined, 4 mm. long; stamens 6;
capsule 3-angled, mucronate, shorter than the perianth.

Vancouver Island to California.

Juncus alpinus affinis (R. Br.) Aschers. & Graebn. (/. richardsonianus
Schult.) Stems erect, 15-40 cm. high, bearing 1 or 2 leaves; leaves terete,
with conspicuous internal cross partitions; panicle sparse, the straight branches
bearing scattered heads of 3-12 flowers; perianth segments pale green the outer
longer than the obtuse inner ones; capsule acute, longer than the perianth.

Shores of lakes and streams, Vancouver Island, Macoun; Whatcom County,
Washington, Gardner, Suksdorf.

106. JUNCOIDES. WOOD RUSH.

Perennial, with glabrous or sparingly pubescent herbage;
stems leaf-bearing; leaf sheaths with united margins; blades
grass-like; inflorescence umbellate, paniculate or congested into
head-like clusters; flowers always bracteolate; ovary 1-celled
with 3 basal ovules.

Flowers congested into i-several spike-like or head-like clus-
ters.
Inflorescence nodding, nearly always of a single spike-like

cluster. /. spicatum.

Inflorescence erect, of 2-12 globose or oblong clusters.
Spikes loosely flowered, solitary or few, in a narrow pan-
icle. / subsessile.
Spikes densely flowered, several to many, umbellate. J. campestre.
Flowers in clusters of 2 or 3 or solitary in an open panicle.
Leaves 10-12 mm. broad; perianth brown, 3-3.5 mm.

long. J. glabratum.

Leaves 6-8 or 10 mm. broad; perianth 1.5-2.5 mm. long.

Panicle rays divaricate; leaves without pilose hairs. /. divaricatum.
Panicle rays drooping; leaves with a few pilose hairs

at base.

Flowers and capsules pale green; leaves thin, shin-
ing; seeds brown, ellipsoid. J. parviflorum.
Flowers and capsules dark brown; leaves thick,

dull; seeds yellow, constricted at each end. /. ma jus.

Juncoides spicatum (L.) Kuntze. Tufted; stems 10-40 cm. high; leaves
narrow, folded, sparsely villous; perianth segments acuminate, brown with
hyaline margins; capsule acute, shorter than the perianth.

In the mountains at high elevations.

Juncoides subsessile (Wats.) Piper n. comb. (Luzula comosa subsessilis
Wats.) Loosely tufted; stems subcrect, 10-30 cm. high; leaves 3-4 mm.

92 JUNCACEAE.

broad; inflorescence narrow, erect, the lowest spike often long-peduncled;
bracts ciliate, equalling or longer than the inflorescence; perianth segments
lanceolate, acute, subequal, 3-3.5 mm. long, brown with scarious margins,
the inner slightly broader and tridentate-mucronate at apex.
Known from Vancouver Island, Macoun, and California.

Juncoides campestre (L.) Kuntze. Stems tufted, 15-40 cm. tall, the
whole plant loosely villous; leaves flat, 2-5 mm. broad, 5-15 cm. long; flowers
in short spikes, these cymose; longest bract usually exceeding the inflorescence;
spikes oblong, 5-15 mm. long, on peduncles 1-5 cm. long, erect or nodding;
perianth segments straw-colored or brownish, lanceolate, acuminate, 3 mm.
long; capsules obtuse, short-beaked, equalling the perianth. _

Common in open woods; a widespread and very variable species. The
following subspecies occur in our limits.

Juncoides campestre comosum (Meyer) Kuntze. Inflorescence usually
loose; spikes elongate; perianth segments 3-4.5 mm. long, as long as the cap-
sule; bracts ciliate.

In open woods.

Juncoides campestre congestum (Thuill.) Piper n. comb. (J. congestion
Thuill.) Inflorescence dense, the heads congested; perianth 3.5-4 mm. long,
much exceeding the capsule.

In open woods.

Juncoides campestre multiflorum (Ehrh.) Sheldon. Inflorescence of several
subglobose heads; perianth 2.5-3.5 cm. long, pale brown, usually a little
longer than the capsule.

Common in open woods.

Juncoides glabratum (Hoppe) Sheldon. Glabrous throughout; stems
30-50 cm. high, from creeping rootstocks; leaves dark green, flat, 10-20 cm.
long, 10-12 mm. broad, acute; panicle loose and nodding; bracts small; perianth
segments dark brown, lance-ovate, acute, shorter than the apiculate nearly
black capsule.

In open woods at moderate elevations in the mountains, greedily eaten
by horses.

Juncoides divaricatum (Wats.) Coville. Tufted; stems 15-30 cm. high;
leaves flat; panicle loose, broadly pyramidal, stiff; perianth segments brownish,
shorter than the capsule.

At high elevations, Mount St. Helens and southward. Considered by
Buchenau to be a subspecies of J. spadiceum.

Juncoides parviflorum (Ehrh.) Coville. Very similar to /. glabratum but
taller and more slender; leaves usually with a few long hairs at_base; panicle
very loose; perianth segments straw-colored, lanceolate, acuminate, hardly
equalling the straw-colored capsule.

In moist places, very common.

Juncoides majus (Hook.) Piper n. comb. (Juncoides piperi Coville; Luzula
arcuata major Hook.) Densely tufted, 10-35 cm. high; leaves pale, firm, flat
or revolute, 2-4 mm. broad; perianth segments acute, shorter than the capsule.

At high elevations in the mountains. British Columbia to Idaho and
Oregon.

Family 22. LILIACEAE. LILY FAMILY.

Terrestrial herbs or sometimes woody plants; stems usually
from bulbs, corms, or more or less thickened rootstocks; flowers

LILIACEAE. 93

mostly perfect, regular; perianth not glumaceous, of 6 separate
or united segments free from the ovary; stamens 6, opposite
the perianth-segments; ovary 3-celled; fruit a few to many-
seeded 3-celled capsule or berry.

Plants with bulbs or corms.
Flowers in umbels.

Perianth-lobes united, funnelform; stamens

on the throat. 107. HOOKERA, 94.

Perianth-lobes not at all or but slightly

united ; stamens on the bases of the lobes. 108. ALLIUM, 95.
Flowers solitary, or in racemes, cymes, or pan-
icles.

Perianth-segments unlike, the outer nar-
rower. 109. CALOCHORTUS, 96.
Perianth-segments all alike or nearly so.
Leaves or some of them on the stem.
Bulbs scaly; anthers versatile.

Nectary a linear groove; perianth

not campanulate. 110. LILIUM, 96.

Nectary a shallow pit; perianth

campanulate. 111. FRITILLARIA, 97.

Bulbs corm-like; anthers not ver-
satile.

Leaves only two, rather broad. 112. ERYTHRONIUM, 97.
Leaves several, narrow, grass-
like. 113. LLOYDIA, 98.
Leaves all linear, basal.

Flowers large, blue or white. 114. QUAMASIA, 98.

Flowers small, greenish-white or

purplish.
Flowers erect; perianth-segments

gland-bearing at base. 115. ZIGADENUS, 99.

Flowers nodding; perianth-
segments glandless. 116. STENANTHIUM, 99.
Plants with rootstocks.

Leaves reduced to scales; branches thread-
like, green. 117. ASPARAGUS, 99.
Leaves not reduced to scales; branches normal.
Leaves all basal.

Leaves equitant. 118. TOFIELDIA, 100.

Leaves not equitant. 119. CLINTONIA, 100.

Leaves cauline, at least in part.

Leaves in whorls of three below the

flower. 120. TRILLIUM, 100.

Leaves not in whorls.

Leaves opposite. 121. SCOLIOPUS, 101.

Leaves alternate.
Flowers axillary.

Perianth rotate. 122. KRUHSEA, 101.

Perianth narrowly campanu-
late. 123. STREPTOPUS, 101.
Flowers terminal.

Leaves linear, rigid. 124. XEROPHYLLUM, 102.

Leaves broader, not rigid.
Flowers umbelled or soli-
tary terminal. 125. DISPORUM, 102.

94 LILIACEAE.

Flowers racemed or panic-
^led.

Flowers polygamous
or monoecious,

rather large. 126. VERATRUM, 103.

Flowers perfect, small.
Perianth-segments

6. 127. VAGNERA, 103.

Perianth-segments
4. 128. UNIFOLIUM, 104.

107. HOOKERA.

Usually erect scapose herbs from a membranous-coated corm;
leaves linear; inflorescence a several-bracted umbel of few to
many flowers on jointed pedicels; perianth funnel-form not
contracted at the throat, blue, purple, yellow or white, the seg-
ments united; stamens 3, on the throat opposite the inner lobes
and alternate to the sterile stamens, or 6 in one or two rows;
ovary stalked or sessile, 3-celled, each cavity containing 3-8
seeds.

Anther-bearing stamens 3.

Flowers in umbels, long-pedicelled. H. coronaria.

Flowers nearly sessile, in a very short raceme. H. pulchella.

Anther-bearing stamens 6.

Stamens in one row; flowers whitish. H. hyacinthina.

Stamens in two rows; flowers blue or purplish.

Filaments of inner stamens narrow. H. douglasii.

Filaments of inner stamens^broad. H. howellii.

Hookera coronaria Salisb. Scapes 10-20 cm. high, about as long as the
narrow leaves; umbel with elongate spreading unequal rays; flowers deep blue,
24 cm. long; sterile stamens flat, erect, white, entire.

In gravelly prairies, Vancouver Island to California.

Hookera pulchella Salisb. Scapes 60-100 cm. high, much exceeding the
keeled glaucous leaves; flowers purple-blue, in a dense often elongated cluster;
sterile stamens deeply cleft.

In dry prairies, Washington to California.

Hookera hyacinthina (Lindl.) Kuntze. Scapes 30-70 cm. tall; leaves
linear-lanceolate, shorter than the stem, 58 mm. broad; flowers numerous;
perianth open-campanulate, white, each lobe with a green midvein, the tube
about half as long as the lobes; stamens in one row, the filaments broadly
dilated, equal; capsule subglobose.

In low meadows, Vancouver Island to California.

Hookera douglasii (Wats.) Piper. Wild Hyacinth. Scape tall; corm
globose, the outer coats coarsely fibrous; leaves 2 or 3, shorter than the
stem, 24 mm. broad; flowers blue, usually numerous, in a dense umbel;
pedicels 2-30 mm. long; perianth tubular-campanulate, 2-3 cm. long, the
tube longer than the lobes; stamens in two rows, the upper and longer ones
on the petals; filaments naked; capsule oblong-ovoid, short-stipitate.

In the vicinity of Victoria, Vancouver Island, Macoim. Common east of
the Cascade Mountains to Wyoming and Utah.

LILIACEAE, 95

Hookera howellii (Wats.) Piper. Scapes 30-90 cm. tall, much exceeding
the leaves; flowers blue, in a rather loose umbei; stamens 6, in 2 rows, the fila-
ments of the inner ones dilated.

In open prairies; a rare species found originally in Klickitat County,
Washington. Whidby Island, Gardner; Tacoma Flett.

108. ALLIUM. ONION.

Pungent herbs with the characteristic odor of the onion, the
leaves and usually scapose erect stem from a coated bulb ; leaves
narrowly linear, or rarely lanceolate or oblong, sheathing; in-
florescence a terminal simple umbel, in the axils of 2 or 3 mem-
branous, separate or united bracts; pedicels slender, not jointed;
flowers white or pink; perianth-segments 6, separate or united
by their very bases; stamens 6, one on the base of each perianth-
segment; ovary sessile or nearly so, completely or incompletely
3-celled ; ovules 1-6 in each cavity.

Bulbs oblong, cespitose, more or less rhizomatous.

Rhizome stout; flowers erect. A. validum.

Rhizome scarcely developed; flowers nodding. A. cernuum.

Bulbs globose to ovoid, loosely cespitose or solitary, not rhi-
zomatous.

Bulb coats fibrous, A. geyeri.

Bulb coats not fibrous, usually reticulate. ,

Leaves flat, rather broad; reticulations wanting;

scape flattened, with crenulate edges. A. cremdatum.

Leaves narrow; reticulations polygonal, distinct;

scape terete. A . acuminatum.

Allium validum Wats. Bulb on the tip of a stout elongated horizontal
rhizome; scape 25-60 cm. tall, angled below, 2-edged above; leaves nearly
flat, 5-20 mm. broad, about equalling the scape; umbel dense; flowers a deep
rose-color; perianth-segments 6-8 mm. long, narrow, acuminate.

In wet mountain meadows, Washington to California and Nevada. Mount
Rainier, Flett.

Allium cernuum Roth. Bulbs elongated, often clustered on a short
rhizome; leaves several, flat or channelled, 2-8 mm. broad; scapes 20-40 cm.
high, usually exceeding the leaves; umbel loose, the pink flowers on nodding
pedicels; perianth-segments 4-6 mm. long, acute.

Common on rocks.

Allium geyeri Wats. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. tall; bulbs elongate, the
coats fibrous; leaves 2-4, slender, blunt, 10-20 cm. long; flowers a pale rose-
color; bracts broad; perianth segments ovate, acute or acuminate; ovary
crested.

Vancouver Island, Macoun. Common east of the Cascade Mountains.

Allium crenulatum Wiegand. Bulbs globose or ovoid, the coats not
reticulated; leaves flat, curved, 5-10 cm. long, 2-4 mm. wide; scape flattened,
with margined often crenulate edges, about as long as the leaves; umbel small,
the flowers deep red; perianth segments lanceolate, acute.

At high altitudes, in the Olympic Mountains, Piper, Flett. Perhaps only
a form of A. tolmiei Baker.

Allium acuminatum Hook. Stems 10-20 cm. tall; bulbs globose, the
outer coats finely reticulate; leaves terete, narrow, shorter than the stem;

96 LILIACEAE.

flowers many, pink, on pedicels 2-3 cm. long; perianth segments ovate, acum-
inate, 10-12 mm. long; ovary only obscurely crested.

In stony open places, British Columbia to California and Utah.

109. CALOCHORTUS. MARIPOSA LILY.

Branched or simple herbs with coated corms; leaves narrowly
linear; flowers large, showy, peduncled; perianth-segments sepa-
rate, spreading, whitish, purplish or variegated, the three outer
sepal-like, narrow, the three inner petal-like, gland-bearing, and
bearded or spotted within; stamens 6, hypogynous; ovary 3-
celled; ovules numerous.

Sepals each with a conspicuous pit at base; anthers apiculate.

Pit round; anthers as long as the filaments. C. subalpinus.

Pit linear; anthers shorter than the filaments. C. lobbii.
Sepals without a pit at base; anthers acute.

Gland of each petal covered by a scale. C. purdyi.

Gland of each petal naked. C. tolmiei.

Calochortus subalpinus Piper. Stems flexuous, 15-20cm. high;leaf 3-8 mm.
wide; sepals lance-ovate with a conspicuous round purple pit at base; petals
cream-colored, sparsely bearded, except near the tip, the gland bordered above
by a narrow entire scale; anthers long-apiculate, equalling or longer than the
filaments.

In subalpine meadows, Mount Adams and southward.

Calochortus lobbii (Baker) Purdy. Very similar to C. subalpinus; pit
at base of each sepal linear; petals bearded to the tip; anthers apiculate, shorter
than the filaments.

Cascade Mountains of Oregon; perhaps not distinct from C. subalpinus.

Calochortus purdyi Eastwood. Stems 20-40 cm. tall, usually branched;
leaves linear-lanceolate, flat, 10-12 mm. broad; sepals narrowly ovate, acumin-
ate; petals broadly obovate, dirty-white or purple-tinged, bearded on the
inner surface, the shallow honey-pit covered by a densely hairy narrow scale.

In grassy meadows, rare. Seattle, Piper, and in the Willamette Valley,
Oregon.

Calochortus tolmiei Hook. & Arn. Stems about 30 cm. high, simple or
branched; leaves 10-12 mm. broad; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate;
petals yellowish, tinged with purple, bearded, the deep gland near the base
without a scale, but bordered above by a fringe of reflexed hairs; anthers acute.

Willamette Valley, Oregon. It is not clear that C. tolmiei and C. purdyi
are really distinct.

110. LILIUM.

Perennial herbs with scaly bulbs and simple stems with numer-
ous alternate or whorled narrow sessile leaves; flowers one to
several, large, showy, erect or nodding; perianth funnelform or
bell-shaped, the 6 segments spreading or recurved; anthers
linear, versatile; style elongated; stigma 3-lobed; capsule sub-
cylindric; seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell.

Flowers orange with purplish dots. L. columbianum.

Flowers white, becoming purplish. L. washingtonianum.

LILIACEAE. 97

Lilium columbianum Hanson. (L. parviflorum (Hook.) Holzinger.)
Stems 30-100 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate, 5-10 cm. long, mostly in whorls;
flowers one or several, on curved or spreading pedicels; perianth segments
orange, with numerous purple-brown spots.

Frequent in open woods and meadows.

Lilium washingtonianum Kellogg. Stems 1-2 m. tall; leaves oblanceolate,
acute, 5-12 cm. long, mostly in whorls of 6-12; flowers white, becoming pur-
plish, 2-20 in a raceme; perianth-segments clawed, 7-10 cm. long.

From the Columbia River southward.

111. FRITILLARIA.

Bulbous herbs; stems simple, leafy; inflorescence of rather
large nodding solitary or racemed leafy-bracted flowers; perianth
mostly campanulate, of 6 separate and nearly equal oblong or
ovate segments, each with a nectar-pit or spot at the base;
stamens 6, hypogynous; ovary nearly or quite sessile, 3-celled;
ovules numerous in each cavity.

Capsules acutely angled; flowers much mottled. F. lanceolata.

Capsules obtusely angled; flowers obscurely mottled. F. camtschatcensis.

Fritillaria lanceolata Pursh. Stems 30-90 cm. tall, glaucous; leaves in
two or three whorls of 4-6, lanceolate, sessile, 5-12 cm. long; flowers 1-6,
brown-purple with greenish-yellow spots; segments oblong-lanceolate; nec-
taries conspicuous; capsule 2-3 cm. long, with 6 broad wings. _

On open banks and prairies, Vancouver Island to California, eastward to
Idaho.

Fritillaria camtschatcensis (L.) Ker-Gawl. Indian Rice. Much like
F. lanceolata, the leaves rather broader; flowers often numerous; nerves of the
sepals broadened into lamellae which bear scattered glands; capsule obtusely
5-angled.

Alaska to northern Washington, near the coast. The small bulblets are
numerous and resemble rice-grains. They are eaten by the Alaska Indians.

112. ERYTHRONIUM. ADDER'S TONGUE.

Low herbs, from deep membranous-coated corms; stem simple;
leaves but one pair, broad or narrow, usually below the middle
of the stem where it rises from the ground and thus appearing
basal; flowers large, nodding, bractless, solitary or several;
perianth-segments separate, lanceolate, oblong or oblanceolate;
stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth ; ovary sessile,
3-celled; ovules numerous or several in each cavity.

Leaves mottled; perianth-segments narrow, cream-colored. E. giganteum.
Leaves not mottled.

Perianth-segments broad, white. E. montanum.

Perianth-segments narrow, yellow. E. parviflorum.

Erythronium giganteum Lindl. Leaves lanceolate, usually broad, beauti-
fully brown mottled ; perianth segments cream-colored or nearly white, narrowly
lanceolate, strongly recurved, each with a yellow and orange spot at the base.

In open meadows and prairies, Vancouver Island to Oregon. E. revolutum
Smith is an older name for probably the same plant.
8

98 LILIACEAE.

Erythronium montanum Wats. Leaves broadly lanceolate or ovate,
usually abruptly narrowed at base, not mottled; perianth-segments broadly
lanceolate, white, little recurved, each with an orange spot at base.

Common in alpine meadows of Washington and Oregon.

Erythronium parviflorum (Wats.) Goodding. Leaves oblong-lanceolate,
not mottled; perianth-segments becoming recurved, bright yellow, with a
pale spot at the base of each; anthers white.

In subalpine meadows, British Columbia to Oregon and Colorado.

113. LLOYDIA.

Low perennial herbs with slender coated bulbs and grass-like
leaves; flowers small, white; perianth funnelform, the segments
lanceolate, recurved; style short, entire; capsule obovoid, with
small oblong seeds.

Lloydia serotina (L.) Sweet. Stems 5-12 cm. high; leaves very narrow,
linear, equalling the stem; flower usually solitary; perianth segments oblan-
ceolate, obtuse, 3-nerved, white.

High mountains, rare. Tami Hy Mountain, Macoun; Mount Baker,
Flett: Olympic Mountains, Flett, Canard.

114. QUAMASIA. CAMAS.

Scapose herbs, with membranous-coated edible bulbs; leaves
linear, basal; inflorescence a terminal raceme; flowers large, blue
or white, bracted; pedicels jointed at the base of the flower;
perianth-segments 6, separate, equal, spreading, persistent, 1-9-
nerved; stamens at the bases of the perianth-segments; ovary
3-celled, sessile; ovules numerous in each cavity.

Perianth-segments narrowly lanceolate, irregular, one turning
downward, the other upward, each twisting separately after
blooming. Q. quamash.

Perianth-segments broader, regularly disposed, connivent and

twisting together after blooming. Q. leichtlinii.

Quamasia quamash (Pursh) Coville. Scape stout, 30-70 cm. tall; leaves
several, mostly shorter than the stem, 5-10 mm. broad, sometimes glau-
cous; raceme elongated, 10-30-flowered, the pedicels short; bracts narrowly
lanceolate, about equalling the flowers; flowers dark blue or rarely white;
perianth-segments unequally spreading, lanceolate, acute, 2 cm. long, all 3-
nerved, all 5-nerved or alternately 3- and 5-nerved; capsule oblong-ovate,
somewhat 3-angled, 1012 mm. long; seeds black, shining.

In wet meadows; the bulbs used by the Indians as food.

Quamasia leichtlinii (Baker) Coville. (Q. azurea Heller). Very similar
to Q. quamash; perianth segments cream-colored or bright blue, regular,
2-3.5 cm. long, becoming connivent and inter-twisted in age and falling to-
gether, all 3-nerved, 5-nerved, or 7-nerved or alternately 3 and 5 or 5 and
7-nerved; capsule rather sharply 3-angled, 15 mm. long.

In grassy meadows, Vancouver Island to California. Typical Q. leicht-
linii has cream-colored flowers, while the original specimens of Q. azurea are
blue-flowered, but both color forms occur growing together. The bulbs
are edible.

LILIACEAE. 99

115. ZIGADENUS.

Glabrous erect perennial herbs from coated bulbs each crowning
a very short rhizome, and with leafy stems; leaves linear; inflo-
rescence a terminal panicle or raceme ; flowers perfect or polyga-
mous, greenish, yellowish or white; perianth-segments lanceolate
or ovate, separate or united below, sometimes adnate to the
lower part of the ovary, each with one or tw T o glands or a spot
just above the narrowed base; stamens free from the perianth-
segments, about equalling them in length; ovary 3-celled; ovules
several or numerous in each cavity.

Petals 8-10 mm. long; gland obcordate. Z. elegans.
Petals 6-8 mm. long; gland obovate.

Inflorescence racemose; petals obtuse. Z. venenosus.

Inflorescence paniculate; petals acute. Z. paniculatus.

Zigadenus elegans Pursh. Stems 15-60 cm. tall; leaves flat, 4-12 mm.
wide, very glaucous; flowers greenish, panicled; perianth segments lanceolate,
short-clawed, 8-10 mm. long, united to the base of the ovary.

In the mountains, rare in our limits. Olympic Mountains, Flett.

Zigadenus venenosus Wats. Death Camas. Stems 30-50 cm. tall, from
ovoid, dark-coated bulbs; leaves several, linear, keeled, 3-5 mm. broad, shorter
than the stems; raceme many-flowered, 5-10 cm. long, much longer in fruit;
flowers yellowish, on pedicels 5-10 mm. long; bracts awl-shaped; perianth-
segments clawed, elliptical, the blade obtuse; nectaries with thick margins.

Common in meadows and in hillsides, Vancouver Island to California.
Bulbs poisonous.

Zigadenus paniculatus Wats. Similar to Z. venenosus but stouter and often
taller; bulb larger, often elongate; leaves 6-15 mm. broad, usually all sheathing;
panicle many-flowered; flowers whitish; perianth segments deltoid-ovate,
acute, abrupcly narrowed to the claw; nectary not definitely margined.

A plant of the sage brush region; rare in our limits. Admiralty Head,
Whidby Island, 0. A. Piper.

116. STENANTHIUM.

Smooth perennial herbs; stem leafy from a bulbous base;
leaves long and grass-like; flowers numerous, small, in a long
terminal panicle; perianth spreading, the segments long, lanceol-
ate and adhering to the base of the ovary; stamens short; seeds
nearly wingless.

Stenanthium occidentale Gray. Bulb oblong-ovoid; stems 15-40 cm.
high ; leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate, shorter than the stem ; flowers greenish
or more commonly purplish-brown, nodding, in a simple or branched raceme;
perianth segments lanceolate, acuminate, recurved at the tip, 12-16 mm. long.

In the mountains, rare.

117. ASPARAGUS.

Perennial herbs or half-shrubs with much branched stems from
thick matted rootstocks; leaves reduced to scales, the upper ones

100 LILIACEAE.

bearing in their axils thread-like branchlets which function as
leaves; flowers small, axillary; perianth-segments separate or
united at the base; stamens 6, on the base of the perianth-seg-
ments; fruit a spherical 1-many-seeded berry.

Asparagus officinalis L. Stem erect, with spreading branches, 1-2 m.
high ; leaves scale-like, bearing in their axils clusters of thread-like green branch-
lets 6-15 mm. long; flowers solitary, drooping, greenish-yellow; perianth cam-
panulate.

Readily escaping from cultivation.

118. TOFIELDIA.

Slender perennials with short creeping rootstocks and simple
stems leafy at the base; perianth more or less spreading, persist-
ent, the segments oblong or obovate, without claws; inner stamens
on the base of the perianth-segments; styles awl-shaped; stigmas
terminal; capsule 3-lobed, with many oblong seeds.

Tofieldia intermedia Rydb. Stems 30-50 cm. tall, viscid-pubescent;
leaves much shorter than the stem, about 5 mm. broad; raceme dense, viscid-
pubescent; perianth 3-5 mm. long; capsules not stalked; seeds tailed at one
end.

Common in bogs, especially in the mountains.

119. CLINTONIA.

Somewhat pubescent herbs, with slender rootstocks and erect
simple scapes; leaves few, broad, petioled, sheathing, basal;
flowers solitary-terminal or umbelled on the erect scapes, bract-
less; perianth-segments distinct, equal or nearly so, erect or
spreading; stamens 6, inserted at the base of the perianth-
segments; ovary 2- or 3-celled; ovules 2 several in each cavity.

Clintonia uniflora (Schult.) Kunth. Rootstock creeping, slender; scapes
slender, pubescent, naked or with one or two small linear bracts, 6-10 cm. tall,
bearing a solitary white flower or rarely two; proper stem short; leaves 2-5,
oblong, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 10-20 cm. long; calyx pubescent on
the outside; filaments attenuate from a thicker base, pubescent below; fruit
globose or pyriform, blue.

Common in subalpine woods.

120. TRILLIUM. WAKE ROBIN.

Glabrous erect unbranched herbs, with short rootstocks;
leaves 3 in a whorl at the summit of the stem just under the
sessile or peduncled, solitary, bractless flower; perianth of two
distinct series of segments, the outer 3 (sepals) green, the inner
3 (petals) white, pink, purple or sometimes greenish; stamens 6,
hypogynous; ovary sessile, 3-6-angled or lobed; ovules several
or numerous in each cavity.

Flower sessile; leaves mottled. T. cMoropetahim.

Flower stalked; leaves not mottled. T. ovatum.

LILIACEAE. 1 01

Trillium chloropetalum (Torr.) Howell. Stems 30-40 cm. high; leaves
ovate, often as broad as long, usually acute, commonly blotched with brownish
spots; flowers sessile; petals oblanceolate, obtuse, white.

Roy, Washington, and southward.

Trillium ovatum Pursh. Stems 15-40 cm. tall, from a stout horizontal
rootstock, 2-5 cm. long; leaves broadly ovate, acuminate or acute, 5-15 cm.
long, nearly sessile; flowers odorous; peduncles erect, 3-6 cm. long; petals
lanceolate, acute, white, in age changing through various shades of pink to
dark red, exceeding the green sepals; anthers yellow.

Very common in moist woods. Various abnormal forms are occasionally
found, such as flowers with the parts in twos or fours, double flowers, etc.

121. SCOLIOPUS.

Very short stemmed glabrous perennials more or less punctate
with purple dots and with short fibrous-rooted rhizomes; leaves
2, thin, oval to lanceolate, sessile, many-nerved; flowers long-
pedicelled in an umbel ; perianth of 6 spreading segments, the outer
lanceolate, several-nerved, the inner narrowly linear, 3-nerved;
stamens 3, at the base of the outer segments; style very short;
stigmas linear; ovary sessile, attenuate upward, 1-celled; ovules
several.

Scoliopus hallii Wats. Stem short, mostly subterranean; leaves broadly
lanceolate, 8-12 cm. long, acute; flowers 1-8, on slender pedicels 5-8 cm. long;
perianth segments narrow, the outer broader and longer than the inner.

Along mountain streams, western Oregon.

122. KRUHSEA.

Perennial herbs with slender creeping rootstocks and leafy
erect simple or branched stems; flowers solitary in the axils on
slender not geniculate pedicels; perianth segments lanceolate,
equal, spreading, all alike; anthers cordate, short-acuminate;
berry globose, red.

Kruhsea streptopoides (Ledeb.) Kearney. Stems 10-60 cm. high, simple
or branched; leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, not ciliate; flowers
brownish, the lanceolate attenuated perianth segments equal, spreading,
about 3 mm. long.

In mountain woods, Alaska to Washington. Chilliwack Valley, Macoun;
Cascade Mountains, 49, Lyall. Reported from Baker Lake, Muenscher.

123. STREPTOPUS.

Herbs with stout or slender rootstocks; leaves thin, sessile or
clasping, alternate, many-nerved; flowers solitary or two to-
gether, axillary, slender-peduncled, greenish or purplish, small,
nodding; peduncles bent or twisted at about the middle; perianth
somewhat campanulate, its segments 6, recurved or spreading,
the outer flat, the inner keeled; stamens 6, hypogynous; ovary
3-celled; ovules numerous, in two rows in each cavity.

Stems branched; leaves glaucous beneath. S. amplcxifoliiix

Stems simple; leaves not glaucous beneath. S.

102 LILIACEAE.

Streptopus amplexifolius (L.) DC. Stems branched, about 1 m. tall,
from horizontal creeping rootstocks, glabrous except at the base; leaves ovate,
acuminate, cordate and clasping at base, 512 cm. long, usually glaucous,
especially beneath; flowers solitary in the upper axils; pedicels bent at the base
and geniculate in the middle, so that the flower is concealed by the leaf;
perianth narrowly campanulate, the segments greenish, lanceolate, acuminate,
strongly curved outward; anthers acuminate; berry oblong-globose, red, about
1 cm. in diameter.

Common along streams and in springy places.

Streptopus curvipes Vail. Stems simple, 10-30 cm. tall, from creeping
rootstocks; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, glabrous or sparsely
pubescent, ciliate; perianth rose-colored, 8 mm. long; fruit globose, at length
red.

In the mountains, common at low elevations.

124. XEROPHYLLUM.

Perennials with a short thick woody rootstock and numerous
radical stiff linear leaves; perianth white, of six separate spread-
ing petal-like segments; stamens 6, at the base of the perianth-
segments; styles distinct, linear, reflexed; ovary sessile, ovate,
3-lobed.

Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Pine Lily or Bear Grass. Basal leaves
very numerous, harsh and stiff, linear, keeled, 5 mm. broad, 60-90 cm. long;
cauline similar but smaller and ciliate at base; stems stout, 1-2 m. tall, stiff
and erect; flowers white; raceme dense, at first pyramidal, then elongating,
-40 cm. long in bloom, longer in fruit; pedicels spreading in flower, erect in
fruit, 2-3 cm. long.

Common in open woods, especially in the mountains, but not known to
occur on Vancouver Island or in western British Columbia. ^ te_-.^ t3l

125. DISPORUM.

More or less pubescent herbs with slender rootstocks; stems
branching, scaly below, leafy above; leaves alternate, somewhat
unsymmetrical, sessile or clasping; flowers terminal, drooping,
whitish or greenish-yellow, solitary or few in simple umbels;
perianth-segments 6, narrow, equal, separate; stamens 6, hy-
pogynous; ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 or sometimes several in each
cavity.

Perianth broad at base. D. smithii.
Perianth narrowed at base.

Fruit ovoid, pubescent; stigma entire. D. oreganum.

Fruit globose, papillose; stigma 3-cleft. D. majus.

Disporum smithii (Hook.) Piper. Stems 30-90 cm. tall; leaves ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, scarcely cordate at base; perianth bell-
shaped, broad at base, the segments erect; style 3-clcft; fruit oblong-ovoid,
glabrous, except the blunt beak.

Along the coast, Nootka Sound, where it was first collected by Menzies,
to northern California.

Disporum oreganum (Wats.) B. & H. Stems 30-80 cm. tall, branched;

LILIACEAE. 103

leaves ovate, long-acuminate, cordate at base; perianth narrow, the segments
spreading; style entire; fruit ovoid, pubescent, orange-red.

Moist banks and rich woods, British Columbia to Idaho and Oregon.

Disporum majus (Hook.) Britt. Stems branched, 30-50 cm. tall, the
branches pubescent; leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, long-acuminate, sessile
and half-clasping, 5-7 cm. long, glabrous; flowers solitary or in pairs, yellowish-
white, on more or less curved pedicels, 5-8 mm. long; perianth campanulate,
the segments narrow, oblong or oblanceolate, 10-12 mm. long; berry pyriform-
globose, 6-8 mm. in diameter, roughened with minute shallow pits.

Silverton, Washington, Mrs. L. A. Bouck. Not elsewhere found west of
the Cascade Mountains, but common in the interior from British Columbia
and Alberta to Arizona.

126. VERATRUM. FALSE HELLEBORE.

Tall perennial herbs, from short thick poisonous rootstocks;
stem pubescent; leaves mostly broad, clasping, strongly veined
and plaited; inflorescence pubescent, of terminal panicles;
flowers greenish or yellowish-white, rather large, polygamous, on
short stout pedicels; perianth-segments 6, glandless or nearly so,
adnate to the base of the ovary; stamens opposite the perianth-
segments and free from them, short, mostly curved; ovary ovoid,
3-celled, the cavities several-ovuled.

Flowers green, in a drooping panicle. V. viride.

Flowers white, in an erect panicle. V. caudatum.

Veratrum viride Ait. Green Hellebore. Stems stout, 100-150 cm. tall;
leaves ovate, or the upper lanceolate, pubescent beneath, 20-30 cm. long;
panicle open, 30-60 cm. long, the lower branches more or less drooping, usually
simple; perianth green, pubescent outside, the segments obovate, obtuse,
about 8 mm. long; principal bracts foliaceous, like the upper leaves.

In subalpine swamps, throughout our limits.

Veratrum caudatum Heller. White Hellebore. In habit like V. viride;
panicle erect, the branches spreading, seldom nodding; principal bracts small,
not foliaceous; perianth segments 15-20 mm. long.

In wet meadows, Montesano, Heller; near Seattle, Piper. Perhaps only
a form of V. californicum Durand.

127. VAGNERA. FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL.

Herbs with slender or short and thick rootstocks; stem simple,
scaly below, leafy above; leaves alternate, short-petioled or
sessile, ovate, lanceolate or oblong; inflorescence a terminal
raceme or panicle; flowers white or greenish, small; perianth of
6 separate spreading equal segments; stamens 6, on the bases of
the perianth-segments; ovary 3-celled, sessile, subglobose; ovules
2 in each cavity.

Flowers small, many in a panicle. V. amplexicaulis .

Flowers larger, few in a simple raceme. V. sessilifolia.

Vagnera amplexicaulis (Nutt.) Greene. Rootstocks stout; stems 50-100
cm. tall, usually puberulent; leaves oblong or ovate, acuminate, puberulent,
6-12 cm. long, sessile, clasping the stem somewhat; panicle pyramidal or

104 IRIDACEAE.

narrow, 3-10 cm. long; pedicels very short; perianth spreading, the segments
oblong, 2 mm. long, as long as the ovary; filaments subulate, longer than the
perianth; style about as long as the ovary.
On rich wooded banks.

Vagnera sessilifolia (Baker) Greene. Rootstocks slender; stems 30-60
cm. tall, smooth; leaves broadly lanceolate, acuminate, flat, sessile, pubescent
beneath, 10-15 cm. long; raceme open, 2-5 cm. long, 5-10-flowered; pedicels
4-12 mm. long; perianth segments spreading, lanceolate, 4 mm. long; stamens
shorter than the styles.

In moist wooded copses.

128. UNIFOLIUM.

Perennial herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves 2 or 3, ovate
to lanceolate, cordate; flowers solitary or fascicled in a simple
raceme; perianth 4-parted; stamens 4; stigma 2-lobed; ovary
2-celled; fruit a 2-celled berry with 2 seeds in each cell.

Unifolium bifolium kamtschaticum (Gmel.) Piper. Basal leaves ovate-
reniform, acute or acuminate, 5-10 cm. broad; cauline leaves usually 2, cordate
to sagittate, 5-10 cm. long; perianth segments 2-3 mm. long, becoming reflexed.

Moist places, very common.

Family 23. IRIDACEAE. IRIS FAMILY.

Perennial herbs; leaves narrow, equitant, 2-ranked; flowers
perfect, regular or irregular, mostly clustered, subtended by
bracts; perianth of 6 segments or 6-lobed, its tube adnate to
the ovary, the segments or lobes in 2 series; stamens 3, inserted
on the perianth opposite its outer series of segments or lobes;
ovary inferior, mostly 3-celled; ovules mostly numerous in each
cell; style 3-cleft, its branches sometimes divided.

Flowers very large; styles petal-like. 129. IRIS, 104.

Flowers moderate in size; styles filiform.

Filaments united to the top; flowers usually blue. 130. SISYRINCHIUM, 105.
Filaments not united to the top; flowers not

blue.
Filaments united only at the base; flowers

reddish-purple. 131. OLSYNIUM, 106.

Filaments united for more than half their

length; flowers yellow. 132. HYDASTYLUS, 106.

129. IRIS.

Herbs with creeping or horizontal, often woody and sometimes
tuber-bearing rootstocks; stems erect; leaves erect or ascending,
equitant; flowers large, regular, terminal, solitary or clustered;
perianth of 6 clawed segments united below into a tube, the three
outer dilated, spreading or reflexed, the three inner narrower,
smaller, usually erect or in some species about as large as the

IRIDACEAE. 105

outer; stamens inserted on the bases of the outer perianth-
segments; ovary 3-celled; divisions of the style petal-like,
arching over the stamens, bearing the stigmas immediately under
their mostly 2-lobed tips; style-base adnate to the perianth-tube.

Bracts largely scarious; rootstock stout. I. missouriensis.
Bracts green, not scarious, rootstocks slender.

Flower solitary, purple; capsule oblong. /. tenax.

Flowers usually 2, whitish; capsule globose. /. tennis.

Iris missouriensis Nutt. Rootstocks stout, short, branched; stems 20-50
cm. tall, naked or with one or two leaves; leaves pale or glaucous, usually
shorter than the stem, 5-8 mm. wide; flowers violet-blue, rarely white, 2-4
in each umbel; bracts scarious, 26 cm. long, acute; sepals narrowly clawed,
5-6 cm. long, the honey guides yellowish; petals erect, shorter; capsule oblong-
obovoid, somewhat 3-angled; seeds brown.

Whidby Island, Gardner; not otherwise known in our limits; common in
the interior.

Iris tenax Dougl. Leaves numerous, 30-50 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, acumi-
nate; stems shorter than the leaves, each bearing a solitary flower; sepals ob-
long, 5 cm. long, purple; petals spatulate, nearly as long.

Prairies from Chehalis County, Washington, southward.

Iris tenuis Wats. Stems 20-25 cm. high, bearing several short leaves,
usually 2-flowered; leaves 8-10 mm. broad, about equalling the stems; flowers
white marked with yellow and purple; petals emarginate.

Cascade Mountains of northern Oregon along the Clackamas River.

130. SISYRINCHIUM. BLUE-EYED GRASS.

Perennial tufted slender herbs, with short rootstocks; stems
simple or branched, 2-edged or 2-winged; leaves linear, grass-
like; flowers rather small, mostly blue, terminal, umbellate, with
a pair of erect green bracts; perianth-tube short or none, the 6
spreading segments oblong or obovate, equal; filaments united
to the top; ovary 3-celled, each cavity several-ovuled ; style-
branches filiform, undivided, alternate with the anthers.

Stem usually 2-branched. S. birameum.

Stem always simple.

Perianth segments 20 mm. long; outer bract 5-7 cm. long. S. macounii.
Perianth segments 12-15 mm. long; outer bract 2-5 cm.

long.

Leaves 1-3.5 mm. broad, firm; stems 1-3 mm. wide. 5. idahoense.
Leaves 0.5-1.5 mm. broad, soft; stems 1-1.5 mm. wide. 5. segetum.

Sisyrinchium birameum Piper. Loosely tufted, 40-50 cm. high, drying
blackish; leaves firm, erect, about half as high as the stem; bracts purplish,
subequal, shorter than the pedicels; flowers 2-5 on slender pedicels; perianth
dark blue with a yellow eye; capsule globose.

Vancouver, Washington, Piper.

Sisyrinchium macounii Bicknell. Pale green or glaucescent; stems tufted,
simple, 30-50 cm. high; leaves 20-30 cm. long, 1.5-3 mm. wide, very acute,
smooth on the margins; spathes green or purple-margined, the outer 4-7 cm.
long, the inner 2-3 cm. long; flowers 2-4, slender- pedicclled, purple with a
yellow eye; perianth segments aristulate, 2 cm. long.

Comox and other places on Vancouver Island, Macoim.

106 IRIDACEAE.

Sisyrinchium idahoense Bicknell. Stems tufted, 20-45 cm. tall, com-
pressed and winged, the edges serrulate; leaves shorter than the stems, linear,
acute, 1-3.5 mm. wide, all radical, or occasionally one on the stem; bracts long
and narrow; flowers 3-6, pedicelled, dark blue, with a small yellow center;
perianth-segments 12-18 mm. long, mucronate.

Wet meadows, Vancouver Island to Oregon and Idaho/

Sisyrinchium segetum Bicknell. Tufted, rather pale; stems slender,
10-20 cm. high, exceeding the leaves, these about 2 mm. wide; bracts purple,
subequal, thin in texture; flowers violet-blue, on slender pedicels; capsule
oblong.

In meadows, Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascade Mountains.

131. OLSYNIUM.

Very similar to Sisyrinchium but the filaments united only at
the base and the flowers never blue.

Olsynium grandiflorum (Dougl.) Raf. Stems mostly solitary, 15-30 cm.
tall, compressed; roots fascicled, stout; leaf-blades 5-10 cm. long, erect, shorter
than the sheaths; flowers 1-4, the pedicels shorter than the largest bract;
perianth segments reddish-purple, broadly lanceolate, acuminate, 15-18 mm.
long; filaments broad at the base, shorter than the 3-cleft style.

Victoria, British Columbia, Macoun; Whidby Island, Gardner. Rare
west of the Cascade Mountains, but common in the interior.

132. HYDASTYLUS.

Annual or perennial herbs resembling Sisyrinchium; root-
stocks poorly developed ; leaves narrowly linear, the bases more
or less membranously expanded; flowers on a scape, enclosed by
a spathe of 2 bracts which enclose membranous scales; perianth
yellow, the segments narrow, obtuse or acute; filaments free for
at least half their length; anthers linear, versatile; styles slender,
divergent; capsule oblong to globose, 3-celled, many or few-
seeded; seeds rounded.

Pedicels 15-20 mm. long; leaves 1-3 mm. broad. H. borealis.

Pedicels 10-15 mm. long; leaves 2-5 mm. broad. H. brachypus.

Hydastylus borealis Bicknell. Stems 6-30 cm. high, exceeding the leaves;
leaves 1-3 mm. wide; flowers on erect pedicels 15-22 mm. long; perianth
segments 8-10 mm. long.

Along the seacoast.

Hydastylus brachypus Bicknell. Like H. borealis but with broader leaves
and shorter pedicels.

In seashore meadows. Probably not distinct from H. borealis.

Family 24. ORCHIDACEAE. ORCHID FAMILY.
Perennial herbs, mostly with corms, bulbs or tubers; leaves en-
tire, sheathing, sometimes reduced to scales; flowers perfect,
irregular, bracted, solitary, spiked or racemed; perianth superior,
of 6 segments, the three outer (sepals') alike or nearly so; two of

ORCHIDACEAE.

107

the inner ones (petals) lateral, alike; the other one (lip} dissimilar,
often markedly so, usually larger, often spurred, really anterior,
sometimes inferior by the twisting of the ovary or pedicel ; stamens
variously united with the style into an unsymmetrical column;
anther one sometimes two; pollen more or less coherent into
masses (pollinia) ; ovary inferior, usually long and twisted, 3-
angled, 1-celled; ovules numerous, on three parietal placentae;
seeds numerous; endosperm none.

Perfect anthers 2; lip large, sac-like.
Perfect anther 1.

Plant saprophytic, without green herbage.
Flowers spurred, reddish or yellowish.
Flowers spurless, white.
Plants with ordinary green herbage.

Flower and leaf solitary; plant bulbous.
Flowers several many in racemes.
Leaves only two.
Leaves more than two.

Flowers each with a distinct spur.
Leaves several, cauline, gradu-
ally reduced upwards.
Leaves two, basal; cauline re-
duced to bracts.
Lateral sepals adnate to the

base of the lip.
Lateral sepals free.
Flowers spurless, the lip at most

saccate.

Lip with 2 callosities at base;
flowers spirally arranged in a
dense spike.

Lip without basal callosities.
Leaves white-reticulated.
Leaves green.

133. CYPRIPEDIUM, 107.

134.
135.

136.
137.

CORALLORHIZA, 108.
CEPHALANTHERA, 108.

CYTHEREA, 108.
OPHRYS, 109.

138. LIMNORCHIS, 109.

139. PIPERIA, 110.

140. LYSIAS, 111.

141. IBIDIUM, 111.

142. PERAMIUM, 111.

143. EPIPACTIS, 112.

133. CYPRIPEDIUM. LADY'S SLIPPER.

Glandular-pubescent herbs with leafy stems or scapes and
tufted roots of thick fibres; leaves large, broad, many-nerved;
flowers solitary or several, drooping, large, showy; sepals spread-
ing, separate or two of them united under the lip; lip a large
inflated sac; column bearing a sessile or stalked anther on each
side and a dilated petal-like sterile stamen above, covering the
summit of the style; pollinia granular; stigma terminal, broad,
obscurely 3-lobed.

Cypripedium montanum Dougl. Whole plant glandular-pubescent; stems
30-50 cm. tall, erect; leaves 4-6, oval, acuminate, 6-12 cm. long; flowers 1-3,
pedicelled; sepals brown, usually dark, narrowly lanceolate, 5-6 cm. long;
upper petals like the sepals, but narrower and longer, wavy-twisted; lip white,

108 ORCHIDACEAE.

veined with purple, oblong, 30-50 mm. long; sterile anther somewhat tri-
angular, yellow with purple spots, about 1 cm. long.

In moist open woods, rare in our limits. Victoria, Vancouver Island,
Fletcher; Seattle, Piper.

134. CORALLORHIZA. CORAL ROOT.

Scapose herbs, saprophytes or root-parasites with large masses
of coral-like branching roots; leaves all reduced to sheathing
scales; flowers in terminal racemes; sepals nearly equal, the
lateral ones united at the base with the foot of the column,
forming a short spur or protuberance, usually adnate to the sum-
mit of the ovary; third sepal free; petals about as long as the
sepals, 1-3-nerved; lip 3-ridged; column nearly free, slightly
incurved, somewhat 2-winged; anther terminal; pollinia 4, in two
pairs, oblique, free, soft-waxy.

Spur none; petals and sepals purple, veiny. C. striata.
Spur prominent; petals and sepals 3-nerved.

Spur wholly attached to the ovary. C. maculata.

Spur free for its apical half. C. mertensiana.

Corallorhiza striata Lindl. Whole plant reddish-purple, 15-40 cm. high,
the spike 15-25-flowered; sepals and petals each with 3 conspicuous nerves;
lip entire, somewhat fleshy, ovate, narrowed below, concave and bearing 2
short prominent ridges near the base.

In dry woods.

Corallorhiza maculata Raf. (C. multiflora occidentalis Lindl.) Whole
plant reddish or sometimes yellowish, 20-30 cm. high; raceme 10-30-flowerecl;
sepals and petals 6-8 mm. long; lip broad and 3-lobed at base, spotted with
crimson spots; spur wholly adnate to the ovary.

In deep woods not rare, especially at low altitudes in the mountains.

Corallorhiza mertensiana Bong. Scape 20-40 cm. high; raceme many-
flowered; sepals and petals 6-8 mm. long, dark-red; lip oblong, narrowed at
base, entire; spur half-free from the ovary.

In mountain woods, common.

135. CEPHALANTHERA.

Leafy plants with creeping rootstocks, saprophytic with leaves
reduced to scarious bracts (in ours) ; flowers erect, white, in a
terminal -raceme, very similar to Epipactis but with a longer and
more slender column; stigma beakless; anther short-stalked,
nearly or quite above the level of the stigma.

Cephalanthera austinae (Gray) Heller; Whole plant waxy white, 30-50
cm. high, slender, erect; bracts linear-lanceolate, the lower with dilated sheaths;
flowers 3-20, nearly sessile; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, subequal;
lip short, saccate at base.

In deep woods, especially in the mountains. Very rare.

136. CYTHEREA.

Herbs with solid bulbs and coral-like roots; leaf at the base of
the stem solitary, petioled; scape low, 1 -flowered, sheathed by

ORCHIDACEAE. 109

two or three loose scales; flower large, terminal, showy, bracted;
sepals and petals similar, nearly equal; lip large, saccate or
swollen, 2-lobed below; column dilated, petal-like, bearing the
lid-like anther just below the summit; pollinia 2, waxy, each
2-parted.

Cytherea bulbosa (L.) House. Calypso. Stems 10-15 cm. tall, enwrapped
toward the blade with 3-4 scarious sheaths, the uppermost prolonged into a
narrow bract; leaf solitary, radical, ovate, acute, 3-5 cm. long, on a petiole
about as long; sepals and petals ascending, lanceolate, purple, about 2 cm.
long; lip about as long, purple-lined, sac-like, two-lobed at the apex, with a
patch of yellowish hairs within; the apex of the slipper prolonged into two
tooth-like projections; column half as long as the petals.

In mossy woods, not rare.

137. OPHRYS.

Small herbs, with fibrous or sometimes rather fleshy roots;
leaves two, opposite, green, near the middle of the stem; flowers
in terminal racemes, spurless; sepals and petals nearly alike,
spreading or reflexed, free; anther without a lid, erect, jointed to
the column; pollinia 2, powdery.

Leaves cordate; lip narrow, not dilated at tip. O. cordata.
Leaves not cordate; lip dilated at tip.

Lip sessile, not ciliate; ovary glabrous. 0. caurina.

Lip clawed, ciliate; ovary glandular. O. convallarioides.

Ophrys cordata (L.) R. Br. Stems slender, 10-20 cm. high; leaves ovate,
cordate, mucronate; flowers very small, greenish or brownish; lip narrowly
oblong, cleft to the middle, 4-5 mm. long.

Common in mossy woods.

Ophrys caurina (Piper) Rydb. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. high, glabrous
below the leaves; the inflorescence glandular-puberulent; leaves sessile, ovate,
obtuse or acutish, glabrous, 3-5 cm. long; flowers small, the slender pedicels
longer than the bract or the ovary; sepals and petals lanceolate, spreading;
lip 4 mm. long, cuneate, obovate, with a slender tooth on each side near the
base; capsule ovoid, 5-6 mm. long.

In mossy woods, especially in the mountains.

Ophrys convallarioides (Sw.) W. F. Wight. Similar to 0. caurina but
not so tall; leaves broad, oval or ovate, obtuse; inflorescence glandular;
flowers larger, the pedicels scarcely longer than the bracts or the ovary; lip
large, 9 mm. long, cuneate, retuse, with a short triangular tooth on each side
near the base.

In moist woods.

138. LIMNORCHIS.

Leafy plants with thick fleshy roots or elongated conic un-
divided tubers, and small greenish or whitish flowers in a long
spike; sepals and petals free and spreading, several-nerved; lip
entire; beak of the stigma without appendages; anther-cells
nearly parallel, wholly adnate; gland naked; pollinia granular
with caudicula at the base.

110 ORCHIDACEAE.

Flowers green or sometimes purple-tinged; spur clavate
much shorter than the lanceolate lip; spike long and
dense. L. stricta.

Flowers white.

Spur clavate, usually shorter than the lip. L. dilatata.

Spur not clavate, longer than the lip.

Spike moderately dense; spur acutish. L. leucostachys.

Spike very dense; spur obtuse. L. leucostachys robusta.

Limnorchis stricta (Lindl.) Rydb. Stems stout, leafy, 50-100 cm. tall;
leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 10-15 cm. long, gradually diminishing upward
into the bracts; spike slender, 20-30 cm. long, loose, the lower flowers remote;
bracts narrowly lanceolate, exceeding the lower flowers, equalling the upper
ones; sepals 3-nerved; lip linear, thick, as long as the spur, which is inflated and
very obtuse at the tip.

In swamps, common.

Limnorchis dilatata (Pursh) Rydb. Stems slender, 20-40 cm. high; leaves
linear-lanceolate, 8-20 cm. long; flowers white; lip broadly dilated at base,
about as long as the blunt spur.

In wet alpine meadows, rare in our limits.

Limnorchis leucostachys (Lindl.) Rydb. Stem strictly erect, 30-90 cm.
high, from a fusiform tuber; leaves lanceolate, acute, the upper ones smaller;
spike 6-30 cm. long, usually rather dense; bracts acuminate, equalling or
exceeding the ovary; sepals 5-6 mm. long, the upper one broader; lip lanceolate,
6-7 mm. long; spur 10-12 mm. long, slender, acute.

In marshes, common.

Limnorchis leucostachys robusta Rydb. Spike dense; spur obtuse.
More common than the species and in similar places.

139. PIPERIA.

Much like Limnorchis in the form of the flowers but the true
leaves basal or nearly so, the cauline usually small or bract-like;
flowers small, white or greenish; sepals ovate, 1-nerved, sub-
equal; petals and lip of very much the same shape and slightly
smaller and darker than the sepals; column very short; anther
very large; cells parallel, the gland very small.

Spur short, slightly exceeding the lip. P. unalaschensis.

Spur slender, 2-3 times as long as the lip.
Lip ovate to ovate-lanceolate.

Spike very dense; stems stout, 20-30 cm. high. P. michaeli.

Spike usually loose; stems 40-70 cm. high. P. elegans.

Lip linear to lanceolate.

Spike dense; lip 6 mm. long; spur 15-18 mm. long. P. multiflora.
Spike loose; lip 4-5 mm. long; spur 8-10 mm. long. P. leptopetala.

Piperia unalaschensis (Spreng.) Rydb. Stems stout, 20-40 cm. tall,
leafy at base, bractsate above; leaves 2-3, oblanceolate, obtuse, about 15cm.
long, usually withering before the flowers bloom; spike narrow, rather dense,
8-15 cm. long; bracts triangular, acute or acuminate, shorter than the ovary,
a few along the stem below the spike; flowers small, greenish; sepals and petals
lanceolate, 1-nerved, 1.5-2 mm. long; lip scarcely exceeding the petals; spur
curved, about 3 mm. long; capsule oblong, sessile.

Common in open woods.

ORCHIDACEAE. Ill

Piperia michaeli (Greene) Rydb. Stem stout, 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves
elliptic to oblanceolate; stem leaves numerous, much reduced; spike thick
and very dense; flowers greenish.

Along the sea coast, rare.

Piperia elegans (Lindl.) Rydb. Stouter than P. unalaschensis, somewhat
taller; basal leaves 2-4, oblong or lanceolate, 10-15 cm. long, 3-5 cm. wide,
obtuse or acute; cauline bracts oblong, acuminate, 1-3 cm. long; spikes usually
dense, 8-20 cm. long; bracts ovate, acuminate, about equalling the white
flowers or the mature ovary; sepals and petals similar, 4 mm. long, obscurely
3-nerved; lip like the petals, the spur slender, 7-10 mm. long; capsule oblong
nearly sessile.

In open woods, very common.

Piperia multiflora Rydb. Much like P. elegans but stouter; spike dense;
flowers usually white.

In open woods. Perhaps only a form of P. elegans.

Piperia leptopetala Rydb. Slender, 30-50 cm. high; basal leaves oblong-
lanceolate; spike long and loose; flowers greenish.

Growing with P. elegans, of which it may be only a form.

140. LYSIAS.

Leaves two, large, basal; sepals large and spreading; petals
small and narrow; lip linear, entire; spur long; beak of stigma
without appendages; anther-cells widely diverging and with small
beak-like processes at the base.

Lysias orbiculata (Pursh) Rydb. Leaves elliptic to orbicular, prostrate
on the ground, bright green and shining above, paler beneath, thick, usually
10-15 cm. long; scape 6-30 cm. high, bearing 1-3 lanceolate bracts; spike
loose, 10-20-flowered; flowers white; lateral sepals ovate, the upper orbicular;
lip linear-oblong, 15-20 mm. long; spur slender, 15-25 mm. long.

Rare in deep mountain woods.

141. IBIDIUM.

Roots clustered; stem bracted above, leaf-bearing below or at
the base; flowers small, white, yellowish or greenish-white in a
more or less spirally-twisted raceme; lateral sepals lanceolate,
the upper united with the oblong petals; lip short-stalked with
a callus on each side of the base, the summit somewhat dilated;
column short, bearing the ovate stigma on the front and the
2-celled erect anther sessile or nearly so on the back.

Ibidium romanzoffianum (Cham.) House. Plants 8-40 cm. tall, from roots
5-8 mm. thick, leafy below and leafy-bracted above; leaves oblong-lanceolate
to linear; scape glandular-pubescent above; cauline bracts 2-3; raceme dense,
cylindrical; perianth yellowish or whitish, 6-12 mm. long; bracts of the raceme
often much longer than the flowers; sepals and petals united.

In dry woods, common.

142. PERAMIUM.

Herbs with bracted erect scapes and thick fleshy-fibrous roots;
leaves basal, tufted, often blotched with white; flowers in bracted

112 ORCHIDACEAE.

spikes; lateral sepals free, the upper ones united with the petals
into a hood-like structure (galea)-, lip sessile, entire, roundish,
ovate, concave or saccate, without protuberances, its apex re-
flexed; anther without a lid, erect or incumbent, attached to
the column by a short stalk; pollinia composed of angular grains,
one in each sac, attached to a small disk which coheres with
the top of the stigma.

Peramium decipiens (Hook.) Piper. Rattlesnake Plantain. Scape 15-30
cm. tall, erect, glandular-puberulent, bearing several short bracts; leaves ovate,
acute, with a broken white stripe down the midvein, 3-5 cm. long, short-
petioled; spike bracteate, densely many-flowered, 610 cm. long, one-sided;
perianth glandular-hairy, white, the sepals and petals 6-8 mm. long, about
as long as the glandular ovary; lip concave, erect, the tip recurved, obtuse;
column short, straight.

Common in mossy woods.

143. EPIPACTIS.

Tall stout leafy herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves green,
clasping the stem; flowers in terminal leafy-bracted racemes;
sepals and petals separate; spur none; lip free, sessile, broad,
concave below, the upper portion dilated and petal-like; column
erect, short; anther 1, erect; capsule oblong, beakless.

Epipactis gigantea Dougl. Stout and leafy, 30-100 cm. high, nearly
smooth; leaves ovate below, reduced to narrowly lanceolate upwards, 8-20
cm. long, acute or acuminate, somewhat scabrous on the veins beneath;
raceme pubescent; flowers 310, greenish, strongly veined with purple, with
large foliaceous bracts on slender pedicels, 46 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceo-
late, 12-16 mm. long, the upper concave; petals a little smaller, shorter;
anther 4 mm. long.

In moist places, rare.

Sub-class II. DICOTYLEDONES.

Embryo with two cotyledons; stem usually differentiated
into bark, wood and pith; wood cells forming annual rings;
leaves mostly net-veined; parts of flowers in fours or
fives, rarely in twos or sixes.

Family 25. SALICACEAE. WILLOW FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs with light wood, bitter bark and brittle twigs;
leaves alternate; stipules often minute; flowers solitary in the
axil of each bract, dioecious, both staminate and pistillate in
aments which expand wither before the leaves; staminate amen ts
often pendulous; pistillate pendulous, erect or spreading; stami-
nate flowers of 1-many hypogynous stamens, subtended by a
gland-like or cup-shaped disk; pistillate flower consisting of a sessile

SALICACEAE. 113

orshort-stipitate 1 -celled ovary subtended by a minute disk; ovules
usually numerous; fruit an ovoid or oblong or conic 2-4-valved
capsule; seeds minute; endosperm none.

Ament bracts entire; stamens 1-10; stigmas short. 144. SALIX, 113.

Ament bracts fimbriate or incised; stamens numerous;

stigmas elongated, 145. POPULUS, 118.

144. SALIX.* WILLOW.

Trees or shrubs with .single-scaled buds, the scales with an
adherent membrane within; leaves short-petioled, mostly narrow,
with broad or minute stipules; aments appearing before, with
or after the leaves, erect or spreading; bracts of the aments mostly
entire, small or minute; flowers each with one or two small glands
at its base; stamens 1-10, mostly 2 or 5; ovary sessile or short-
stipitate, glabrous or pubescent.

Trees with longitudinally furrowed bark; petioles glandu-
lar; aments on leafy peduncles; stamens 5 or more. 5. lasiandra lyallii.
Shrubs or small trees; bark not furrowed; stamens 2 or 1.
Scales yellow, deciduous; aments appearing long after

the leaves, on long leafy peduncles.
Capsule 4 mm. long, obtuse, glabrous; stigmas

sessile, short; leaves glabrate. S. melanopsis.

Capsule 5-7 mm. long, acute, pubescent (becoming
glabrate); styles 0.5 and stigmas 1 mm. long.
Branchlets, leaves and capsules thinly villous;

leaves acute to acuminate at both ends. S. fluviatilis (?).

Branchlets, leaves and capsules densely villous;

leaves sessile, rounded to acute at base. S. sessilifolia.

Scales light brown to black, persistent; aments appear-
ing before or with the leaves.
Capsule glabrous.

Low shrubs; scales very small, light brown.
Pedicels 3-5 mm. long; leaves thin, coarsely

reticulate with slender veins. 5". prolixa.

Pedicels 2-3.5 mm. long; leaves thick, finely

reticulate with coarse veins. 6 1 . pedi cellar is.

Tall shrubs or small trees; scales mostly black.

Pedicels 2-4 mm. long; styles 0.5 mm. long. 5. mackenziana.
Pedicels 1-2 mm. long; styles 1-1.5 mm.

long.
Aments on leafy peduncles; low alpine

shrubs.
Leaves glabrate above, glabrous and

glaucous beneath. S. barclayi.

Leaves tomentose and green on both

sides, becoming glabrate. S. commutata.

Aments sessile or subsessile, elongated;

tall coastal shrubs.
Branchlets and leaves glabrous

* The treatment of .the genus Salix has been revised and amplified with
the assistance of Mr. C. R. Ball.

SALICACEAE.

throughout; blades broadly oblan-
ceolate. S. piperi.

Branchlets tomentose; leaves ellip-
tic-ovate, tomentose beneath. 5. hookeriana.
Capsule pubescent.

Tall shrubs or small trees.

Styles 1-1.5 mm. long; scales obovate, black,

long-pilose.

Capsules 3-4 mm. long; stamen 1; leaves
spatulate-oblanceolate, silvery-silky
beneath. S. sitchensis.

Capsules 6-8 mm. long; stamens 2.

Leaves elliptic-ovate, gray tomentose

beneath. S. hookeriana.

Leaves obovate, glabrous and glau-
cous beneath. 5. pennata.
Styles 0.2-0.4 mm. long.

Leaves large, broadly obovate to ellip-
tical; scales obovate, black; stigmas
long. 5. scouleriana.

Leaves small, narrowly oblanceolate;
scales narrow, yellowish to brown;
stigmas short. S. geyeriatla.

Prostrate alpine shrubs; a few inches high.
Leaves lanceolate, acute at each end, green

both sides; styles 2 mm. long. S. cascadensis.

Leaves oval, obtuse at apex, reticulate,

glaucous beneath; styles very short.
Leaves 13 cm. long; aments many-
flowered. S. saximontana.
Leaves 5-10 mm. long; aments 3-6-

flowered. 5. nivalis.

Salix lasiandra lyallii Sarg. Tree 10-20 m. tall, with rough longitudinally
fissured bark; leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, c.renate-serrulate, glaucous
beneath, 8-16 cm. or more long, the short petioles and the very base of the
leaf glandular; stipules ear-shaped, sometimes large; aments on leafy branch-
lets; staminate dense, 3-5 cm. long; scales pale, lanceolate, more or less dentate;
stamens 5 or more, the filaments hairy at the base; pistillate aments 310 cm.
long and rather loose, the pale lance-ovate scales hairy at the base, deciduous;
capsule glabrous, 6-7 mm. long; pedicel about 2 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm.
long.

Common along lake and river banks and in swamps.

Salix melanopsis Nutt. Shrub, 3-5 m. high; twigs dark, glabrous; leaves
oblanceolate to elliptical, 5-10 cm. long, 6-15 cm. wide, glabrous or thinly
pubescent, paler or sub-glaucous beneath, remotely denticulate or subentire;
stipules triangular-ovate, acute, few-toothed; aments slender, 3-4 cm. long,
on elongated leafy branches; scales obtuse, tawny; capsules subsessile, ovoid-
conic, obtuse, 4 mm. long, glabrous; stigmas sessile, short, divided.

Usually on gravelly banks of streams; rare in our limits.

Salix fluviatilis Nutt. (?) Shrub 2-6 or 8 (?) m. high; branchlets pubescent
to glabrous; stipules ovate-lanceolate, 2-6 mm. long; leaves subsessile, narrowly
lanceolate or elliptical (on fruiting branches often oblanceolate), acute or
short acuminate at both ends, subaristatc at the apex, 5-7 cm. long, 8-14 mm.
wide (leaves subtending the branchlets much larger), remotely spinulose-
denticulate, thinly pubescent, becoming glabrate (the young often silvery

SALICACEAE. 115

villous), green above, paler to glaucescent beneath; aments clustered, terminal
on leafy branchlets; pistillate 3-7 cm. long; ovary villous; capsule subsessile,
lanceolate, 5-7 mm. long, thinly villous to glabrous; style about 0.5 mm. long,
divided; stigmas 1 mm. long, divided, linear; staminate ament shorter; stamens
2; filaments pubescent; anthers 1 mm. long; scales in both sexes 2.5 -3.5 mm.
long, glabrous.

S. sessilifolia of authors, not of Nuttall. A distinct species probably but
not certainly S. fluviatilis Nutt. On the Columbia River at and near the
mouth of the Willamette and southward in Multnomah County, Oregon.
Nuttall collected his original specimens on " the border of the Oregon, a little
below its confluence with the Wahlamet."

Salix sessilifolia Nutt. Shrub 2-3 m. high; branchlets villous-tomentose
with spreading hairs, those of the season densely so; stipules ovate-lanceolate,
1-4 mm. long; leaves narrowly to broadly lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
2.5-5 cm. long, 8-15 mm. wide, the sprout leaves larger, acute to rounded at
the base, acute or short-acuminate and subaristate at the apex, spinulose-
denticulate, especially on the outer half, green and densely to thinly lanate-
tomentose with spreading hairs on both sides; aments appearing after the
leaves, solitary (?), terminal or falsely lateral, on short leafy peduncles 1-5
cm. long; pistillate aments 4-6 cm. long, the deciduous yellow_scales broadly
elliptic-lanceolate, densely villous; pedicel 0.5 mm. long, villous; capsule
lanceolate, 5-6.5 mm. long, villous; style about 0.5 mm. long, divided; stigmas
nearly 1 mm. long, divided; staminate aments not seen on typical material
(on approximately typical specimens 3-4 cm. long; scales elliptical, pilose-
pubescent; stamens 2; filaments pubescent, free; anthers about 1 mm. long).

Common in the upper Willamette Valley and on the Umpqua at Roseburg.
Nuttall's type in the British Museum is matched by Hall, no. 474, Western
Oregon, and Cusick, no. 1514?, Linn County, Oregon. Henderson, April 25,
1885, Oregon City, Oregon, and Ball, no. 1978, Corvallis, Oregon. Nuttall's
original specimens were collected on the "rocky borders of the Oregon at
the confluence of the Wahlamet.''

Salix prolixa Anderss. Low shrub; branchlets slender, dark, glabrous;
stipules minute or wanting; leaves oblanceolate or lanceolate to broadly
lanceolate, acute, 3-6 cm. long, entire or very shallowly serrulate, green above,
paler to glaucous beneath, glabrous, loosely reticulate on both surfaces with
slender raised veins; aments on short leafy peduncles, appearing with the
leaves; pistillate 3-5 cm. long, very lax; scales tawny, oblanceolate, acute,
very small, thinly tomentose; capsule 3-4 mm. long, glabrous; pedicel slender,
3-5 mm. long; style about 0.3 mm. long; stigmas short; staminate aments
2-3 mm. long; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free; anthers round, dark.

Rare in our limits; "not uncommon around Victoria, Vancouver Island,"
Macoun.

Salix pedicellaris hypoglauca Fernald. Shrub, 1-2 m. high, glabrous
throughout; leaves elliptic to obovate, 2-4 cm. long, entire, mostly obtuse,
narrowed at the base, short-petioled, firm in texture, green above and glaucous
beneath, finely reticulate on both sides; aments 1-2 cm. long, appearing with
the leaves and borne on leafy-bracted peduncles; stamens 2; capsules narrowly
conic, 5-7 mm. long, glabrous; pedicels slender, 2-3 cm. long, longer than the
persistent acutish thinly villous scale; style very short.

In sphagnum bogs.

Salix mackenziana (Hook.) Barr. A shrub or small trees, 2-6 m. tall,
with elongated dark sometimes tomentose branchlets; leaves lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, to conic-lanceolate (often obovate while expanding), short-
acuminate, rounded to cordate at the base, glandular-serrulate, 6-10 cm. long,
glabrous, glaucous beneath; petioles stoutish; stipules reniform to sublimate;

Il6 SALICACEAE.

aments appearing with the leaves, on short (4-8 mm.) peduncles bearing 2-3
small leaves; pistillate rather lax, 2.5-6 cm. long; scales oblanceolate, obtusish,
drying brown, thinly tomentose on the outside, densely so within; capsule
4.5-5.5 mm. long, glabrous; pedicel 2.5-4 mm. long; style about 0.5 mm. long;
staminate aments shorter and more dense; stamens 2; filaments 2, glabrous.
In moist ground, not common in our limits. This species and its subspecies
S. mackenziana macrogemma Ball have been confused with the eastern 5.
cor data Muhl.

Salix mackenziana macrogemma Ball, n. var. Branchlets densely pubes-
cent-tomentose with gray hairs; buds elongated, 10-16 mm. long, lanceolate,
acuminate, densely pilose-tomentose with long gray hairs; petioles and basal
portion of midrib on upper surface pubescent, otherwise as in the species.

Seattle, Piper & Smith; Portland, Henderson; Corvallis, Ball.

Salix barclayi Anderss. Shrub 1-4 m. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate to
elliptic, broadly oblanceolate or obovate, acute to abruptly-acuminate or
cuspidate, mostly rounded at base, 5-10 cm. long, crenate-serrate to subentire,
thinly tomentose but becoming glabrate above, paler to glaucous and glabrous
beneath; aments borne on leafy peduncles, 2-4 cm. long; the staminate 1-3 cm.
and the pistillate 2-6 cm. long; scales linear-lanceolate, acute, fuscous, villous-
tomentose; capsules 6-8 mm. long, glabrous to pubescent; style 1-1.5 mm.
long; stigmas short; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free.

In the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude, usually forming thickets.

Salix commutata Bebb. Shrub 1-3 m. high; leaves oblong to broadly
oblanceolate or obovate, 6-10 cm. long, entire to minutely glandular-serrulate,
cuspidate, densely tomentose on both sides when young, becoming glabrate
in age, not paler beneath; aments appearing with the leaves, stout, 2-3 or 4 cm.
long, on leafy peduncles, as in S. barclayi; scales brownish, oblanceolate,
obtuse, woolly; capsule 5-7 mm. long, glabrous; pedicels 1 mm. long; style
1-1.5 mm. long; stigmas short; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free.

Higher altitudes in the mountains, often growing with ,5. barclayi.

Salix piperi Bebb. Large shrub, 5-6 m. tall; branchlets stout, glabrous,
shining; leaves broadly elliptical or oblanceolate, obliquely acute or acumi-
nate, serrulate, glabrous, shining green above, densely glaucous beneath;
stipules rare, if present, semicordate or reniform; aments precocious or appear-
ing with the leaves; staminate cylindrical, 3-5 cm. long, short-peduncled;
scales black, hairy; stamens 2, the glabrous filaments united at the base for
half their length; pistillate aments 4-10 cm. long, dense, on short leafy ped-
uncles; capsules 67 mm. long, glabrous; pedicel and style 1 mm. long.

Along streams and in swamps. Described from Seattle, at or near its
northern li soumit; rangingthward through the Willamette Valley to Curry
County, Oregon.

Salix hookeriana Barratt. Shrub or tree, 4-10 m. high, with rough dark-
gray bark; twigs densely pubescent and very brittle; leaves broadly lanceolate
to elliptic-oval, acute, crenate-serrate to subentire, dark green and glabrous
above, densely white- (becoming rusty-) tomentose beneath, 3-12 cm. long;
aments appearing before the leaves; staminate aments stout, short-cylindric,
densely flowered, 2-5 cm. long, the obovate scales black, densely covered
with long white hairs; pistillate aments 4-7 cm. long, stout; capsules usually
tomentose, sometimes glabrate; style 1 mm. long; stigmas short.

A species occurring mainly near the ocean beach and rare along the shores
of Puget Sound.

Salix sitchensis Sanson. Shrub with smooth gray bark, 2-7 m. high;
branchlets slender, at first downy; leaves oblong, spatulate or somewhat obo-
vate, mostly acute, dark green above, the veins conspicuous, covered beneath

SALICACEAE. 1 17

with an appressed satiny white pubescence, entire or obscurely crenate, 5-10
cm. long; petioles short; aments long, slender, ascending, densely flowered,
2-8 cm. long; scales dark, villous; capsules ovate-conical, acute, silky-pubes-
cent, subsessile; style elongate, 1-1.5 mm. long; stigmas thick, erect.

Common along rivers and lake shores. Abundant along mountain streams.

Salix pennata Ball. Low shrub with dark, divaricate, stoutish, glabrous
branchlets and large chestnut-colored buds; leaves obovate or elliptic-obovate,
3-6 cm. long, acute, narrowed at base, entire, very dark green above, glaucous
beneath, the raised midrib and parallel primary veins conspicuous beneath, gla-
brous; aments sessile, stout; pistillate 2.5-7 cm. long; capsules subsessile, 6-8
mm. long, densely silvery pubescent; style about 1.4 mm. long; stigmas long;
scales obovate, acute, black, densely pilose; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free.

Mount Adams, Suksdorf; Mount Hood, Howell, Applegate. This species
is closely related to 5. chlorophylla Anderss. under which name it is mentioned
in the Flora of Washington.

Salix scouleriana Barr. Shrub or small tree, 4-10 m. tall, with dull gray
bark; leaves very variable, mostly oblanceolate to obovate, sometimes oblong
or elliptical, mostly obtuse or abruptly acute at the apex and cuneate at base,
3-10 or 12 cm. long, entire to shallowly serrulate, thick, green and glabrate
above, silvery to rusty (in age) pubescent to glabrous and glaucous and re-
ticulate beneath; stipules minute to large, ear-shaped, denticulate; aments
appearing before the leaves, densely flowered, sessile or the pistillate very
short peduncled, 2-5 cm. long; capsules long-beaked, 7-9 mm. long, tomentose;
pedicels pubescent, 1.5 mm. long; stigmas sessile, long; scales obovate, black,
long-hairy; stamens 2; filaments glabrous, free.

The commonest willow in our limits, occurring both in dry uplands and
swamps. The young leaves and bark have a peculiar fetid odor. An immense-
ly variable species especially as to foliage.

Salix geyeriana Anderss. Slender-stemmed shrub, 3-5 m. high; branchlets
glaucous, glabrous; leaves elliptic-lanceolate or sometimes oblanceolate,
acute at each end, dark green and thinly pubescent above, pale to glaucous
and silky beneath, 2-6 cm. long, the entire margins revolute; aments short -
cylindric, 1-2 cm. long, appearing with the leaves, on short leafy peduncles;
stamens 2, the filaments pubescent below; capsules sharply tapering from an
ovoid base, 5-7 mm. long, densely pubescent; pedicels pubescent, 2 mm. long;
style short; stigmas short, divided; scales usually dark, narrow, acute, thinly
pilose.

A rather rare willow found in open places along streams.

Salix cascadensis Cockerell. (S. tenera Anderss., not A. Br.) Prostrate
creeping shrub about 5 cm. high; leaves narrowly elliptical to obovate,
broadest at or above the middle, acute at each end or rarely obtuse at the
apex, green and glabrous on both sides, 8-12 mm. long; aments small, sub-
globose, 5-20 mm. long, few-flowered; scales brownish, villous; capsules
sessile, 4-5 mm. long, tomentose; styles elongate, 1-1.5 mm. long.

Mount Rainier, Flett; second summit west of Skagit River, lat. 49, Macoun,
probably the same peak where first collected by Lyall.

Salix saximontana Rydb. Densely cespitose and much branched, 3-6
cm. high; leaves elliptic-oblong to suborbicular, obtuse or abruptly acute at
the apex, 15-25 mm. long, 10-15 mm. wide, with entire and revolute margin,
light green above, glaucous and strongly net-veined beneath, glabrous through-
out; aments 1-2 cm. long, many-flowered; scales broadly obovate, obtuse or
rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, yellowish, nearly glabrous; capsules
3-4 mm. long, densely white-tomentose.

At high elevations in the Cascade and Rocky Mountains. Mount Rainier,
Flett.

Il8 SALICACEAE.

Salix nivalis Hook. A low creeping shrub, 2-3 cm. high, similar to S.
saximontana but smaller in every way; leaves elliptic or somewhat obovate,
mostly obtuse, glabrous, entire with revolute margins, 7-12 mm. long, green
and shining above, glaucous and strongly net-veined beneath; aments very
small, 3-6-flowered, on naked peduncles; scales oblanceolate, yellowish, gla-
brous or nearly so; capsule 2.5-3 mm. long, sessile, tomentose; stigmas short,
sessile, divided.

On the higher peaks of the Cascade Mountains. Mount Rainier, Flett.

145. POPULUS.

Trees with scaly resinous buds and rounded or angled twigs;
leaves long-petioled, broad or narrow; bracts of the aments
fimbriate or incised; disk cup-shaped, oblique, lobed or entire;
staminate aments dense, pendulous; pistillate aments sometimes
raceme-like by the elongation of the pedicels, pendulous, erect
or spreading; staminate flowers with 4-60 stamens; filaments
distinct; ovary sessile; seed with a very conspicuous tuft of hair.

Bark smooth; petioles flattened; capsules oblong-conic,

smooth. P. vancouveriana.

Bark rough; petioles terete; capsules globose, hairy. P. trichocarpa.

Populus vancouveriana Trelease n. sp.* Tree 5-10 m. high; bark smooth,
whitish; twigs chestnut colored to dark purplish; buds smooth, conical,
gummy, dark purple; leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, acute or abruptly
acuminate, undulate-crenulate, somewhat silky pubescent beneath when
young, glabrous in age, mostly 4-6 cm. long; petioles equalling or slightly
longer than the blades; staminate aments 4-5 cm. long, the bracts 5 mm. long,
cleft into numerous ciliate filiform lobes; stamens many; pistillate aments
and fruit unknown.

Vancouver Island, Lyall, 1858-9 (type in Gray Herbarium); Victoria,
Macoun, nos. 2131, 2132; Seattle, E. S. Meany (staminate aments described
from this specimen in United States National Herbarium). Apparently
confined to the region west of the Cascade Mountains from Vancouver
Island southward at least to the head of Puget Sound. This aspen is easily
distinguished from the eastern P. tremuloides Michx. and the Rocky Moun-
tain P, aurea Tidestrom by the peculiar dentition of the leaves. The teeth
are much larger than in any of its immediate allies and besides being crenu-
late are depressed so that each tooth viewed from the edge forms a double
curve. Herbarium material of this aspen is very scanty and complete speci-
mens showing pistillate flowers, fruit and the leaves of the sterile shoots are
much desired.

Populus trichocarpa T. & G. Cottonwood. Large tree, 10-30 m. tall,
with rough fissured pale gray bark; leaves broadly ovate, rounded at the base,
acuminate, 5-12 cm. long, puberulent when young, whitish beneath; petioles
slender, terete, about equalling the blades; staminate aments dense, the bracts
long-hairy; stamens 50-60; pistillate aments becoming loose; capsules nearly
sessile, globose, puberulent or glabrate.

Banks of streams and lake shores.

Family 26. MYRICACEAE. SWEET GALE FAMILY.

Shrubs or small trees with alternate usually waxy-dotted and
fragrant leaves; flowers solitary in the axils of bracts, monoecious
* Description by Mr. Ivar Tidestrom.

MYRICACEAE. 119

or dioecious; perianth none; stamens 2-16; ovary 1-celled, 1-
ovuled; fruit a drupe-like nut.

146. MYRICA. BAYBERRY.

Shrubs or small trees with dentate or serrate leaves; fruit coated
with wax.

Leaves deciduous, obtuse, serrate at apex. M. gale.

Leaves evergreen, acute, serrate from near the base. M. californica.

Myrica gale L. Sweet Gale. Dioecious low shrub, 1-2 m. high; leaves
oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long, obtuse, serrate only at the apex, deciduous, ap-
pearing after the aments; staminate aments in clusters; pistillate aments
subglobose in fruit, the nutlets resinous-waxy, each bearing two winglike bracts
that are adnate at the base.

Common along lake margins.

Myrica californica Cham. Monoecious evergreen shrub or small tree,
1-10 m. high; leaves oblanceolate, acute, serrate; aments bearing both stami-
nate and pistillate flowers, the latter near the apex; nutlet purplish, papillose,
with 2 minute bractlets at base.

Only along the ocean coast.

Family 27. BETULACEAE. BIRCH FAMILY.

Trees or shrubs; leaves alternate, petioled, simple, with de-
ciduous stipules; flowers small, monoecious, in linear-cylindric,
oblong or subglobose aments; staminate aments pendulous;
pistillate aments erect, spreading or drooping, spike-like or
capitate; staminate flowers 1-3 in the axil of each bract, with a
membranous 2-4-parted calyx, or calyx none, and 2-10 hypogy-
nous stamens; pistillate flowers with or without a calyx adnate to
the solitary 1-2-celled ovary; ovules 1-2 in each cavity; fruit a
small compressed or ovoid-globose mostly 1-celled and 1 -seeded
nut or samara; endosperm none.

Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy involucre. 148. CORYLUS, 120.
Fruit cone-like, without an involucre.

Cone scales thin, deciduous; stamens 2. 147. BETULA, 119.

Cone scales thick, persistent; stamens 4. 149. ALNUS, 120.

147. BETULA. BIRCH.

Trees and shrubs; leaves dentate or serrate; buds scaly;
flowers all in aments, expanding before and with the leaves;
pistillate aments erect or spreading; staminate flowers about 3
in the axil of each bract, with a membranous usually 4-toothed
perianth and 2 stamens, and subtended by 2 bractlets; pistillate
flowers 2 or 3 (rarely 1) in the axil of each bract; perianth none;

120 BETULACEAE.

ovary sessile, 2-celled; nut small, with a wing, shorter than the
bracts.

Shrub; branchlets warty with resiniferous glands. B. glandulosa.

Tree; branchlets pubescent, not warty-glandular. B. occidentalis.

Betula glandulosa Michx. (B. liallii Howell.) Low shrub, about 1 m.
high; twigs glandular- warty; leaves orbicular or obovate, cuneate at base,
crenate-dentate, 1-3 cm. long, glabrous on both sides.

Common in sphagnum bogs.

Betula occidentalis Hook. Tree 10-30 m. high, with gray or darker bark;
leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, punctate above with resiniferous glands,
pubescent beneath, somewhat doubly dentate, slender-petioled; fertile aments
cylindric, 3-4 cm. long, on slender peduncles.

From the Skagit River northward on the shores and islands of Puget Sound
and Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Hardly distinct from the more
eastern B. papyrifera Marsh. Perhaps the largest of all the birches.

148. CORYLUS. HAZELNUT.

Shrubs with broad thin serrate or incised leaves; staminate
aments sessile at the ends of the twigs of the previous season,
expanding much before the leaves; staminate flowers one in the
axil of each bract, each of four stamens; calyx none; pistillate
flowers clustered at the ends of short branches of the season,
each composed of an incompletely 2-celled ovary adherent to a
calyx; nut wingless.

Corylus californica (A. DC.) Rose. Tall shrub, 2-10 m. high; branchlets
pubescent; leaves oval or obovate, obscurely 6-10-lobed, serrate, subcordate
at base, pubescent; involucre bristly, united to the summit, prolonged beyond
the nut into a broad tubular beak; nut ovoid.

In open woods, common.

149. ALNUS. ALDER.

Trees or shrubs; leaves dentate or serrulate; buds few-scaled;
both kinds of flowers in aments, expanding before, with or after
the leaves, the staminate pendulous, the pistillate erect, clustered;
staminate flowers 3, sometimes 6, in the axil of each bract,
consisting of a mostly 4-parted perianth and 4 stamens, and sub-
tended by 1 or 2 bractlets; filaments short, simple; anther-sacs
adnate; pistillate flowers 2 or 3 in the axil of each bract, without
a perianth, but subtended by 2-4 minute bractlets; ovary sessile,
2-celled; styles 2; bracts woody, persistent, 5-toothed or erose;
nut small, compressed, wingless or winged.

Tree; leaves rusty-pubescent beneath; cones longer than the

peduncles. A. oregona.

Shrub; leaves glutinous, nearly glabrous; cones shorter than

the peduncles. A. sinnata.

Alnus oregona Nutt. Red Alder. Tree, 10-20 m. high, with pale smooth
bark; twigs reddish-brown, somewhat pubescent when young; leaves ovate to

BETULACEAE. 121

elliptic, acutish, coarsely and doubly crenate-dentate, 5-30 cm. long; fertile
aments ellipsoid, 1-2 cm. long, on stout peduncles shorter than the aments;
winter buds acute, gummy.

A very common tree, especially in wet ground.

Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. (A. sitchensis Sarg.) Small tree or shrub,
3-5 m. tall, erect or ascending; bark rather dark, except on old stems; twigs
chestnut brown; buds smooth, gummy; leaves ovate, acuminate, obtuse or
cuneate at the base, bright green, doubly dentate, glabrous above, nearly so
beneath, thin, very gummy when young, 5-8 cm. long; petioles slender, 1-2 cm.
long; fruiting aments 1-1.5 cm. long, on slender peduncles as long or longer.

Abundant in the mountains but rare at low altitudes, occasional at sea level.

Family 28. FAGACEAE. BEECH FAMILY.
Monoecious trees with alternate simple pinnately-veined
leaves, with early withering stipules; petals none; staminate
flowers in aments, each of 4-20 stamens and a calyx; pistillate
flowers solitary or several together, sessile, in an involucre which
becomes a bur or cup, each flower composed of a calyx adherent
to a 4-8-celled ovary; fruit a 1 -seeded nut.

Nuts enclosed in a spiny involucre. 150. CASTANOPSIS, 121.

Nuts (acorns) only partly enclosed in cups which are

not spiny. 151. QUERCUS, 121.

150. CASTANOPSIS. CHINQUAPIN.

Evergreen trees or shrubs with scaly bark and numerous bud-
scales; leaves coriaceous, entire or dentate, pinnately-veined;
flowers in threes in cymes or the pistillate solitary or in twos,
in slender erect aments from the axils of the leaves of the year;
styles 3, spreading, terminating in minute stigmas; ovary sessile,
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; fruit maturing at the end of
the second season; involucre covered by spines, tubercles or
ridges, enclosing 1-3 ovoid or globose rarely obscurely angled
nuts.

Castanopsis chrysophylla (Dougl.) A. DC. Chinquapin. Tree usually
10-20 m. high; bark in broad plates, reddish brown; leaves evergreen, lanceo-
late to elliptic, entire, usually acute, 2-10 cm. long, short-petioled, glabrous or
slightly scurfy above, densely scurfy beneath with golden yellow scales; aments
3-7 cm. long; fruiting involucre densely covered with branched spines and
splitting into 4 irregular divisions; nut solitary, 3-angled, edible.

Skamania County, Washington, to California.

151. QUERCUS. OAK.

Trees; flowers very small, green or yellow, appearing with the
leaves; pistillate flowers one in each involucre; involucre enlarging
in fruit into a hard cup around the base of the elongated 1-seeded
nut (acorn), the 5 undeveloped ovules remaining at the base or
top of the perfect seed.

122 FAGACEAE.

Leaves with obtuse lobes; involucre shallow. Q. garryana.

Leaves with sharp-pointed lobes; involucre deep. Q. calif ornica.

Quercus garryana Dougl. Carry Oak. Usually a large tree, with rather
thin deeply checked bark; leaves thick, 10-15 cm. long, coarsely lobed; lobes
obtuse or acutish, usually entire but often again lobed; nut ovoid or obovoid,
obtuse, in a shallow cup.

Common, especially on gravelly prairies. First described from Vancouver,
Washington. On the islands in the northern part of Puget Sound, this oak
becomes a low shrub locally known as " Vine Oak." The leaves of this form,
which has never been found fruiting, are exceedingly variable, the lobes mostly
acute and over-lapping. Professor Greene considered this to represent a
distinct species which he named Q. gilberti. In sheltered places, this oak
assumes the ordinary foliage of the Garry oak.

Quercus californica (Torr.) Cooper. (Q. kelloggii Newberry.) California
Black Oak. Tree 20-30 m. high with rough black bark; leaves 10-16 cm.
long, oval in outline, shiny, deeply lobed, the lobes sharp-pointed; nuts oblong-
ovoid, 2-3 cm. long, in deep cups.

From the McKenzie River, Lane County, Oregon, southward through
California.

Family 29. URTICACEAE. NETTLE FAMILY.
Herbs (in ours) ; leaves alternate or opposite, simple, with or
without stipules; flowers small, monoecious, dioecious or polyg-
amous; calyx of 2-5 nearly separate sepals or cup-shaped;
petals none; stamens as many as the calyx-lobes and opposite
them; ovary 1-celled, mostly superior; ovule solitary; fruit an
akene; endosperm scanty or none.

152. URTICA. NETTLE.

Annual or perennial simple or branching herbs with stinging
hairs; leaves opposite, 3-7-nerved, petioled, dentate or incised,
with distinct stipules; flowers greenish, very small and numerous,
dioecious or monoecious; staminate flowers with a deeply 4-
parted calyx and 4 stamens; pistillate flowers with 4 sepals, the
two inner larger and in fruit enclosing the akene; the two outer
smaller and spreading.

Urtica lyallii Wats. Perennial with creeping rootstocks; stems simple,
erect, 1-2 m. high, merely bristly or glabrous; leaves broadly ovate, cordate,
very coarsely dentate, green and usually glabrous above, pubescent or glabrous
beneath, 8-16 cm. long; stipules large, obtuse; pecioles slender; flowers in loose
panicles; akene ovate.

Common in moist soil. The stinging hairs cause severe irritation. First
found by Dr. Lyall on the northern boundary of Whatcom County.

Family 30. LORANTHACEAE. MISTLETOE FAMILY.

Parasitic shrubs or herbs, yellow or yellowish-green, growing
on woody plants and absorbing food from their sap through

LORANTHACEAE. 123

specialized roots (haustoria) ; leaves opposite; flowers regular,
terminal or axillary, clustered or solitary, dioecious (in ours);
calyx-tube adnate to the ovary; stamens 2-6; ovary solitary,
erect; style simple or none; stigma terminal; fruit a berry; seed
solitary; endosperm usually copious and fleshy.

Leaves scale-like, united at base; anthers 1-celled;

berry stalked. 153. RAZOUMOFSKYA, 123.

Leaves flat; anthers 2-celled; berry sessile. 154. PHORADENDRON, 123.

153. RAZOUMOFSKYA. SNAPPERS.

Small fleshy glabrous plants, parasitic on the branches of
coniferous trees; branches 4-angled; leaves reduced to opposite
connate scales: flowers dioecious, not bracted, solitary or several
together in the axils of the scales; staminate flowers with 2-5-
parted calyx and usually an equal number of stamens; pistillate
flowers with an inferior ovary; berry fleshy, ovoid, more or less
flattened, when ripe violently ejecting the glutinous seed.

Staminate flowers in panicles; branches in pairs or whorls;

on Pinus contorta. R. americana.

Staminate flowers in simple or compound spikes; branches

solitary.

Stems tufted, 3-12 cm. high; on Tsuga heterophylla. R. tsugemis.
Stems scattered, not so tall.

Stems 0.5-2 cm. high; onPseudotsugamucronata. R. douglasii.
Stems 3-7 cm. high; on Abies. R. douglasii abietina.

Razoumofskya americana Nutt. Stems olivaceous, slender, much branched,
the branches in pairs or whorls; staminate plants 6-10 cm. long, the pistillate
a little smaller; staminate flowers with ovate acutish lobes; fruit bluish-green,
4 mm. long.

On Pinus contorta, causing swellings and distortions. Victoria, Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, Macoun; Mount Constitution, Orcas Island, Pratt.

Razoumofskya tsugensis Rosendahl. Stems slender, 3-12 cm. high, much
branched, olive-yellow in color; fruit obovate, beaked, 4-5 mm. long.
Only on the hemlock, but usually abundant when found.

Razoumofskya douglasii (Engelm.) Kuntze. Stems greenish yellow, scat-
tered; branches pubescent; spikes about 5-flowered; sepals of the staminate
flowers ovate-orbicular, acute, 1 mm. long; fruit 5 mm. long.

On the Douglas spruce; known in our limits only south of the Columbia
River.

Razoumofskya douglasii abietina (Engelm.) Piper. Stems 3-7 cm. high,
the branches spreading or recurved; staminate flowers 2.5 mm. broad; fruit 4
mm. long.

On Abies grandis and A. concolor; not known from north of the Columbia
River in our limits.

154. PHORADENDRON.

Shrubs, parasitic on trees, with terete usually jointed and brittle
twigs; leaves opposite, flat, entire or wavy, faintly nerved ; flowers

124 SANTALACEAE.

dioecious, axillary, spicate, bracted and small, solitary or several
in the axil of each bract; staminate flowers with a usually 3-lobed
globose or ovoid calyx with a sessile 2-celled anther at the base
of each lobe; pistillate flowers with a similar calyx adherent to
the inferior ovary; style short, obtuse or capitate; fruit a sessile
ovoid or globose fleshy berry.

Phoradendron villosum Nutt. Plant much branched, greenish-yellow,
20-40 cm. high, the stout terete branches pubescent; leaves thick, oblanceolate
to nearly orbicular, 1-5 cm. long, obtuse, 3-nerved, villous or pubescent;
spikes slender, shorter than the leaves; berries white, 3-4 mm. in diameter.

On oak trees, Willamette Valley and southward. The staminate flowers
have the odor of pond lilies.

Family 31. SANTALACEAE. SANDAL WOOD FAMILY.
Herbs, shrubs or trees; leaves alternate or opposite, entire,
without stipules; flowers clustered or solitary, axillary or ter-
minal, perfect, monoecious or dioecious; calyx adnate to the
base of the ovary, 4-5-cleft; petals none; stamens as many as
the calyx-lobes and oppos te them; ovary 1 -celled; ovules 2-4;
fruit a drupe or nut with only one seed.

155. COMANDRA.

Glabrous erect perennial herbs, sometimes parasitic on the
roots of other plants; leaves alternate, oblong, oval, lanceolate or
linear, entire, pinnately veined; flow r ers perfect, terminal or
axillary, rarely solitary, cymose, bractless; calyx campanulate,
the base of its tube adnate to the ovary; limb 5-lobed; stamens
5, rarely 4, at the bases of the calyx-lobes and between the lobes
of the disk; fruit drupaceous, globose or ovoid, crowned by the
persistent calyx.

Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Stems branched, very leafy, 15-35 cm.
high; leaves oblong, acute, 2-3 cm. long, the midribs pale; cymes several-
flowered, clustered at the summit of the stem; fruit globose, tipped by the
persistent oblong calyx-teeth.

In dry ground, rare in our limits.

Family 32. ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. BIRTHWORT FAMILY.

Low herbs or twining shrubs; leaves alternate or basal, petioled,
mostly cordate or reniform, without stipules; flowers axillary or
terminal, solitary or clustered, perfect, mostly large; calyx-tube
at least at the base adnate to the ovary, its limb 3-lobed, 6-lobed
or irregular; petals none; stamens 6-12, united with the style;
ovary partly or wholly inferior, mostly 6-celled ; ovules numerous
in each cavity; fruit a 6-celled capsule or berry; seeds ovoid or
oblong, angled or compressed.

ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 125

156. ASARUM. WILD GINGER.

Stemless perennial often clustered herbs, with slender aromatic
branched rootstocks', roots thick, fibrous-fleshy; leaves long-
petioled, reniform or cordate, entire; flowers solitary, large,
peduncled, brown-purple or mottled, borne near the ground;
calyx bell-shaped or hemispheric, adnate to the ovary, at least
below, regularly 3-lobed; stamens 12, inserted on the ovary;
ovary partly or wholly inferior, 6-celled, the parietal placentae
intruded; ovules numerous; capsule coriaceous; seeds compressed.

Asarum caudatum Lindl. Sparsely hairy throughout; rootstocks elongate,
10-30 cm. long; leaves reniform-cordate, 5-10 cm. broad, obtuse or acutish;
petioles slender, elongate; peduncles 1-4 cm. long; flowers brown-purple;
calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, attenuate, 2-5 cm. long.

In woods, common, the whole plant with the faint odor of ginger.

Family 33. POLYGONACEAE. BUCKWHEAT FAMILY.
Herbs or shrubs; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite or
whorled, simple, mostly entire, with usually sheathing united
stipules (ocreae); flowers small, regular, perfect, dioecious,
monoecious or polygamous, in spikes, racemes, corymbs, umbels
or panicles; petals none; calyx free from the ovary, 2-6-cleft or
parted, the segments sometimes petal-like; stamens 4-9, inserted
near the base of the calyx or in staminate flowers crowded toward
the center; pistil 1; ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1; fruit a
lenticular or 3-angled, rarely 4-angled akene; endosperm mealy.

Flowers involucrate; stipules wanting. 157. ERIOGONUM, 125.

Flowers not involucrate; stipules sheath-like.

Leaves reniform; sepals 4. 158. OXYRIA, 126.

Leaves not reniform; sepals 6.

Sepals unequal, the inner becomming much

larger; stigmas tufted. 159. RUMEX, 127.

Sepals equal; stigmas capitate. 160. POLYGONUM, 128.

157. ERIOGONUM.

Annual or perennial acaulescent or leafy-stemmed herbs or
shrubs; stems simple or branched, often tufted; leaves entire,
alternate or whorled; flowers small, in fascicles, subtended by a
5-8-toothed or cleft campanulate or cylindric involucre; inflo-
rescence cymose, umbellate or capitate; calyx 6-cleft or parted,
usually colored; segments equal or the outer ones larger;
stamens 9; akenes pyramidal, 3-angled, more or less swollen near
the base, invested by the calyx-segments or winged.

The species in our limits are all perennials.

Perianth not attenuate into a slender stipe-like base.

Outer perianth-segments like the inner. E. nudum.

126 POLYGONACEAE.

Outer perianth-segments broader than the inner.

Involucre campanulate; perianth 3-4 mm. long. E. ovalifolium.
Involucre turbinate; perianth 5-6 mm. long. E. vineum.

Perianth attenuate and stipe-like at base.

Umbel compound; leaves oblong-ovate, usually cor-
date at base. E. composition.
Umbel simple; leaves not as above.

Perianth yellow, glabrous; lobes of the involucre

inflexed. E. umbellatum.

Perianth pinkish, villous; lobes of the involucre

erect. E. pyrolaefolinm.

Eriogonum nudum Dougl. Leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, tomentose
beneath, 2-5 cm. long, mostly basal, on slender petioles; stems 30-50 cm. high,
glabrous; panicle sparingly branched; involucres glabrous; flowers glabrous
or nearly so, white or rose-tinged, in clusters of 3-6.

Upper Willamette Valley and southward.

Eriogonum ovalifolium Nutt. A much branched tufted plant, densely
white-tomentose to the flowers; leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, obtuse,
5-12 mm. long; peduncles slender, 5-20 cm. high; involucres campanulate,
4-5 mm. long; flowers in a dense head-like umbel, usually yellowish, 3-5
mm. long.

At high altitudes in the mountains.

Eriogonum vineum Small. Very similar to E. ovalifolium; involucres

turbinate or vase-shaped, 4.5-5.5 mm. long; perianth wine-red, 5-6 mm. long.

In rocky soil at high altitudes. Perhaps not distinct from E. ovalifolium.

Eriogonum compositum Dougl. Stems stout, simple, 20-30 cm. tall,
glabrous or nearly so; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, cordate, acute, densely
white-woolly beneath, green and less so above, 4-10 cm. long, on petioles as
long or longer; umbels 6-10-rayed, mostly compound, rather dense; principal
bracts linear or oblanceolate; branches very short, 2-4 cm. long; involucres
pubescent, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes acute, spreading; flowers white or yellow,
sparsely pilose.

In gravelly soil in open places.

Eriogonum umbellatum Torr. (E. montanum Howell.) Stems woody
and much branched, 15-20 cm. high; leaves spatulate, the blade oblong to
orbicular, 1-4 cm. long, densely white tomentose beneath, green and glabrous
above; peduncles 10-30 cm. high, bearing a simple umbel of 3-10 rays with a
whorl of foliaceous bracts at the base; involucre turbinate, somewhat woolly,
deeply lobed, the lobes becoming reflexed; perianth bright-yellow, stipe-like
at base, 4-5 mm. long, glabrous.

On the high peaks of the Cascade Mountains, perhaps only on the eastern
watershed.

Eriogonum pyrolaefclium coryphaeum T. & G. Loosely tufted; leaves
oblong or obovate, densely tomentose beneath, greener above, 2-3 cm. long;
peduncles 5-8 cm. high, smooth; flowers rose-colored, in dense umbels; perianth
villous.

At high elevations in the mountains.

158. OXYRIA.

Perennial alpine herbs with long-petioled mostly basal leaves;
stipules sheathing the stems; flowers perfect, without an invo-
lucre ; calyx of 4 distinct herbaceous sepals, the two outer spreading,
the inner erect; stamens 6; stigmas 2 ; akene compressed, 2 -winged.

POLYGONACEAE. 127

Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. Mountain Sorrel. Leaves fleshy, broadly reni-
form, often emarginate, 2-5 cm. broad; stems 8-30 cm. high; fruit orbicular,
usually bright red.

In rocky places in the mountains.

159. RUMEX. DOCK.

Perennial or annual leafy-stemmed herbs, some species slightly
woody; stem grooved, mostly branched; leaves entire or undu-
late, flat or crisped; sheaths usually cylindric, brittle, soon falling
away; inflorescence of simple or compound often panicled
racemes; flowers green or reddish, perfect, dioecious or polygamo-
monoecious, whorled, on jointed pedicels; calyx 6-parted, the
three outer sepals unchanged in fruit, the three inner ones mostly
developed into valves which are entire, dentate or fringed with
bristle-like teeth; stamens 6; stigmas tufted; akene 3-angled, the
angles more or less margined.

Flowers dioecious; leaves hastate; plant small. R. acetosella.

Flowers not dioecious; leaves not hastate; plant coarse.
Outer sepals without tubercles; leaves crisped, oblong,

truncate at base. R. occidentalis.

Outer sepals, or some of them with tubercles; leaves

neither crisped, nor oblong, nor truncate.
Sepals with slender teeth.

Annual; tubercles 3; pedicels very short. R. maritimus,

Perennial; tubercle 1; pedicels long. R. obtusifolius.

Sepals entire or nearly so.

Leaves flat, all lanceolate. R. mexicanus.

Leaves undulate, the lower cordate.

Valves 4-6 mm. long; pedicels longer. R. crispus.

Valves 2 mm. long; pedicels not longer. R. conglomeratus.

Rumex acetosella L. Sheep Sorrel. Dioecious, widely spreading by
creeping rootstocks; stems slender, 10-30 cm. high simple or somewhat
branched; leaves 3-10 cm. long, very acid, glabrous, mostly hastate, the basal
lobes entire or toothed; sheaths scarious, becoming cut into lobes; panicle
narrow, the branches ascending; bracts wanting; flowers small, on short jointed
pedicels, clustered; sepals remaining small, much shorter than the 3-angled
akene.

A common and troublesome weed.

Rumex occidentalis Wats. Stout, 100-150 cm. tall; leaves oblong-ovate,
mostly obtuse, 15-40 cm. long, entire or undulate, cordate at the base; petioles
of the lower leaves long and slender, of the upper stout; panicles 30-60 cm.
long, dense, usually reddish; flowers on slender pedicels, 1 cm. long; valves
broadly ovate, obtuse, more or less toothed, J5-10 mm. long, wholly without
tubercles; akene brown, 4 mm. long.

Common, especially in wet meadows near the seashore.

Rumex maritimus fueginus (Phil.) Dusen. Minutely pubescent; stems
erect or procumbent, branched, 15-60 cm. high; leaves linear-lanceolate,
truncate or slightly cordate at base, 3-10 cm. long, wavy-margined; panicle
dense, the flowers short-pedicelled in numerous close whorls; valves ovate,

128 POLYGONACEAE.

each bearing a linear-lanceolate tubercle on the back and 2 or 3 slender bristles
on the margins.

Along the seashore, not common. This plant has generally been confused
with R. per sicari aides L.

Rumex obtusifolius L. Bitter Dock. Stems 40-60 cm. tall, erect; leaves
oblong-ovate, all cordate, 15-30 cm. long; flowers long-pedicelled, in loose
whorls; valves of the fruit ovate, fringed with a few bristly teeth, usually but
one valve tubercle-bearing.

A troublesome weed, introduced from Europe.

Rumex mexicanus Meisn. Stems erect or decumbent, 40-90 cm. long,
slightly grooved, often branched below; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, mostly acute, entire, rounded or cuneatc at the base, 8-15 cm. long;
petioles rather short; panicle 10-12 cm. long, the branches short, leafy-bracted;
valves triangular-ovate, slightly toothed, 3-4 mm. long, each bearing a large
oblong tubercle; akene broad, 2 mm. long.

In wet places common., This species has been much confused with R.
salicifolius Weinm.

Rumex crispus L. Yellow Dock. Stem stout, 50-100 cm. high, grooved,
from an elongated fusiform root; leaves oblong, obtuse, truncate or rounded
at the base, 15-30 cm. long, the margin wavy and crisped; petiole short;
panicle rather dense, 20-40 cm. long, greenish; flowers on pedicels 5-10 mm.
long; valves 3-4 mm. long, broadly ovate or cordate, each bearing a tubercle;
akene about 22.5 mm. long, brown.

An introduced European weed.

Rumex conglomerates Murr. Tall and slender; leaves ovate or lanceolate,
the lower cordate; panicle elongated, leafy; flowers in dense whorls, the pedicels
very short; valves of the fruit all tubercle-bearing.

A weed introduced from Europe.

160. POLYGONUM.

Annual or perennial, terrestrial or aquatic herbs, some species
woody; stems erect, prostrate, climbing or floating; leaves alter-
nate, sessile or petioled, continuous with or jointed to the cylindric
funnelform or 2-lobed often lacerate or fringed sheaths; flowers
small, perfect, green, white, pink or purple, variously clustered,
the clusters terminal or axillary; pedicels jointed, subtended by
the sheaths; calyx 4 or 5-parted or cleft, the outer segments larger
than the inner; stamens 3-9; stigmas capitate; akene lenticular
or 3-angled (rarely 4-angled), invested by or exceeding the calyx.

Stems twining; leaves cordate. P. convolvulus.

Stems not twining; leaves not cordate.

Leaves small, usually narrow; stems wiry.

Plant with woody rootstocks. P. paronycliia.

Plant without rootstocks; mostly annuals.
Plants prostrate.

Akenes not longer than the calyx. P. aviculare.

Akenes protruding from the calyx. P. fowleri.

Plants erect or ascending.

Flowers in rather dense terminal bract rate

spikes; styles nearly obsolete. P. kelloggii.

Flowers axillary, or in loose or interrupted
spikes; styles present.

POLYGON ACEAE. 129

Leaves rather broad, scarcely reduced

upward.
Tall, branched throughout; style

3-cleft. P. erectum.

Low alpine plant; style 3-parted. P. minimum.
Leaves narrow, decidedly reduced up-
ward.
Flowers in virgate much elongated

loose spikes. P. douglasii.

Flowers in interrupted but rather

close spikes.

Style 3-cleft ; filaments slender. P. spergulariaeforme.
Style 3-parted; filaments di-
lated. P- nuttallii.
Leaves comparatively large; flowers mainly terminal.
Annuals; flowers in several spike-like racemes.

Ocreae naked; raceme drooping. P. lapathifotium.

Ocreae bristly-ciliate.

Calyx not glandular; raceme dense. P. persicaria.

Calyx glandular; racemes interrupted.

Racemes erect. P- punctatum.

Racemes drooping. P. hydropiper.

Perennials.

Styles 3; plants with thick roots. _

Flowers in racemes or panicles; styles

short. P- newberryi.

Flowers in a single dense spike-like raceme;

styles long.
Raceme thick not bulbiferous; akenes

smooth. P- bistortoides.

Raceme slender, often bulbiferous;

akenes dull. P- viviparum.

Styles 2; aquatic or swamp plants with flowers

in spike-like racemes.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, acuminate. P. emersum.
Leaves oblong-elliptic, obtuse.

Sheaths without foliaceous border. P. amphibium.

Sheaths with a spreading foliaceous

border. P- hartwrightii.

Polygonum convolvulus L. Annual; stems twining or prostrate, 50-100
cm. long, glabrous or pubescent, scurfy below; leaves heart-shaped or some-
what halberd-shaped, acuminate, 2-6 cm. long, minutely scurfy beneath;
petioles equalling or shorter than the blades; sheaths short; flowers in clusters
on slender axillary leafy racemes; calyx 5-parted, closely investing the fruit;
akene 3-angled, dull black, minutely roughened.

Introduced in cultivated or waste soil.

Polygonum paronychia Cham. & Schlecht. Perennial, half shrubby,
glabrous and somewhat glaucous; stems prostrate to ascending, irregularly
branched, 20-80 cm. long; leaves sessile, lanceolate, revolute on the margins,
strongly keeled beneath; sheaths silvery, lacerate, persistent on the old stems;
flowers in small clusters, axillary in the upper leaves and crowded near the
summit; calyx white or pinkish; stamens 8; akene 3-angled, black, smooth,
shiny.

Along the ocean coast on sandy beaches.

Polygonum aviculare L. Knot-weed. Annual, glabrous; stems slender,
10

130 POLYGONACEAE.

prostrate, much branched, forming dense mats, the branches leafy to the top;
leaves oblong or lanceolate, acute, 1-3 cm. long, nearly sessile; sheaths scarious,
cut into lobes; flowers 1 or few in the upper axils, pink, on very short pedicels
which are included in the sheaths; akenes 3-angled, dull, minutely granular.
Everywhere a weed; much relished by stock.

Polygonum fowleri Robinson. Perennial, pale green; stems prostrate,
branched, 10-50 cm. long, striate; leaves elliptic to oblong, short-petioled,
13 cm. long, about as long as the internodes; ocreae lacerate and scarious;
flowers axillary; sepals oblong, green with the margins white or pink; akenes
angular-ovoid, much longer than the calyx.

On sandy sea-beaches, Alaska to Washington; also on the Alantic coast.

Polygonum kelloggii Greene. Annual, branched from the base or simple,
glabrous, 2-5 cm. high, very leafy; leaves linear or lance-linear, sessile, acute,
5-10 mm. long; sheaths thin, lacerate; flowers in small clusters in the axils;
calyx 2 mm. long, green with white margins; akenes 3-angled, brown, dull,
striate.

In open places in the mountains, rare in our limits.

Polygonum erectum L. Annual, yellowish green; stems erect or ascending,
20-60 cm. high, simple or branched; leaves elliptical or somewhat obovate,
obtuse or acutish, 1-3 cm. long; flowers axillary, solitary or in twos; sepals
yellowish-green, 3 mm. long; akene triangular-ovoid, dull, enclosed by the
calyx.

Native of Europe, sparingly introduced in waste places.

Polygonum minimum Wats. Annual, slightly scabrous, 5-30 cm. high,
usually branched from the base; stems wiry, red; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute or apiculate, 5-12 mm. long; flowers axillary, crowded above, usually
rose-colored, erect on short pedicels; stamens 5-8; akenes smooth, shiny, longer
than the sepals.

In moist places at high altitudes, rare in our limits.

Polygonum douglasii Greene. Annual; stems slender, 15-40 cm. tall, erect,
glabrous or nearly so; branches few, erect, angled; leaves lanceolate, acute at
each end, sessile at the jointed base; sheaths cylindric, scarious, becoming cut
into lobes; flowering branches slender; flowers 1-3, from the axils of the scat-
tered bracts, soon becoming deflexed; calyx purple or whitish, with prominent
green midribs; styles very short; akene 3-angled, black, shiny.

In gravelly soil, not common.

Polygonum spergulariaeforme Meisn. Annual, scurfy pubescent especially
at the nodes; stems slender, wiry, loosely branched, erect, 15-30 cm. high;
leaves sessile, linear-lanceolate or oblanceolate, acute, 1-3 cm. long, usually
revolute on the margin, much reduced upward; sheaths lacerate; flowers in
small clusters in the axils, more crowded toward the top; calyx 4 mm. long,
green with broad pinkish or white margin; stamens 8; filaments filiform;
akene 3-angled, black, minutely roughened, shiny, included in the calyx.

In poor or gravelly soil, not common.

Polygonum nuttallii Small. Annual, glabrous; stems slender, angled, wiry,
ascending, loosely branched, 5-15 cm. high; leaves narrowly lanceolate or
oblanceolate, acute at each end, sessile, 1-3 cm. long; sheaths at length
lacerate; flowers axillary, crowded near the summit; calyx 2.5 mm. long, pink
margined; akene 3-angled, black, smooth, shiny.

British Columbia to Oregon, in open places, not common.

Polygonum lapathifolium L. Stems branched, 15-80 cm. high, erect or
ascending; leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous on the midrib and margins,
10-20 cm. long; peduncles minutely glandular; spikes axillary and terminal,

POLYGONACEAE. 131

slender, 2-10 cm. long, erect or nodding; flowers white or pink; stamens 6;
akene ovate, lenticular.

Sumas Prairie, Lyall; Vancouver Island, Macoun; rare in our limits.

Polygonum persicaria L. Lady's Thumb. Annual, erect or ascending,
glabrous or puberulent; stems 15-90 cm. long; leaves lanceolate, acute or acu-
minate at each end, short-petioled, 5-25 cm. long, frequently with a brown-
purple spot near the middle, glabrous or sparsely puberulent below and on the
midrib margins and above; sheaths tubular, 10-15 mm. long, coarsely fringed;
spikes slender, 2-4 cm. long, slender peduncled, erect; calyx pink, 5-lobed;
akene lenticular, black and shining.

Naturalized from Europe, very common.

Polygonum punctatum Elliott. Perennial or annual, nearly glabrous; stems
erect or decumbent at base, often rooting at the nodes, 30-90 cm. long; leaves
lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, 8-12 cm. long; sheaths bristly ciliate; spikes
erect, usually densely flowered; calyx greenish with white or pinkish margins;
stamens 8; styles 2 or 3; akenes lenticular or 3-angled, smooth and shiny.

In wet places, not common in our limits.

Polygonum hydropiper L. Smart-weed. Annual, glabrous; stems erect or
ascending, 20-60 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, acute or acuminate, ciliate,
3-10 cm. long, very acrid; sheaths bristly-ciliate; spikes interrupted, nodding,
3-8 cm. long; calyx green, dotted with dark glands; stamens 4 or 6; akenes
minutely striate, dull.

In wet ground, not common, apparently introduced.

Polygonum newberryi Small. Perennial, dull green, somewhat puberulent
throughout; stems stout, rather fleshy, flexuous, mostly simple, 10-30 cm.
high; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, obtusish, 1-4 cm. long, short-petioled;
sheaths short, brown, scarious, entire; spikes axillary from the upper leaves,
1-2 cm. long, few-flowered; calyx greenish, 5-parted, 3 mm. long; stamens 8;
akenes brown, 3-angled, smooth and shiny.

In rocky soils in the Cascade Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.

Polygonum bistortoides Pursh. Perennial from a thick oblong tuber,
glabrous throughout or sparsely puberulent; stem erect, simple, 30-60 cm.
tall; radical leaves oblong, acute or acuminate, 5-20 cm. long, 3-5 cm. broad,
on slender usually shorter petioles; cauline leaves 3-4, sessile, the uppermost
much reduced, lanceolate; spikes oblong, 3-6 cm. long, dense; calyx white,
deeply 5-cleft; akene chestnut-brown, 3-angled, smooth, shiny.

Moist meadows in the mountains at 1500 to 2000 m. elevation.

Polygonum viviparum L. Perennial from a thick bulb-like base, glabrous;
stems strictly erect, simple, 10-30 cm. high; basal leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acutish, truncate to subcordate at base, 5-20 cm. long, long-petioled; cauline
leaves lance-linear, sessile; spike terminal, erect, linear, the lower flowers
often replaced by bulblets; calyx pink, 5-parted; stamens 8; styles long, ex-
serted; akene triangular-ovoid.

A high alpine plant, collected in our limits only by Lyall, Cascade Mount-
ains, latitude 49.

Polygonum emersum (Michx.) Britt. Perennial, sparsely scabrous
throughout; stems erect or decumbent, 1-2 m. long, rooting at the nodes; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate or rounded at the base, 8-16 cm. long,
short-petioled; sheaths cylindric, loose, entire; spikes dense, 3-7 cm. long,
short-peduncled; calyx rose-red, 5-parted; akenes lenticular, black, shiny,
slightly roughened.

In wet meadows; rare in our limits, common east of the Cascade Mountains;
Sumas Prairie, Lyall.

132 POLYGONACEAE.

Polygonum amphibium L. Perennial, aquatic, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves floating, elliptic or oblong, obtuse or acutish, smooth and shiny above,
5-12 cm. long, long-petioled; spikes dense, 2-3 cm. long.

In ponds and lakes, common.

Polygonum hartwrightii Gray. Perennial, on muddy banks, more or less
strigose-pubescent especially on the sheaths and bracts.

On the borders of ponds and lakes, not uncommon. Many botanists
consider this only a hairy terrestrial state of P. amphibium.

Family 34. CHENOPODIACEAE. GOOSEFOOT FAMILY.

Mostly annual or perennial herbs; stems angled, striate or
terete; leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, simple, entire,
toothed or lobed, mostly petioled, without stipules; flowers per-
fect, polygamous, monoecious or dioecious, small, greenish,
regular or slightly irregular, commonly in panicled spikes, with
or without bracts; calyx persistent, 2-5-lobed or parted, or
rarely reduced to a single sepal or in some pistillate flowers
wanting; petals none; stamens as many as the calyx lobes or
fewer and opposite them; disk usually none; ovary mostly free
from the calyx, 1-celled; ovule 1; fruit a utricle; endosperm
mealy, fleshy or wanting.

Leaves nearly terete, fleshy. 161. DONDIA, 132.

Leaves flat, scale-like or subulate, not fleshy.

Leaves scale-like; flowers embedded in the

fleshy axis. 162. SALICORNIA, 132.

Leaves not scale-like; flowers not embedded in

the axis.
Flowers unisexual; fruit enclosed by two

bracts. 163. ATRIPLEX, 133.

Flowers perfect; fruit bractless.

Leaves becoming spiny. 164. SALSOLA, 133.

Leaves not spiny. 165. CHENOPODIUM, 133.

161. DONDIA.

Fleshy plants growing in salty places; leaves alternate, fleshy,
linear, nearly terete; flowers sessile in the axils of leafy bracts;
calyx 5-parted, fleshy, enclosing the fruit; stamens 5; stigmas
2 or 3; embryo spirally coiled; endosperm scanty or none.

Dondia maritima (L.) Druce. Sea-blite. Stems 5-40 cm. high, with
ascending or sometimes procumbent branches; leaves linear, plane above,
convex beneath, glaucous, 3-5 cm. long, those on the flowering branches
reduced; flowers 1-4, axillary, shorter than the subtending leaf; sepals convex
or obscurely keeled; seed brown to black, 2 mm. broad.

Salt marshes, rare in our limits. Coupeville, Gardner.

162. SALICORNIA.

Low plants growing in salty places; stems succulent, jointed;
leaves reduced to opposite scales or teeth; flowers perfect, em-

CHENOPODIACEAE. 133

bedded three together in each hollow of the thickened upper
joints forming a spike; the two lateral ones sometimes sterile;
stamens 1 or 2; styles 2, united at the base; embryo horseshoe-
shaped.

Salicornia ambigua Michx. Glasswort or Samphire. Stems erect or de-
cumbent, 8-30 cm. high, from a somewhat woody base; spike 2-5 cm. long,
its scales short and acute; flowers subequal in size, as long as the joint.

Common in salt marshes.

163. ATRIPLEX. SALTBUSH.

Annual herbs, usually mealy or scurfy; flowers in leafy spikes,
monoecious or dioecious; staminate with a 5-lobed calyx and
mostly 5 stamens; pistillate of a naked pistil between 2 appressed
foliaceous bracts, w r hich are enlarged and sometimes united in
fruit.

Bracts ovate to linear, without crest-like thickenings; leaves

linear. A. zosteraefolia.

Bracts angular-ovate, usually with crest-like thickenings;

leaves linear-lanceolate. A. littoralis.

Atriplex zosteraefolia (Hook.) Wats. Stems weak, decumbent, 20-30 cm.
long, glabrous or slightly scurfy; leaves fleshy, linear, mostly opposite, 3-10
cm. long, 3-4 mm. broad; flow r ers in axillary clusters; bracts ovate to linear.

Originally found on the shores of the Straits of San Juan de Fuca by Scouler;
recently found by Dawson and Macoun at various points on the coast of
Vancouver Island and adjacent British Columbia.

Atriplex littoralis L. Stems decumbent or sometimes erect, 30-60 cm.
long; leaves lanceolate or linear, sometimes hastate or few-toothed, dark-
green, somewhat scurfy; flowers in terminal panicles; bracts of the fruit deltoid-
triangular, often tubercled or crested on the back, the margins thinner and
green.

Common on the seashore.

164. SALSOLA.

Annual bushy-branched herbs; leaves rigid, subulate, prickle-
pointed; flowers sessile, perfect, 2-bracteolate, solitary in the
axils, or sometimes several together; calyx 5-parted; stamens 5;
utricle flattened, enclosed by the calyx, the segments of which are
appendaged by a broad membranous horizontal wing in fruit;
endosperm none.

Salsola kali tenuifolia G. F. W. Mey. Russian Thistle. Much branched
from the base, forming hemispherical plants 30-90 cm. or more in diameter;
branches striate, often reddish below; leaves linear, bluish-green, sessile,
tipped with a sharp point, fleshy at first but becoming dry and stiff, 1-3 cm.
long; wings of the calyx persistent, membranous.

Sparingly introduced but not troublesome as a weed in our limits.

165. CHENOPODIUM. GOOSEFOOT.

Annual or perennial, green and glabrous, white-mealy or
glandular-pubescent herbs; leaves alternate, petioled, entire,

134 CHENOPODIACEAE.

/

sinuate-dentate or pinnately-lobed ; flowers very small, green,
perfect, sessile, bractless, clustered in axillary or terminal, often
panicled or compound spikes; calyx 2-5-parted or lobed; stamens
1-5; utricle embraced or enclosed by the calyx, the segments of
which are herbaceous or slightly fleshy in fruit; endosperm mealy.

Calyx somewhat fleshy and often red in fruit; stamens 1 or 2. C. humile.
Calyx not fleshy nor red; stamens 5.

Leaves mealy beneath. C. album.

Leaves green and glabrous or very slightly mealy.

Calyx-lobes keeled; teeth of the leaves few. C. hybridum.

Calyx-lobes not keeled; teeth of the leaves numerous.
Seeds dull; axillary flower clusters shorter than the

leaves. C. murale.

Seeds shiny; axillary flower clusters mostly longer

than the leaves. C. urbicum.

Chenopodium humile Hook. Stems usually decumbent, much branched,
low; leaves ovate or lanceolate, often hastate, 2-5 cm. long, dentate or entire,
green; flower clusters in the axils of the upper leaves; seed small, 0.5 mm. broad.

Along the seashore, not common.

Chenopodium album L. Lamb's Quarters. Pigweed. Erect, stout, 50-
100 cm. tall, usually simple below the inflorescence, more or less white-mealy
throughout; leaves rhombic-ovate, sinuate or dentate, obtuse or acute, 2-4
cm. long, greener above; petioles slender, nearly equalling the blade; upper-
most leaves lanceolate and entire; panicle commonly 30 cm. long; spikes
axillary or terminal, rather dense; fruiting calyx 1 mm. broad, the sepals
keeled and arched over the lenticular fruit; seed black, minutely pitted.

A common introduced weed.

Chenopodium hybridum L. Green and glabrous throughout or the inflo-
rescence a little mealy, erect, 60-120 cm. high; leaves triangular-ovate, acu-
minate, somewhat cordate at base, thin and rather large, 520 cm. long, with
a few large teeth on each side; inflorescence a loose panicle; flowers in small
clusters in leafless racemes; calyx-lobes keeled, shorter than the fruit.

In waste places, introduced from Europe.

Chenopodium murale L. Annual, green, slightly or not at all mealy;
stems erect or nearly so, branched, 30-70 cm. high; leaves rhombic-ovate,
acute, truncate to cuneate at base, coarsely and unequally dentate, 510 cm.
long; axillary flower clusters diverging, shorter than the leaves; seeds dull,
sharp-edged.

A weed from Europe, occasionally found in waste places.

Chenopodium urbicum L. Annual, green and glabrous or slightly mealy;
stems erect, usually branched, 30-80 cm. tall; leaves triangular-ovate, acutish,
mostly truncate at base, coarsely dentate, the larger ones 8-12 cm. long;
axillary flower clusters narrow, erect, the upper ones longer than the leaves;
seeds shiny, rounded on the edge.

Native of Europe, sparingly introduced as a weed in waste places.

Family 35. AMARANTHACEAE. AMARANTH FAMILY.

Weedy herbs; leaves thin, simple, mostly entire, alternate or
opposite; flowers small, green or white, perfect, monoecious,
polygamous or dioecious, bracteolate, usually in terminal spikes

AMARANTHACEAE. 135

or axillary heads; calyx herbaceous or membranaceous, 2-5-
parted, the segments distinct or united at the base, equal, or the
inner ones smaller; petals none; stamens 1-5, mostly opposite
the calyx-segments, hypogynous; ovary jl -celled; ovule 1 (in
ours) ; fruit a utricle, 1-seeded (in ours) ; endosperm mealy,
usually copious.

166. AMARANTHUS. AMARANTH.

Annual branched erect or diffusely spreading, glabrous or
pubescent herbs; leaves alternate, petioled, pinnately veined,
entire, undulate or crisped; flowers small, green or purplish,
mostly 3-bracteolate, in dense terminal spikes or axillary clusters;
calyx of 2-5 distinct sepals; stamens 2-5; fruit an ovoid or
oblong utricle, 2-3-beaked with the persistent style. Mostly
pernicious weeds.

Flowers in dense terminal spikes. A . retroflexus.
Flowers in axillary clusters.

Plant erect, much branched; fruit rugose. A. graecizans.

Plant prostrate; fruit not rugose. A. blitoides.

Amaranthus retroflexus L. Pigweed. Stem stout, 50-200 cm. tall, erect,
pubescent, simple or branched; leaves ovate or rhombic-ovate, acute or obtuse,
obscurely crenate or entire, minutely roughened, 3-10 cm. long, slender-
petioled; spikes very dense, cylindric, erect, in large panicles; bracts subulate,
4-5 mm. long; sepals 5, oblong, acute, obtuse or emarginate.

Introduced in waste places.

Amaranthus graecizans L. Tumble-weed. Erect, pale green, much
branched, glabrous or nearly so, 15-60 cm. tall; leaves oblong or narrowly
obovate, obtuse or emarginate, 2-3 cm. long, short-petioled; flowers in small
axillary clusters; bracts subulate, spiny-pointed, much exceeding the sepals;
sepals 3, oblong-lanceolate, membranous; fruit roughened.

Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.

Amaranthus blitoides Wats. Very similar to A . graecizans but the branches
prostrate, 30-60 cm. long; bracts ovate-oblong, acuminate, little longer than
the sepals; fruit smooth.

Departure Bay, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.

Family 36. NYCTAGINACEAE. FOUR O'CLOCK FAMILY.

Herbs (in ours) with stems swollen at the joints; leaves oppo-
site, entire; flowers in a terminal or axillary cluster subtended
by an involucre; calyx tubular or funnelform, corolla-like; petals
none; stamens 3-5, hypogynous; ovary 1 -celled, 1-seeded,
enclosed by the calyx-tube which is constricted above the ovary
and is hardened in fruit into a nut-like pericarp.

136 NYCTAGINACEAE.

167. ABRONIA.

Annual or perennial herbs, with opposite petioled thick entire
leaves; stems erect or prostrate; flowers sessile, conspicuous;
calyx elongated, with 5 obcordate lobes; stamens 3-5, unequal,
on the calyx-tube; style filiform; fruit dry, with 1-5 net- veined
wings.

Flowers rose-colored; wings of the fruit solid. A. acutalata,

Flowers yellow; wings of the fruit hollow. A. latifolia.

Abronia acutalata Standley. Stems prostrate; leaves oblong or ovate,
obtuse, 2-4 cm. long, slender-petioled; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate;
flowers rose-pink; wings of the fruit broad, thin, acute, prolonged beyond the
body.

Along the ocean beach. Closely allied to A. umbellata Lam. to which our
plant has usually been referred.

Abronia latifolia Esch. Prostrate, sticky-pubescent; root thick and fleshy;
leaves ovate or reniform, thick, 2-4 cm. long; involucral bracts ovate to or-
bicular; flowers bright yellow.

Along the seashore. Herbage readily eaten by hogs and cows.

Family 37. AIZOACEAE. CARPET WEED FAMILY.

Soft herbs, sometimes fleshy or succulent; leaves whorled or
opposite; stipules wanting; flowers small, regular, perfect, soli-
tary, cymose or glomerate; calyx 4-5-cleft or parted; petals and
stamens sometimes numerous, but petals often wanting; ovary
usually free from the calyx, 2 -several-celled ; ovules numerous in
each cell (in ours) ; fruit a capsule; endosperm scanty or copious.

168. MOLLUGO. CARPET WEED.

Mostly annual, much branched herbs; leaves whorled, some-
times basal or alternate; stipules scarious, membranaceous,
deciduous; flowers small, whitish, cymose or axillary; sepals 5,
white inside, scarious-margined, persistent; petals none; stamens
hypogynous, 3 and alternate with the 3 cells of the ovary or 5
and alternate with the sepals; ovary and capsule usually 3-celled.

Mollugo verticillata L. Carpet Weed. Annual, glabrous throughout,
prostrate; stem slender, 1030 cm. long, branched; leaves spatulate or oblance-
olate, acute or obtuse, entire, narrowed at the sessile base, 12 cm. long, 38
in a whorl; flowers small, solitary in the axils, on pedicels as long or longer;
sepals oblong, shorter than the ovoid capsules; seeds shining, brown, curved.

On river banks, probably in our limits; common east of the Cascade
Mountains.

Family 38. PORTULACACEAE. PURSLANE FAMILY.

Annual or perennial usually succulent herbs; leaves entire,
alternate or opposite; flowers regular, perfect; sepals 2 or 4-8;

PORTULACACEAE. 137

petals 4 or 5, hypogynous, early withering; stamens as many as
or more numerous than the petals and adherent to their bases;
ovary 1-celled; ovules few to many; endosperm mealy.

Ovary half-inferior; sepals partly united. 169. PORTULACA, 137.

Ovary superior.

Capsule circumscissile; sepals 4-8. 170. LEWISIA, 13/.

Capsule not circumscissile.

Style branches 2; capsule 2-valved; sepals

scarious. 171. SPRAGUEA, 138.

Style branches 3; capsule 3-valved; sepals

not scarious.

Petals 3-7; stamens 3-12; leaves alter-
nate, fleshy. 172. CALANDRINIA, 138.
Petals 5; stamens 3 or 5; leaves opposite

or alternate, not fleshy.
Corolla zygomorphic; styles short,

cleft nearly to the base. 173. MONTIA, 138.

Corolla regular; styles elongated,

united nearly to the top. 174. CLAYTONIA, 139.

169. PORTULACA.

Low fleshy herbs; leaves alternate or partly opposite; stipules
scarious or none, or reduced to hairy tufts; flowers terminal and
sessile, expanding in direct sunshine before mid-day, soon closing;
sepals 2, coherent at the base in a tube and adnate to the ovary;
stamens 7-20; ovules numerous.

Portulaca oleracea L. Purslane. Annual, prostrate, fleshy, forming mats
10-40 cm. in diameter; leaves narrowly obovate, obtuse or truncate, narrowed
at base, 1-2 cm. long, glabrous; calyx-lobes ovate, keeled ; petals yellow, notched
at the apex; stamens 7-12; capsule conical, acute, dehiscing below the
middle.

Sparingly introduced as a weed.

170. LEWISIA.

Low acaulescent fleshy perennial herbs, with fleshy roots or a
corm; flowers on short scapes, showy; sepals 4-8; petals 3-16;
stamens numerous; capsule circumscissile; seeds many, black,
shining.

Plant 10-20 cm. high; inflorescence a many-flowered panicle. L. columbiana*
Plant 2-8 cm. high; scapes 1-3-flowered. L. pygmaea.

fLewisia columbiana (Howell) Robinson. Roots fleshy, branched; leaves
oblanceolate to spatulate, fleshy but flat, 2-5 cm. long, green; scapes stout,
10-30 cm. high; bracts oblong, glandular-toothed; panicle loose, usually many-
flowered; sepals nearly orbicular, the minute teeth gland-tipped; petals rose-
red, 8-10 mm. long.

Abundant in the Olympic Mountains; also on Vancouver Island and most
of the high peaks in the Cascade Mountains. Originally found in the Columbia
River Gap, where it occurs nearly to the river level.

138 PORTULACACEAE.

Lewisia pygmaea (Gray) Robinson. Root fleshy, conical, simple; leaves
linear to lanceolate or spatulate, 2-3 cm. long, the petioles scarious-margined;
scapes 2-5 cm. high; sepals 4 mm. long, orbicular, erose-dentate at the summit,
the teeth glandular; petals 6-8, red, twice as long as the sepals; seeds 15-20.

At high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains, rare.

171. SPRAGUEA.

Glabrous fleshy herbs with mostly radical leaves; flowers in
dense scorpioid spikes clustered in an umbel on a scape-like
peduncle; sepals 2, orbicular-cordate, persistent; petals 4;
stamens 3; style long, bifid at the apex; ovary 8-10-ovuled;
capsule membranaceous, 2-valved; seeds black and shining.

Spraguea multiceps Howell. Perennial with a thick fleshy root; crown
simple or with several short branches, each bearing a rosulate tuft of leaves;
leaves thick, spatulate, 5-8 cm. long; peduncles spreading or nearly prostrate,
2-4 cm. long, usually with 1 or 2 scarious bracts; flowers rose-purple, in dense
heads; sepals scarious, about as long as the petals; stamens and styles longer
than the petals.

Common in sandy or gravelly soil in the Cascade Mountains, at 2500-3000
m. altitude. Not known in the Olympic Mountains.

172. CALANDRINIA.

Low succulent herbs with alternate or radical leaves; flowers
purplish, in bracteate racemes or panicles or few on short scape-
like stems; sepals 2, green, persistent; petals mostly 5; stamens
5-15; style 3-cleft, short; ovary free, many-ovuled; capsule glo-
bose or ovoid, membranaceous, 3-valved; seeds black, usually
shining, smooth or minutely tuberculate.

Calandrinia caulescens HBK. Glabrous, branched from the base, decum-
bent, 5-15 cm. high; leaves linear to oblanceolate, 2-6 cm. long; flowers in
racemes on erect or ascending peduncles; sepals ovate, acute, keeled; petals
3-5, obovate, rose-colored, 4-8 mm. long; capsule obovoid, acute; seeds lens-
shaped, minutely roughened.

Washington to Mexico, rare in our limits.

Calandrinia caulescens menziesii (Hook.) Gray. Flowers larger, the petals
8-12 mm. long.

Moist places, not common.

173. MONTIA.

Low branching glabrous succulent annual herbs; leaves mostly
opposite; flowers small, white, nodding, axillary or racemose;
sepals 2, ovate, herbaceous, persistent; petals 5, unlike, two
larger and three smaller; stamens 3, alternate with the smaller
petals; style very short; stigmas 3.

Montia fontana L. ( Claytonia hallii Gray.) Stems procumbent or ascend-
ing, rooting at the nodes, 3-10 cm. high or when aquatic often longer; leaves
spatulate or obovate, 4-14 mm. long; raceme terminal or axillary, few-flowered;
petals white, 2 mm. long, a little longer than the calyx.

In wet places and running water.

PORTULACACEAE.

139

174. CLAYTONIA.

Low and glabrous succulent herbs, perennial from corms or
thickened rootstocks or annual; basal leaves petioled, the cauline
opposite or alternate; flowers small, white or rose-colored, in
loose terminal racemes, lasting more than one day; sepals 2,
ovate, herbaceous, persistent; petals 5, equal; stamens 5; style
3-notched or cleft.

Perennials with thick roots or corms.
Corm globose; cauline leaves oblong.
Caudex elongate; cauline leaves linear-spatulate.
Perennials or annuals; roots not cormose.

Stem bearing only two leaves, these opposite.
Cauline leaves not united.

Pedicels mostly bractless; perennial by rootstocks.
Pedicels mostly with bracts; roots fibrous.
Cauline leaves united, at least at base.

United leaves not forming a disk, but linear or lan-
ceolate.

United leaves forming a roundish disk.
Calyx 4 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. broad.
Calyx 2 mm. long; seeds 1 mm. broad.
Stems bearing more than two opposite leaves, or leaves

alternate.

Cauline leaves of several pairs, opposite.
Cauline leaves alternate.

Perennial, producing slender stolons; leaves very

fleshy.

Annual; not stoloniferous; leaves not very fleshy.
Leaves broad, long-petioled; seeds striate.
Leaves narrow, sessile.

Seeds dull, less than 1 mm. broad.
Seeds shining.

Petals 4 mm. long; seeds 2 mm. broad.
Petals minute or absent; seeds 1 mm.
broad.

C. lanceolata.
C. megarrhiza.

C. asarifolia.
C. sibirica.

C. spathulata.

C. perfoliata.
C. parviflora.

C. chamissoi.

C. parvifolia.
C. diffusa.
C. dichotoma.
C. linearis.
C. howellii.

Claytonia lanceolata Pursh. Stems simple, 8-15 cm. tall, erect, from a
globose tuber 1-4 cm. in diameter; radical leaves few or wanting, lanceolate,
acute, long-petioled; cauline a single pair, sessile, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate,
acute, 2-5 cm. long; flowers 3-10 in a short raceme which scarcely exceeds the
cauline leaves; pedicels slender; petals pink, oblong or ovate, emarginate,
8-10 mm. long; seeds black, shiny, 2 mm. broad.

In mountain meadows at about 1500 m. altitude.

Claytonia megarrhiza (Gray) Parry. Root very large, fusiform, bearing
from its crown several scapes and a cluster of leaves, these spatulate to cuneate,
5-15 cm. long, the petioles broad and scarious-margined; scapes about as long
as the leaves, bearing 2 or more opposite or alternate narrow bracts; racemes
one-sided; sepals oblong; petals pink, 6-8 mm. long.

High mountains, in the crevices of rocks. Mount Stuart, Elmer; Mount
Jefferson, Oregon, Gorman.

Claytonia asarifolia Bong. Perennial, with short rootstocks, somewhat
tufted; stems 15-30 cm. tall, bearing a single pair of leaves below the inflores-
cence; leaves rather fleshy, broadly ovate, somewhat cordate, obtuse, 2-3 cm.
long, the cauline sessile, the radical slender- petioled; raceme peduncled, 3-12-

140 PORTULACACEAE.

flowered, with few or no bracts; pedicels slender; petals white, pellucid, 10-12
mm. long; capsule longer than the sepals; seeds bright, shiny, 1-1.5 mm. broad.
In cold woods along streams in the mountains.

Claytonia sibirica L. Stems simple, erect or ascending, 15-40 cm. high;
basal leaves ovate, 2-6 cm. long, contracted into long margined petioles;
cauline pair ovate, sessile but not united; raceme bracteate, loose, the flowers
on long pedicels; petals white or pink with red veins, about 6 mm. long; seeds
granulate.

In wet meadows and open moist woods, very common.

Claytonia spathulata Dougl. Annual, 2-10 cm. high, erect or spreading;
basal leaves linear or somewhat spatulate, thickish; cauline leaves usually
united on but one side or completely united and the disk narrower on one side,
or rarely separate and sessile; racemes short, few-flowered; pedicels 6-8 mm.
long; sepals ovate; petals white or pink, 3-4 mm. long, twice as long as the
sepals; seeds black, shining, appearing minutely roughened under a lens.

In moist soil especially where somewhat saline; not common.

Claytonia spathulata exigua (Torr. & Gr.) Piper. Basal leaves narrowly
linear, 1-5 cm. long; cauline linear, usually somewhat dilated at base and con-
nate on one side.

In moist places, rare.

Claytonia perfoliata Donn. Annual, branched from the base, 10-50 cm.
high, erect; basal leaves long-petioled, the blades usually rhomboid-ovate,
but varying to spatulate-linear; cauline leaves united, forming an orbicular
or somewhat angled disk, 3-5 cm. broad; racemes rather loose, one-sided;
calyx 4 mm. long; petals smaller, white; seeds smooth, shiny, lenticular, 2 mm.
broad.

Very common. A form with the cauline leaves distinct is C. perfoliata
amplectens Greene.

Claytonia parviflora Dougl. Annual, branched from the base; stems usually
15-30 cm. high, erect; radical leaves long-petioled, linear, lanceolate or
spatulate; cauline pair united into an orbicular somewhat angled disk, 1-4 cm.
in diameter; raceme usually loose, interrupted, somewhat one-sided; calyx
2 mm. long; petals pink or white, about twice as long; seeds shiny, usually
smooth, 1 mm. broad.

In prairies or "burns."

Claytonia parviflora depressa Gray. Small and depressed, more fleshy;
whole plant commonly reddish; cauline leaves sometimes nearly separate;
radical leaves broadly ovate.

In open places.

Claytonia chamissoi Ledeb. Perennial, with slender elongate stolons,
finally tuberiferous at the apex; flower stems mostly simple, 10-30 cm. tall;
leaves 3-7 pairs, broadly spatulate, 2-4 cm. long; raceme few-flowered;
pedicels slender; petals pale or white, 6-8 mm. long; stamens 5; capsule equal-
ing the calyx; seeds kidney-shaped, minutely roughened.

Moist copses, rare in our limits. Comox, Vancouver Island, Maconn;
Roy, Washington, Allen.

Claytonia parvifolia Moc. Fleshy perennial, producing slender creeping
stolons, 'and propagating by leafy offsets produced in the axils of the cauline
leaves; lower leaves obovate, acutish, short-petioled, 1-3 cm. long; cauline
leaves reduced and narrower; racemes few-flowered; sepals suborbicular, 2
mm. long; petals pink with darker veins, 8-10 mm. long.

In moist places especially on rocks in the mountains.

PORTULACACEAE. 141

Claytonia diffusa Xutt. Annual, the whole plant usually reddish, much
branched, 5-10 cm. high; leaves all alternate or a few of the lower ones opposite,
the blades ovate, 1-2 cm. long, abruptly narrowed into petioles of equal
length; racemes numerous; pedicels of the lower flowers elongate, sometimes
bracted; petals white or pale pink, emarginate, longer than the calyx; seeds
sculptured with fine longitudinal and transverse striae.

In open coniferous woods, not common.

Claytonia dichotoma Nutt. Very similar to C. linearis but smaller in every
way, 2-8 cm. tall; calyx 2 mm. long; petals scarcely exceeding the calyx;
seeds 1 mm. broad, dull.

Rare in our limits, but common east of the Cascade Mountains. First
found by Nuttall at the mouth of the Willamette River.

Claytonia linearis Dougl. Annual, branched below, 5-15 cm. tall; leaves
linear, succulent, all alternate, 2-5 cm. long, scarious-margined at base;
raceme 4-10-flowered, one-sided, the pedicels curving downward; sepals 4 mm.
long; capsule shorter than the sepals; seeds shiny, 2 mm. broad.

In moist open places.

Claytonia howellii (Wats.) Piper. Annual, very small and slender, rooting
at the nodes, 2-5 cm. high; leaves linear-spatulate, 10-20 mm. long, the foliar
ones alternate; racemes few-flowered from the axils of ovate bract-like leaves
opposite the foliar ones; pedicels reflexed in fruit; flowers very small, close-
pollinated; petals minute, white, 2-5 or wanting.

In wet places in early spring. Victoria, Macoun; Seattle, Piper; Sauvies
Island, Oregon, where first found by Howell.

Family 39. CARYOPHYLLACEAE. PINK FAMILY.
Annual or perennial herbs; stems often swollen at the nodes;
leaves opposite, entire, with or without stipules; flowers regular
and perfect; sepals 4 or 5, separate or united into a calyx-tube;
petals equal in number to the sepals or none; stamens not more
than twice as many as the sepals, hypogynous or perigynous;
styles 2-5; ovary 1-celled, rarely 3-5-celled; ovules several or
many, basal or attached to a central column; fruit a capsule,
akene or utricle; endosperm mealy.

Sepals united; petals long-clawed.

Styles 2; capsule with 4 teeth. 175. DIANTHUS, 142.

Styles more than 2; capsule not with 4 teeth.
Styles 3, rarely 4 or 5; capsule with 3 or 6

teeth. 176. SILENE, 142.

Styles always 5; capsule with 5 or 10 teeth. 177. LYCHNIS, 144.
Sepals free to the base or nearly so.
Stipules present, scarious.

Sepals spine-tipped; fruit a 1-seeded utricle. 178. PENTACAENA, 144.
Sepals not spine-tipped; fruit a capsule.

Styles and valves of the capsule 3. 179. TISSA, 145.

Styles and valves of the capsule 5. 180. SPERGULA, 145.

Stipules wanting.
Petals none.

Styles as many as the sepals and alter-
nate with them. 183. SAGINA, 148.

142 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Styles fewer than the sepals or if as many

opposite them. 182. STELLARIA, 146.

Petals present.

Petals 2-cleft or parted.

Capsule cylindric, usually curved. 181. CERASTIUM, 146.
Capsule ovoid or oblong not curved. 182. STELLARIA, 146.
Petals entire or notched.

Styles as many as the sepals and

alternate with them. 183. SAGINA, 148.

Styles fewer than the sepals or if as

many opposite them.
Disk of the receptacle conspicu-
ous, 8-10-lobed. 184. AMMODENIA, 148.
Disk none.

Seeds without strophioles. 185. ARENARIA, 149.
Seeds each with a strophiole. 186. MOEHRINGIA, 150.

175. DIANTHUS. PINK. CARNATION.

Annual or perennial ornamental herbs; flowers solitary or
clustered, mostly pink, rose-colored, or white; calyx cylindrical,
nerved or striate, 5-toothed, subtended by 2 or more bractlets;
stamens 10; styles 2; capsules 1-celled, 4-toothed; seeds flattish
on the back.

Dianthus armeria L. Deptford Pink. Annual, erect, 30-60 cm. high,
somewhat pubescent; leaves linear; flowers in clusters of 2-4; bracts subulate,
very pubescent; calyx tubular, 15 mm. long, the teeth very acute; petals
elliptic, crenate, rose-colored and with small white dots.

A nacive of Europe occasionally found in fields; introduced with grass seed.

176. SILENE. CATCHFLY.

Annual or perennial herbs; flowers clustered or solitary, mainly
pink, red or white; calyx more or less inflated, tubular, ovoid or
campanulate, 5-toothed, 10-many-nerved; petals 5, narrow,
clawed, mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade;
stamens 10; styles 3, rarely 2, 4 or 5, if 5 opposite the calyx-
teeth; ovary 1-celled or incompletely 2-4-celled; ovules many;
capsule 3 or 6-toothed.

Calyx with 15 nerves or more.

Nerves 18-23, prominent; calyx not inflated. S. multinervia.

Nerves 15-20, obscure; calyx inflated. S. latifolia.

Calyx with 5-10 nerves.

Plants annual or biennial.

Inflorescence a simple raceme. 5. anglica.

Inflorescence a cyme or panicle.

Plant sticky-hairy. 5. noctiflora.

Plant glabrous, except that the middle portion of

each of the upper internodes is glutinous. S. antirrhina.

Plants perennial.

Acaulescent and densely matted. 5. acaidis.

Caulescent.

Flowers solitary in the forks of leafy branches.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 143

Flowers small; petals white, bifid. 5. menziesii.

Flowers large; petals pink, 4-parted. 5. hookeri.

Flowers in terminal panicles, or occasionally sol-
itary.
Calyx cylindric, narrowed at base; inflorescence

a narrow panicle. S. scouleri.

Calyx campanulate; inflorescence a few-flow-
ered cyme.

Plants 5-10 cm. high; flowers 1-3. S. suksdorfii.

Plants taller; flowers often numerous.

Blades of petals 2-lobed. S. douglasii.

Blades of petals 4-lobed, the lateral

lobes smaller. 5. macounii.

Silene multinervia Wats. Annual, erect, 20-30 cm. high, pubescent and
somewhat viscid in the inflorescence; leaves linear to narrowly oblong, acute;
flowers irregularly cymose; calyx ovoid but narrowed above, with 18-23 prom-
inent nerves; petals small, purple.

Sparingly introduced from California.

Silene latifolia (Mill.) Britten & Rendle. Bladder Campion. Perennial,
glaucous; stems loosely branched, spreading or ascending, 20-40 cm. high;
leaves ovate to lanceolate, acute, the uppermost reduced to bracts; calyx
glabrous, much inflated, thin, with 15-20 veins connected by cross veinlets;
petals white, 2-cleft.

Introduced from Europe.

Silene anglica L. Annual, pubescent and somewhat viscid; stems erect,
15-30 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, 2-3.5 cm. long;
flowers in a terminal one-sided raceme; calyx hairy, cylindric at first, becoming
ovoid in fruit; petals small, pink or white, notched or entire.

Introduced from Europe.

Silene noctiflora L. Stems stout, erect, 30-80 cm. high; lower leaves
oblanceolate or spatulate, the upper lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long; flowers white,
few and long-peduncled, in a loose cyme; fruiting calyx ovoid, white with
green veins, 25 mm. long, the teeth subulate.

Sparingly introduced from Europe.

Silene antirrhina L. Annual, glabrous or puberulent; stem slender, mostly
simple, the middle of each internode sticky-viscid; leaves linear or lanceolate,
acute, 2-6 cm. long, sessile; flowers in a forked compound cyme, long-pedicelled;
calyx 10-nerved, ovoid, cylindrical in fruit, 6-10 mm. long; petals white or
pinkish, notched, little exceeding the calyx.

Sandy or gravelly soil, infrequent.

Silene acaulis L. Moss Campion. Perennial, densely tufted and moss-
like, 2-5 cm. high; leaves numerous, linear, 8-12 mm. long; flowers solitary,
subsessile or short-peduncled; calyx glabrous, bell-shaped, the lobes obtuse;
petals red-purple, notched or cleft at the apex, the lateral auricles very small.

Moist rocky places at high altitudes in the Cascade Mountains.

Silene menziesii Hook. Perennial, glandular-puberulent; stems weak,
erect or decumbent, usually branched, 10-30 cm. high, leafy; leaves elliptic-
lanceolate, acuminate or acute at each end, 2-6 cm. long; flowers small, solitary
in the forks of leafy branches; calyx obconical, 5-6 mm. long, 5-toothed, nerves
not prominent; petals white, 2-cleft, 6-8 mm. long, usually without a crown.

In open woods.

Silene hookeri Nutt. Leafy perennial with stout root; herbage grayish
pubescent; stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate, acutish, 4-7 cm. long,

144 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

with margined petioles; flowers large; pedicels erect, 3-5 cm. long; calyx cla-
vate, 1.5-2 cm. long, the teeth acute; petals white or pink, cleft into 4 narrow
lobes.

Prairies and open woods, Willamette Valley, Oregon, to California.

Silene scouleri Hook. Perennial, puberulent throughout, glandular-viscid
above; stems erect, simple, 40-60 cm. tall, solitary or tufted; radical leaves
lanceolate or oblanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, on slender petioles of equal length;
cauline several pairs, sessile at the swollen nodes, lanceolate, 5-8 cm. long;
inflorescence narrow, elongated; flowers short-pedicelled, one or several in the
axils; calyx cylindrical or club-shaped, 10-15 mm. long, with 10 dark nerves
and short scarious-margined teeth; petals 2-cleft, the lobes notched; auricles
of the claw narrow, cleft into narrow lobes.

Dry prairies, originally found at Vancouver, Washington, by Scoider.

Silene suksdorfii Robinson. Perennial, 5-10 cm. high, forming broad tufts;
leaves linear to spatulate, obtuse, 8-15 mm. long; flowers in clusters of 1-3,
the inflorescence glandular; calyx about 10 mm. long, with conspicuous nerves;
petals white, notched at apex, the lobes entire, the lateral auricles oblong;
capsule on a short stipe.

On high peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2700 m. altitude.

Silene douglasii Hook. Perennial, tufted, somewhat pubescent and usually
viscid-glandular in the inflorescence; flowering stems erect, 3050 cm. tali,
simple; leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate, acute or acuminate,
5-8 cm. long; cymes few-flowered, long-peduncled; calyx 10-15 mm. long,
cylindric or obovoid, slightly inflated, pale green, the nerves inconspicuous and
the short teeth scarious margined; petals white or pinkish, 2-lobed; scales
oblong, obtuse; claw broad, with a short auricle at each side at the apex.

Mostly in the mountains; common and very variable.

Silene macounii Wats. Very similar to S. douglasii but the blade of the
petals 4-lobed, the lateral lobes narrow and acute, smaller than the median
lobes.

In the Cascade and Olympic Mountains at about 2000 m. altitude; perhaps
not specifically distinct from S. douglasii.

177. LYCHNIS.

Showy plants similar to Silene, but with styles always 5 and the
pod opening with 5 or 10 teeth.

P^ Lychnis coronaria (L.) Desr. Mullein Pink. Herbage white-woolly
throughout; stems stout, erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves oval or oblong, the cau-
line much reduced; calyx ovoid, the alternating ribs prominent; petals crimson,
sometimes white, the appendage at the top of the claw stiff and sharp.
Introduced from Europe.

;178. PENTACAENA.

Low densely tufted perennials; leaves subulate, densely crowded
on the branches; stipules dry and silvery; flowers sessile, clustered
in the axils; sepals 5, nearly distinct, hooded, unequal, spiny; petals
minute, scale-like, perigynous; stamens 3-5, on the base of the
sepals; style very short, 2-cleft; fruit a utricle, included in the
rigid connivent calyx.

Pentacaena ramossissima (Weinm.) Hook. & Arn. Plants densely matted,
the stems prostrate, 10-50 cm. long; leaves very numerous, subulate, straight

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 145

or recurved, 8-12 mm. long; flowers sessile, in axillary clusters; calyx-lobes
divergent, twice as long as the tube; petals minute.
On high sea-beaches along the ocean coast.

179. TISSA.

Low annual, biennial or perennial herbs; leaves fleshy, linear
or setaceous, with scarious stipules; flowers in terminal racemose
cymes; sepals 5; petals 5 (in ours), purplish or white; stamens
2-10, commonly 10; styles 3, very rarely 5; ovary 1 -celled;
capsule-valves as many as the styles, when 5, alternate with the
sepals.

Plants not maritime; leaves not fleshy; stipules elongate, sil-
very. T. rubra.
Plants maritime; leaves very fleshy; stipules ovate.

Annual, fibrous-rooted; flowers 4-5 mm. long. T. marina.

Perennial, large-rooted; flowers 6-7 mm. long. T. macrotheca.

Tissa rubra (L.) Britt. Annual, sometimes biennial or perennial, prostrate
or decumbent; stems slender, 10-30 cm. long, smooth below, glandular above;
leaves linear, cuspidate, 8-12 mm. long; stipules silvery, attentuate-lanceolate,
4-5 mm. long; flowers in a small cyme; pediceis filiform, exceeding the leaf-
like bracts; petals pink, hardly longer than the sepals.

Gravelly prairies, common.

Tissa marina (L. )Britt. More or less glandular pubescent, the branches
spreading or procumbent; leaves fleshy; stipules ovate, acuminate; sepals ovate,
obtuse, 4-5 mm. long; petals pink; capsule acute, equalling or longer than the
sepals.

On sandy or gravelly sea beaches.

Tissa macrotheca (Hornem.) Britt. Glandular-pubescent perennial
with a stout fleshy root; stems decumbent to ascending, 10-30 cm. high; leaves
fleshy, mucronate; sepals lanceolate, subacute; petals pink, nearly as long as
the sepals; capsule ovoid, acute, as long as the calyx.

Sea beaches; much less common than T. marina.

180. SPERGULA. SPURREY.

Annual branched herbs; leaves subulate, fascicled, with scari-
ous stipules; flowers in a cymose panicle; sepals 5; petals 5,
white; stamens 10, rarely 5; ovary 1-celled; capsule- valves 5,
opposite the sepals.

Seeds papillate; herbage nearly glabrous. 6 1 . arvensis.

Seeds not papillate; herbage viscid. S. saliva.

Spergula arvensis L. Annual, the decumbent stems 15-30 cm. long;
leaves whorled, filiform, 2-5 cm. long; inflorescence naked, loosely cymose;
pedicels often deflexed in fruit; sepals 4-5 mm. long; petals white; seeds dark,
minutely roughened with pale papillae.

Common weed in fields; introduced from Europe.

Spergula sativa Boenn. Very similar to S. arvensis but minutely viscid ;
flowers ill-scented; seeds not papillate.
Victoria, Macoun.

II

146 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

181. CERASTIUM. MOUSE-EAR CHICKWEED.

Annual or perennial, generally pubescent or hirsute herbs;
leaves flat, rarely subulate; stipules none; flowers in terminal
bracted dichotomous cymes; sepals 5; petals 5, retuse or bifid,
very rarely subentire, white; stamens 10, sometimes fewer;
styles 5, sometimes 4 or 3, opposite the sepals; capsule cylindric,
1-celled, often curved, dehiscent by 10, rarely 8, apical teeth.

Petals decidedly longer than the sepals. C. arvense.
Petals not longer than the sepals.

Pedicels longer than the calyx. C. vulgatum.

Pedicels not longer than the calyx. C. viscosum.

Cerastium arvense L. Perennial, tufted, pubescent throughout or some-
times nearly glabrous; stems weak, erect, 15-40 cm. tall, nearly naked above;
leaves linear or lanceolate, 2-3 cm. long; flowers cymose, on slender pedicels;
sepals oblong, acute, 5-6 mm. long; petals deeply notched, twice as long as the
sepals.

In dry open ground; common and variable.

Cerastium vulgatum L. Perennial, viscid-pubescent throughout, tufted
10-30 cm. high; leaves oblong, obtuse, or the upper ones acutish, 10-25 mm.
long; inflorescence loose, the pedicels longer than the calyx; sepals obtuse,
4-5 mm. long, as long as the 2-cleft petals; capsule somewhat curved, longer
than the calyx.

A weed in lawns and pastures; introduced from Europe.

Cerastium viscosum L. Annual, viscid-pubescent, erect or nearly so,
10-20 cm. high; leaves oval to ovate or obovate, very obtuse, the lowest
narrowed into short-margined petioles; inflorescence rather close in flower,
looser in fruit; sepals acute, 3-4 mm. long; petals shorter than the sepals.

A weed introduced from Europe.

182. STELLARIA. CHICKWEED.

Annual or perennial tufted generally diffuse herbs; leaves flat,
rarely subulate; stipules none; flowers solitary or cymose, terminal
or becoming lateral ; sepals 5 or 4 ; petals 5 or 4, rarely none, always
more or less deeply bifid, often divided almost to the base, white;
stamens 3-10; styles 3 or 4, rarely 5; capsules globose, ovoid or
oblong, dehiscing by as many valves as there are styles.

Lowest leaves ovate, petiolate.

Stems pubescent with a line of hairs; leaves ovate. 5. media.

Stems glabrous, except at base; leaves shiny, the up-
per linear-lanceolate. 5. nitens.
Leaves all sessile.

Bracts of the inflorescence small, scarious.

Pedicels erect; cyme few-flowered. S. longipes.

Pedicels spreading; cyme loosely many-flowered.

Leaves linear, acute at each end ; seeds smooth. S. longifolia.
Leaves lanceolate, broadest near the base; seeds

rough. 5. graminea.

Bracts of the inflorescence leafy.

Leaves lanceolate. S. borealis.

Leaves ovate.

Herbage glabrous. S. crispa.

Herbage finely puberulent. 6 1 . washingtoniana.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 147

Stellaria media (L.) Cyrill. Annual, weak and spreading; stems weak,
10-30 cm. long, glabrous except a line of hairs; lower leaves ovate, petioled, the
upper narrower and sessile, all acute, 10-40 mm. long; flowers solitary in the
axils or somewhat cymose, on slender pedicels; calyx glandular-pubescent,
nearly as long as the capsule; petals deeply 2-parted, shorter than the sepals;
stamens 3, 5, or 10.

A common weed introduced from Europe.

Stellaria nitens Nutt. Annual, somewhat tufted; stems erect, slender,
shining, 8-15 cm. tall, branched above, pubescent only at base; lowest pair of
leaves ovate, acute, petioled, 4 mm. long, the others linear-lanceolate and ses-
sile, 5-10 mm. long; cymes loose, few-flowered, the bracts scarious; pedicels
thread-like, 1-5 cm. long; sepals 3-nerved, very acute, scarious-margined,
4 mm. long; petals deeply 2-cleft, half as long as the sepals or wanting.

In dry open places.

Stellaria longipes Goldie. Somewhat tufted, with creeping rootstocks,
smooth and shining throughout; stems 4-angled, erect, 15-40cm. high, branched
above; leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering from the base to the acute apex,
prominently 1-nerved, 2-3 cm. long; flowers solitary or in very loose cymes;
bracts reduced and scarious or when the flowers are few or solitary foliaceous;
pedicels slender, 2-10 cm. long; petals 2-cleft, exceeding the rather obtuse
sepals; capsule longer than the calyx; seeds smooth, shining.

Moist places, not rare.

Stellaria longifolia Muhl. Erect or nearly so, the stem sharply 4-angled,
glabrous, 20-40 cm. high; leaves linear or oblong-linear, acute at each end,
often ciliate near the base, 2-3 cm. long; cyme open, long-peduncled, becoming
lateral, many-flowered; pedicels spreading or at length deflexed; petals exceed-
ing the sepals; capsule pale, longer than the calyx.

In wet meadows, rare.

Stellaria graminea L. Whole plant glabrous, shining; stems 4-angled,
ascending, branched above, 35-60 cm. high; leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute,
2-3 cm. long; flowers in a loose much-forked cyme; bracts scarious, somewhat
ciliate; pedicels slender, spreading or reflexed; sepals lanceolate, acute, 3-
nerved, nearly equalling the capsule; petals 2-cleft, as long as the sepals;
seeds minutely roughened.

In wet places; introduced from Europe.

Stellaria borealis Bigel. (S. calycantha Bong.) Perennial, glabrous
throughout, the weak stems ascending, branched, 15-30 cm. long; leaves ovate
to elliptic-lanceolate, 7-25 mm. long; pedicels slender, sometimes deflexed,
15-30 mm. long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, scarious-margined, 2-4 mm.
long; petals wanting or if present shorter than the sepals; styles mostly 4;
capsule ovoid, 3-5 mm. long; seeds smooth.

Along rivulets in the mountains at high altitudes.

Stellaria borealis bongardiana Fernald. Larger; the stems often 60 cm.
long; leaves lanceolate, 3-8 cm. long, the upper gradually reduced; sepals
4-5.5 mm. long; capsule 5-8 mm. long.

Common in moist woods.

Stellaria borealis sitchana (Steud.) Fernald. Upper leaves reduced to
scarious bracts, the flowers therefore loosely cymose. Otherwise like S.
borealis bongardiana.

In marshes, especially near the seashore. While the lowland subspecies
S. borealis bongardiana appears very different from the alpine or subalpine
5. borealis, Fernald concludes that they are completely connected by Rocky
Mountain forms.

148 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

Stellaria crispa Cham. & Schlecht. Perennial, glabrous; stems weak,
decumbent or prostrate, 1030 cm. long, simple or with but few branches;
leaves thin, ovate, acuminate, 812 mm. long, entire or crisped on the margin,
very short-petioled; pedicels slender, 6-20 mm. long; sepals lanceolate, 3-
nerved, very acute, with a narrow scarious margin; petals deeply cleft but
usually wanting; capsule acutish, exceeding the sepals.

In moist woods, common.

Stellaria washingtoniana Robinson. Annual; stems slender, decumbent,
leafy, not much branched, pubescent; leaves ovate, acute, very short-petioled,
thin, about 8 mm. long, glabrous or pubescent, 1-nerved, ciliate near the base;
peduncles 1 cm. long, spreading, 1-flowered; calyx pubescent, the sepals ovate,
2-3 mm. long, obtusish, faintly 3-nerved; petals none.

In deciduous woods; Nisqually River, Allen; Lake Cushman, Piper.

183. SAGINA. PEARLWORT.

Small matted herbs with thread-like or awl-shaped leaves;
stipules none; flowers small, terminating the stem and the
branches; sepals 4 or 5; petals 4 or 5, or often none; stamens as
many as or twice as many as the sepals; styles as many as the
sepals and alternate with them; pod many-seeded, 4-5-valved.

Species very difficult to define.

Herbage glandular-puberulent. .S. apetala.

Herbage glabrous.

Stems slender; leaves scarcely fleshy. S. occidentalism

Stems rather stout; leaves fleshy. 5. crassicaulis.

Sagina apetala barbata Fenzl. (S. ciliata (Greene) Piper.) Very slender,
erect, 3-5 cm. high, minutely glandular-pubescent; leaves linear, ciliolate at
their broadened bases.

In dry ground, rare.

Sagina occidentalis Wats. Glabrous, the slender decumbent stems 5-12
cm. high; leaves linear, very acute, 6-10 mm. long; peduncles 1525 mm. long;
sepals subacute, 2.5 mm. long, shorter than the capsule; petals shorter than
the sepals.

Common in springy ground.

Sagina crassicaulis Wats. Distinctly fleshy; stems rather stout; leaves
5-20 mm. long; calyx 3 mm. long, shorter than the capsule.
Along the seashore. Scarcely different from 5. occidentalis.

184. AMMODENIA.

Stout fleshy perennial seashore plants with clasping thick
leaves; flowers axillary; disk conspicuous, 10-lobed, glandulif-
erous; styles 3-5; capsule globose, somewhat berry-like.

Ammodenia peploides (L.) Rupr. Perennial, very fleshy, glabrous, 10-30
cm. high; leaves obovate or ovate, partly clasping; flower axillary, nearly
sessile; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 7 mm. long; seeds smooth.

Along the seashore. Scarcely distinguishable is A. peploides major (Hook.)
Piper, somewhat taller with larger somewhat apiculate leaves.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 149

185. ARENARIA. SANDWORT.

Annual or perennial mainly tufted herbs; leaves sessile, often
subulate and more or less rigid; stipules none; flowers white,
cymosely panicled or capitate, rarely solitary and axillary;
sepals 5; petals 5, very rarely minute or wanting, entire or
emarginate, white or nearly so; stamens 10, or often fewer;
styles generally 3, rarely 2-5 ; capsule globose or oblong, dehiscent
at the apex by as many or twice as many valves as there are styles.

Leaves not narrowly linear nor rigid.

Perennial; leaves linear or lance-linear; stems and foliage

weak and flaccid. A. paludicola.

Annuals; leaves lanceolate or ovate; stems and foliage

not weak and flaccid.

Leaves ovate; capsule flask-shaped. A. serpyllifolia.

Leaves lanceolate; capsule oblong. A. leptoclados.

Leaves narrowly linear, firm or rigid.
Sepals obtuse.

Leaves glandular-hirsute; capsule-valves entire. A. sajanensis.

Leaves glabrous or nearly so; capsule-valves 2-

cleft. A. capillaris.

Sepals acute or cuspidate.

Plants loosely or not at all matted; cymes dichot-
omously branched, several to many-flowered; low-
land plant. A. tenella.
Plants densely matted or tufted, alpine; cymes few-
flowered.
Sepals not strongly nerved; petals shorter than

the sepals. A. nuttallii.

Sepals strongly nerved ; petals equalling the sepals. A . verna.

Arenaria paludicola Robinson. Perennial, glabrous, the weak stems pro-
cumbent, shiny, angled, 15-30 cm. long; leaves sessile, and somewhat connate,
linear to linear-lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, flat, 2-4 cm. long, the upper not
reduced; flowers solitary, axillary; sepals elliptic, subacute, 3-4 mm. long,
nerveless; petals obovate, twice as long as the sepals; capsule oblong, shorter
than the calyx.

In swamps near Tacoma, Flett; otherwise known only in California.

Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Annual, much branched, very leafy, puberulent
throughout, 5-15 cm. high; leaves ovate, cuspidately acute, 10-15 mm. long,
sessile or nearly so; uppermost leaves but little reduced; pedicels longer than
the calyx; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-5-nerved; capsule flask-shaped.

In dry soil; introduced from Europe.

Arenaria leptoclados Guss. Very similar to A. serpyllifolia; stems slender,
erect; leaves lanceolate, the uppermost reduced to bracts; capsule oblong.
Introduced from Europe.

Arenaria sajanensis Willd. Perennial, densely cespitose; stems decumbent,
2-6 cm. high, glandular-hirsute, the dead leaves persistent; leaves linear,
firm, rather obtuse, 4-7 mm. long, glabrous or minutely glandular; flowers
mostly solitary; sepals narrowly oblong, obtuse, much longer than the spatulate
obtuse petals; capsule oblong, longer than the calyx.

At high altitudes in the mountains.

Arenaria capillaris nardifolia (Ledeb.) Regel. Perennial from a branching
caudex, the stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, crowded, linear, sharp-

150 CARYOPHYLLACEAE.

pointed, usually curved, glabrous, 15-25 mm. long; inflorescence loose, gland-
ular-puberulent; sepals ovate, obtuse, 3-nerved, scarious margined; petals
obovate, longer than the sepals; capsule longer than the calyx.
Common in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.

Arenaria tenella Nutt. Stems slender, loosely branched, 10-20 cm. high;
leaves subulate, acute, 6-10 mm. long, the broadened bases connate, the upper
reduced; inflorescence glandular-puberulent; pedicels very slender, much
longer than the calyx; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, strongly 3-nerved; petals
oblong, as long as the sepals; capsule ovoid; seeds roughened.

In dry gravelly prairies.

Arenaria nuttallii Pax. Perennial, very leafy, densely branched from a
stout vertical root, glandular throughout; leaves linear-subulate, rigid, sharp-
pointed, spreading, 6-8 mm. long, connate at base, the uppermost little'reduced;
flowers numerous, in open cymes; sepals lanceolate, acuminate, faintly 3-nerved;
petals acutish, not equalling the sepals; capsule ovoid, shorter than the calyx.

On the high peaks of the Cascade Mountains at about 2500 m. altitude.

Arenaria verna L. Perennial, closely tufted, glandular-pubescent, 5-15 cm.
high; leaves linear-subulate, flat, strongly 3-nerved; sepals ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, the margins scarious; petals narrowly obovate, obtuse, as long as
the sepals; capsule longer than the calyx.

In rocky places, Cascade and Olympic Mountains, at about 2500 m. altitude.

186. MOEHRINGIA.

Low perennial herbs, with lanceolate elliptic or oblong sessile
or short-petioled soft leaves; flowers white, solitary in the axils
of the leaves or in terminal cymes; sepals and petals 4 or 5;
stamens 8 or 10; capsule oblong, few-seeded; seeds each with a
membranous broad strophiole.

Petals longer than the obtusish sepals. M. lateriflora.

Petals shorter than the acuminate sepals. M. macro phylla.

Moehringia lateriflora (L.) Fenzl. Mostly puberulent throughout; stems
slender, terete, erect or decumbent, simple or few-branched, 10-30 cm. high;
leaves elliptic or oblong, sessile, obtuse, 1-2 cm. long; cymes few-flowered;
sepals obtuse or acutish, 2 mm. long, one half the length of the obovate petals.

In open woods, infrequent.

Moehringia macrophylla (Hook.) Torr. Minutely puberulent; stems erect
or decumbent, angled, 5-10 cm. tall, mostly simple; leaves lanceolate, acute
at each end, 2-6 cm. long; cymes few-flowered; sepals ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, 3 mm. long, exceeding the petals.

In open woods, not rare.

Family 40. NYMPHAEACEAE. WATERLILY FAMILY.

Aquatic perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks; leaves
peltate or cordate, floating, submersed or rarely immersed ; flowers
perfect, solitary, axillary, on long peduncles; sepals 3, 4, 6 or
more; petals 5-many, often grading into the sepals or stamens;
stamens 5-many; carpels 3-many, indehiscent, free or immersed
in a fleshy receptacle or more or less coalescent into a fleshy fruit;
endosperm present or none.

NYMPHAEACEAE. 151

Leaves cordate; flowers large, yellow. 187. NYMPHAEA, 151.

Leaves peltate; flowers small, purple. 188. BRASENIA, 151.

187. NYMPHAEA. YELLOW POND LILLY.

Acaulescent perennials from stout rootstocks, commonly
slightly milky; leaves with united stipules which are sometimes
adnate to the base of the petioles; calyx more showy than the
corolla; sepals 5-12, concave, roundish, mostly yellow, and petal-
like; petals 10-20, hypogynous, small and thick, the innermost
or sometimes all of them stamen-like; stamens numerous, hy-
pogynous; stigmas radiate on the summit of the 10-25-celled
ovary; ovules and seeds numerous.

Nymphaea polysepala (Engelm.) Greene. Wokas. Leaves orbicular or
broadly oval, deeply cordate, 20-30 cm. long, 12-20 cm. broad; calyx sub-
globose, about 8 cm. broad; sepals 8-12, yellow, often red-tinged; petals 12-18,
ovate-cuneate, truncate, 11.5 cm. long; stamens very numerous; fruit sub-
globose, 4-5 cm. long.

Common in lakes. The seeds are used as food by some tribes of Indians

188. BRASENIA. WATERSHIELD.

Aquatic herbs with creeping rootstocks; leaves alternate, long-
petioled, centrally peltate, oval, floating; flowers axillary, small;
sepals 3 or 4; petals 3 or 4, linear, sessile; stamens 12-18; pistils
4-18, forming club-shaped indehiscent pods, each with 1-2 seeds.

Brasenia schreberi Gmel. Water shield. Leaves alternate, long-petioled,
oval, entire or obscurely crenate, centrally peltate, 2-10 cm. long; flowers dull
purple; submerged parts of the plant coated with tough transparent jelly.

Common in lakes.

Family 41. CERATOPHYLLACEAE. HORNWORT FAMILY.

Aquatic herbs, with whorled finely dissected leaves; flowers
minute, sessile, monoecious, without calyx or corolla, but with
an 8-12-cleft involucre in place of a calyx.

189. CERATOPHYLLUM. HORNWORT.

Herbs growing submerged; leaves sessile, cut into thrice-
forked, thread-like rigid divisions; sterile flow r ers of 10-20 stamens;
fruit an akene.

Ceratophyllum demersum L. Stems 50-200 cm. long, sparingly branched;
leaves rigid, 8-25 mm. long; akene smooth, beaked with the persistent style
and having a sharp tubercle on each side at the base.

Common in quiet streams and lakes. Very rarely found in flower or fruit.

Family 42. RANUNCULACEAE. BUTTERCUP FAMILY.

Annual or perennial herbs, or sometimes woody plants, with
acrid sap; leaves usually alternate (opposite in Clematis), simple

152

RANUNCULACEAE.

190. CLEMATIS, 152.

191.
192.

193.
194.

ANEMONE, 153.
PULSATILLA, 154.

THALICTRUM, 154.
TRAUTVETTERIA, 154.

195. MYOSURUS, 155.

196.
197.

BATRACHIUM, 155.
RANUNCULUS, 156.

or compound; stipules none but the base of the petiole often
clasping or sheathing; flowers regular or irregular; sepals 3-15,
generally soon withering, often petal-like; petals 3-15, or wanting;
stamens numerous or few, hypogynous; carpels numerous or few
or rarely solitary, separate, 1-celled, 1-many-ovuled ; endosperm
present.

Carpels numerous, 1-ovuled; fruit an akene.
Leaves opposite.

Leaves alternate, whorled, or basal.
Cauline leaves three in a whorl.

Styles short, glabrous or pubescent.
Styles long, plumose.
Cauline leaves alternate or none.
Petals none.

Leaves ternately decompound.
Leaves simple, palmately lobed.
Petals present.

Sepals spurred; akenes in a long

slender spike.
Sepals not spurred; akenes in a

head.
Petals white; akenes transversely

wrinkled.

Petals yellow; akenes not trans-
versely wrinkled.
Carpels few, 2-many-ovuled; fruit a follicle or

berry.
Flowers irregular.

Upper sepal spurred; petals 4.
Upper sepal hood-like; petals 2.
Flowers regular.
Sepals spurred.
Sepals not spurred.

Petals large; flowers solitary.

Petals small or none; flowers solitary or

in racemes or umbels.
Leaves simple.

Petals none; leaves crenate.
Petals linear-spatulate; leaves

palmately parted.
Leaves compound.

Carpels becoming berries.
Carpels becoming follicles.
Flowers in racemes.
Flowers not in racemes.

Petals none; follicles ses-
sile or short-stalked.
Petals 5-6, linear; folli-
cles long-stalked.

190. CLEMATIS.

Perennial herbs, low and erect, or more or less woody vines,
climbing by the petioles; leaves opposite; sepals 4, rarely 3. or

198.
199.

DELPHINIUM, 159.
ACONITUM, 160.

200. AQUILEGIA, 161.

201. PAEONIA, 161.

202. CALTHA, 161.

203. TROLLIUS, 162.

204. ACTAEA, 162.

205. CIMICIFUGA, 162.

206.
207.

ISOPYRUM, 163.
COPTIS, 163.

RANUNCULACEAE. 153

more than 4, petal-like; petals none or minute; stamens numer-
ous; pistils numerous, 1-ovuled; styles feathery or naked in fruit.

Clematis ligusticifolia Xutt. Half-woody climber, the stem 2-10 m. long;
leaves pinnately compound, of 5-7 leaflets, or the lower pair ternate; leaflets
ovate or lanceolate, sometimes 3-lobed, coarsely incised-dentate or subentire,
3-6 cm. long, sparsely pubescent, becoming glabrous; flowers dioecious, in
large panicles, the staminate more showy; sepals white, oblong, densely hairy,
2 cm. long; akenes pubescent, the long tails plumose.

Reported from the Willamette Valley, Oregon, but not verified; common east
of the Cascade Mountains and in the Umpqua Valley, Oregon.

191. ANEMONE. ANEMONE. WINDFLOWER.

Erect perennial herbs; leaves compound or divided, all radical,
except 2 or 3 cauline which form an involucre usually remote
from the flower; peduncles 1-flowered, solitary or in umbels;
sepals 4-20, petal-like; petals none; stamens numerous; pistils
numerous; akenes flattened, not ribbed; styles short, glabrous
or pubescent, never plumose.

Akenes densely woolly; rootstock short and stout.

Leaves hairy, the lobes linear. A. hudsoniana.

Leaves glabrate, the lobes usually cuneate. A. drummondii.

Akenes not woolly; rootstocks slender.

Involucral leaves simple. A. deltoidea.

Involucral leaves 3-5-foliolate.

Flowers 8-12 mm. in diameter, white. A. lyallii.

Flowers 20-35 mm. in diameter.

Sepals white. A . piperi.

Sepals blue. A . oregana.

Anemone hudsoniana (DC.) Richards. More or less silky- villous; stems
20-40 cm. high, 1-3-flowered; leaves ternate, cleft into linear divisions; sepals
yellowish or dull red, about 1 cm. long; head of akenes globose; styles about
half as long as the akenes.

In the mountains, infrequent.

Anemone drummondii Wats. Glabrous or becoming so; stems 10-15 cm.
high; leaf-segments short, linear or narrowly cuneate; sepals bluish; styles
slender, nearly as long as the akene.

In rock crevices in the mountains at high altitudes, rare.

Anemone deltoidea Hook. Stems 15-30 cm. high from slender running
rootstocks; radical leaves trifoliolate, the leaflets ovate, dentate, acute; sepals
white, 12 cm. long; akenes ovate, glabrous or nearly so.

In open woods from Pierce County, Washington, southward.

Anemone lyallii Britt. Stems very slender, 5-10 cm. high; leaves 3-foli-
olate, the leaflets lanceolate to ovate, obtusely toothed; flowers white, small,
the sepals 4-6 mm. long.

In moist mountain woods, rare.

Anemone piperi Britt. Wood Anemone. Perennial from slender deep-
seated white rootstocks; stems erect, 1-flowered, 10-20 cm. tall, smooth or
pubescent; radical leaf and the three of the involucre similar, ternate or often
5-foliolate, petiolate, the leaflets or divisions oblong-cuneate or ovate, acute
or acuminate, incisely toothed or lobed, 3-5 cm. long; sepals 4-7, oval, white;
akenes puberulent, the style short.

154 RANUNCULACEAE.

Moist woods, in the mountains. Scarcely distinct from the eastern A.
quinquefolia L.

Anemone oregana Gray. Similar to A. piperi but larger; leaflets obovate
to oval, obtusish, coarsely serrate or incised with but few teeth; sepals blue,
12-20 mm. long.

In the Cascade Mountains, mostly on the eastern slope.

192. PULSATILLA. PASQUE FLOWER.

Perennial herbs with thick rootstocks, long-petioled palmately
divided basal leaves and 3 cauline leaves in a whorl forming an
involucre remote from the calyx; sepals petal-like; petals none;
stamens numerous, the outer often sterile; pistils numerous;
akenes with long persistent plumose styles.

Pulsatilla occidentalis (Wats.) Freyn. Whole plant covered with long
hairs; stems stout, 30-60 cm. high; basal leaves long-petioled, divided into
numerous narrow segments; cauline leaves similar, sessile; flowers solitary,
large; sepals whitish, tinged with purple, 15-20 mm. long; akenes with tails
34 cm. long.

Mountain meadows, abundant.

193. THALICTRUM. MEADOW RUE.

Erect perennial herbs; leaves 2-3-ternately compound, radical
and cauline, the latter alternate; flowers perfect, polygamous or
dioecious, generally small, greenish-white, in corymbs, panicles or
racemes; sepals 4 or 5, petal-like or greenish, dull-colored; petals
none; stamens numerous; pistils 4-15, commonly few, 1-ovuled;
akenes capitate, grooved or ribbed, inflated.

Akenes narrowly fusiform, 3-nerved on each face, in loose

clusters. T. occidental.

Akenes falcate, compressed, obscurely veined, in dense clus-
ters. T. papyraceum.

Thalictrum occidentale Gray. Dioecious; stems 50-100 cm. tall; leaves
ternately decompound; leaflets oblong, obovate or orbicular, mostly petioled,
incisely dentate at the apex, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long; panicle loose; sepals
elliptic-cuneate, greenish; filaments very slender; anthers linear, slender-
pointed; akenes 6-12, in loose clusters, stipitate, lanceolate, long-acuminate,
3-nerved on each side, the mid-nerve somewhat salient, 6-8 mm. long.

In moist copses, especially in the mountains.

Thalictrum papyraceum Greene. Dioecious, glabrous throughout; stems
stout, 1-3 m. tall; leaflets 3, incisely 3-lobed, the median lobe mucronate, the
others obtuse; panicle loose, narrow; akenes 12-18, in dense globose clusters
2 cm. broad, each falcate, strongly compressed, 1 cm. long, the thin pericarp
obscurely and irregularly veined.

Sauvies Island, Oregon, Howell.

194. TRAUTVETTERIA.

Tall erect perennial herbs; leaves palmately-lobed, the radical
large and long-petioled; the cauline few, short-petioled or sessile;

RANUNCULACEAE. 155

flowers white, in corymbs; sepals 3-5, broad, concave; petals
none; stamens numerous; pistils numerous, 1-ovuled; akenes
capitate, sharply-angled, inflated; styles minute.

Trautvetteria grandis Xutt. Stems 30-50 cm. tall, glabrous or nearly so;
leaves broader than long, 8-30 cm. across, 5-9-cleft, the lobes oblong or ob-
ovate, acute, incisely lobed and toothed; akenes smooth, ovate, three-angled,
tipped with a slender recurved beak.

In mountain meadows and along mountain streams.

195. MYOSURUS. MOUSE TAIL.

Very small annual herbs; leaves entire, linear or at first spatu-
late, in a basal tuft; scapes simple, 1-flowered; sepals 5, spurred
at the base; petals 5, greenish-yellow, with long nectariferous
claws, or none; stamens 5-20; pistils numerous, borne on a
central axis, the receptacle, which becomes greatly elongated in
fruit; ovule 1.

Myosurus major Greene. Scapes several-many, 8-15 cm. high; fruiting
spikes 2-4 cm. long, rather stout; akenes with a short straight beak.
Vancouver Island to California.

196. BATRACHIUM. WATER BUTTERCUP.

Perennial aquatic herbs with alternate dissected or palmately
lobed leaves, the ultimate segments of the submersed leaves
filiform; flowers solitary, rather small, white, borne on peduncles
opposite the leaves; sepals and petals usually 5; petals oblong or
oval, sometimes yellowish at base; stamens several or numerous;
akenes compressed, not margined, nearly beakless, transversely
wrinkled.

Receptacle glabrous; submersed leaves none, the float-
ing ones 3-parted. B. lobbii.
Receptacle hairy; submersed leaves capillary.

Floating leaves reniform or orbicular. B. aquatile.

Floating leaves wanting. B. aquatile pantothrix.

Batrachium lobbii (Gray) Howell. Stems slender, 15-30 cm. long; floating
leaves orbicular in outline, 6-15 mm. wide, 3-parted into oblong lobes, the
lateral ones notched at the apex; petals obovate, 4 mm. long; styles slender,
three times as long as the ovary; akenes rugose, each tipped with a short beak;
receptacle glabrous.

Lost Lake, Vancouver Island, Macoun, and in western Oregon.

Batrachium aquatile (L.) Wimm. Water Crowfoot. Stems 5 40 cm. long,
slender, growing in water; immersed leaves flaccid, all finely divided into fili-
form segments, 8-20 mm. long; floating leaves 1-5, reniform or orbicular,
3-5-lobed or parted; petals white, yellow at base, each bearing a naked nec-
tariferous pit; akenes thick, transversely wrinkled, the style short; receptacle
hairy.

In ponds, frequent.

Batrachium aquatile pantothrix (Brot.) Piper. All the leaves immersed and
divided into filiform segments.

In ponds, often with B. aquatile.

156

RANUNCULACEAE.

197. RANUNCULUS. BUTTERCUP.

Annual or perennial herbs; cauline leaves alternate; flowers
solitary or corymbed; sepals usually 5, deciduous; petals as
many or more, conspicuous or minute, with a nectariferous pit
and a scale at the base of the blade; stamens numerous, occa-
sionally few; pistils numerous, 1-ovuled; akenes capitate or
spicate, generally flattened, each tipped with a minute or an
elongated style.

Plants aquatic or subaquatic; leaves finely dis-
sected when submersed, less so when aerial.
Plants terrestrial but often growing in very wet
places; leaves never finely dissected.
Akenes thin-walled, the faces nerved; leaves

crenate; the plant spreading by runners.
Akenes not thin-walled nor nerved.
Leaves entire or nearly so.

Stems creeping, rooting from the nodes.
Leaves lanceolate, 25 cm. long.
Leaves linear-spatulate, 5-20 mm.

long.

Stems erect, not rooting from the nodes.
Plants 30-60 cm. high; leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong.

Plants 10-25 cm. high; leaves ob-
long-lanceolate.

Leaves or some of them lobed or divided.
Faces of the akenes scabrous or muri-

cate; annuals.
Pubescent; akenes hispid with

hooked hairs.
Nearly glabrous; akenes minutely

spiny.
Faces of the akenes smooth or merely

pilose; mostly perennials.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so; low

species.

Annual; leaves 3-5-lobed or
parted, the lobes crenately in-
cised or cleft; akenes apiculate.
Perennials.

Head of akenes globose;

petals large, showy.
Head of akenes oblong.
Style straight; leaves

ciliate, not cordate.
Style recurved ; leaves

cordate, not ciliate.
Herbage pubescent or hirsute; most-
ly tall and coarse species.
Beaks of the akenes hooked at

tip.
Petals showy; pubescence

villous.

Petals very small, pale; pube-
scence hirsute.

R. purshii.
R. cymbalaria.

R. flammula unalaschensis.
R. flammula replans.

R. alismaefolius.
R. alismellus.

R. hebecarpus.
R. muricatus.

R. sceleratus.
R. suksdorfii.

R. eschscholtzii.
R. verecundus.

R. occidentalis.

RANUNCULACEAE. 157

Akenes hispid on the faces. R. bongardi.
Akenes smooth. R. bongardi douglasii.

Beaks of the akenes not hooked

at the tip.

Akenes long beaked. R. orthorhynchus.

Akenes short beaked.

Plants decumbent, creep-
ing by stolons; petals
showy. R. repens.

Plants erect or ascending,

not stoloniferous.
Head of akenes oblong;
petals not longer
than the sepals. R. pennsylvanicus.

Head of akenes glo-
bose; petals longer
than the sepals. R. oreganus.

Ranunculus purshii Richards. Aquatic and glabrous or more commonly
terrestrial on muddy banks, and then pubescent; leaves orbicular, palmately
3-cleft, the segments 2-5-lobed; petals yellow, 4-5 mm. long, scarcely longer
than the sepals; akenes without distinct border, tipped with a short straight
beak.

Rare in our limits.

Ranunculus cymbalaria saximontanus Fernald. Perennial, nearly glabrous;
leaves clustered at the base and at the joints of the long slender stolons,
ovate or ovate-cordate, coarsely crenate, thick, the petioles often pilose;
scapes 1-7-flowered, 3-15 cm. high, commonly pilose; petals 5-8, pale
yellow, 4-9 mm. long, exceeding the sepals; heads of akenes oblong, 6-12 mm.
long.

Moist soil especially where saline.

Ranunculus flammula unalaschensis (Bess.) Ledeb. Stems slender, creep-
ing, rooting at the lower joints, 15-30 cm. long; leaves narrowly-lanceolate,
short-petioled, acute at each end, 2-5 cm. long, shorter than the internodes;
flowers small, yellow, mostly solitary on the ascending tips of the stems; akene
small, smooth, short-beaked.

Gravelly borders of lakes and streams, common.

Ranunculus flammula reptans (L.) Schlecht. Stems very slender, rooting
at all the joints; leaves linear to linear-spatulate, 10-25 mm. long.

Gravelly or sandy shores of lakes and streams, especially in the mountains
at low altitudes.

Ranunculus alismaefolius Geyer. Glabrous throughout, rather stout,
40-60 cm. tall, branched above; radical leaves long-petioled, lanceolate or
ovate, obtuse, usually cuneate at the base, entire or obscurely denticulate,
5-10 cm. long; cauline leaves narrower, mostly sessile; peduncles elongated;
sepals small; petals yellow, cuneate-obovate, strongly-nerved, 8 mm. long;
akenes turgid, smooth, short-beaked.

In wet places, Willamette Valley. Our plant is not typical of the species
and may be distinct, possibly referrable to R. samolifolius Greene.

Ranunculus alismellus (Gray) Greene. Glabrous, 15-25 cm. high; stems
solitary or few from a fascicle of fibrous roots, erect or nearly so; basal leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, entire, petioled, 2-5 cm. long, the cauline
smaller; peduncles slender, axillary, longer than the subtending leaves; flowers
yellow, small, 8-15 mm. broad; petals 5 or 6, obovate; akenes thick, short-
beaked, numerous in a globose cluster.

158 RANUNCULACEAE.

Mount Adams and other high peaks of the Cascade Mountains, not definitely
known from within our limits.

Ranunculus hebecarpus H . & A. Annual ; whole plant hairy ; stems slender,
mostly erect, 15-30 cm. tall; leaves 2-3 cm. broad, 3-parted, the lobes incisely
3-lobed; petioles of the leaves much longer than the blades; petals small,
2 mm. long, about equalling the sepals; akenes flattened, with short hooked
beaks, the sides roughened and covered with hooked hairs.

Eastern Washington to California. Introduced on Vancouver Island.

Ranunculus muricatus L. Annual, nearly glabrous; stems stout, rather
succulent, 10-20 cm. high; basal leaves circular in outline, reniform, 3-lobed,
coarsely crenate-dentate ; cauline 3-cleft, broadly cuneate; petals bright yellow,
longer than the calyx; akenes flat, the sides armed with fine prickles, the beak
stout, subulate.

Wet places, introduced from Europe.

Ranunculus sceleratus L. Annual, glabrous; stems erect, hollow, 15-40
cm. high; leaves pale green, the basal ones reniform orbicular, deeply 3-lobed,
the cauline 3-5-lobed or parted and the divisions cleft or lobed; petals pale
yellow, scarcely longer than the calyx; akenes short-beaked, smooth, numerous,
in a cylindric head.

Rare in moist places but undoubtedly native.

Ranunculus suksdorfii Gray. Perennial, glabrous; leaves 1-2 cm. long,
truncate to somewhat reniform at base, deeply 3-5-parted; segments of the
basal leaves cuneate, 3-5-cleft, of the cauline linear and entire; petals sub-
orbicular, retuse, 8-12 mm. long, bright yellow; akenes in a globose cluster,
glabrous, each tipped with a long slender style.

In moist places at about 2000 m. altitude, Cascade and Olympic Mountains.

Ranunculus eschscholtzii Schlecht. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so,
10-20 cm. high; leaves ciliate, the basal orbicular, deeply 3-5-cleft or parted,
the cuneate divisions again lobed or cleft; cauline mostly 3-parted, the lobes
usually entire; flowers few; petals pale yellow, 6-10 mm. long, exceeding the
sepals; head of akenes oblong; akenes swollen, marginless, glabrous, tipped
with a straight beak.

Along alpine rills at 1500-2000 m. altitude. First found at Unalaska by
Chamisso.

Ranunculus verecundus Robinson. Perennial, nearly glabrous; seems sub-
erect or procumbent; basal leaves reniform to suborbicular, deeply cordate, 3-
parted, not ciliate, the segments 3-5-lobed or deeply crenate, the lobes obtuse;
petiole 2-4 cm. long, sparsely villose at the broadened base; cauline leaves 1-3,
3-5-parted into narrow segments; peduncles 3-7 cm. long; petals oboyate,
bright-yellow, scarcely exceeding the sepals; akenes numerous in an ovoid to
cylindric cluster, glabrous, compressed, 1.8 mm. long; style recurved; receptacle
villous at tip.

Mount Rainier, 2300 m. altitude, Flett; Mount Adams, 2000 m. altitude,
Suksdorf.

Ranunculus occidentalis Nutt. Perennial, villous-hirsute; stems slender,
25-45 cm. high, not much branched; basal leaves orbicular, cordate, deeply
3-5-cleft or sometimes parted, the segments cuneate and 2-7-lobed, the lobes
acute; cauline leaves mostly parted into linear entire segments; petals bright
yellow, 10-12 mm. long, twice as long as the reflexed sepals; akenes glabrous
or sparingly bristly, flat, tipped with stout hooked beaks; cluster of akenes
globose; receptacle glabrous.

Common in open prairies.

RANUNCULACEAE. 159

Ranunculus bongardi Greene. Erect, 40-60 cm. tall, glabrous or somewhat
pubescent; leaves deeply 3-5-cleft, the lower cuneate-obovate, incisely 2-5-
toothed; petioles longer than the blades; flowers few, in open cymes, long-
pedicelled; petals 5, very small, pale yellow; akenes much flattened, hispid
on the faces, each with a slender circinate beak, aggregated into globose
clusters.

Common in shady copses.

Ranunculus bongardi douglasii (Howell) Davis. Similar to R. bongardi
but less pubescent or sometimes glabrous; akenes smooth, the beak shorter.
In moist places. All intergrades with the preceding occur.

Ranunculus orthorhynchus Hook. Perennial, glabrous or sparsely ap-
pressed-hairy; stems erect, 30-60 cm. high, branched and nearly naked above;
leaves pinnately divided into 5-7 narrow cleft or incised segments, the tips
with white callous points; petals obovate, yellow, often purplish on the outside,
strongly nerved, twice as long as the reflexed oval sepals; akenes few, glabrous,
compressed, sharp-margined, the border shorter than the slender straight beak.

In wet meadows.

Ranunculus repens L. Pubescent or nearly glabrous; stems 30-60 cm.
long, creeping and rooting at the lower nodes; leaves often white-blotched,
mostly 3-parted or 3-divided, the segments rhombic-ovate, 2-3-lobed and in-
cisely toothed; petals obovate, about 1 cm. long, much exceeding the spreading
sepals; akenes obovate, tipped with a short recurved style.

In wet meadows, introduced from Europe.

Ranunculus pennsylvanicus L. f. Stout and tall, hirsute with spreading
hairs, erect, 30-100 cm. high, the root usually annual; leaves ternately com-
pound, the leaflets ovate, acute, 3-cleft; flowers small; petals pale yellow, not
longer than the sepals; akenes flat, obscurely margined, each tipped with a
short straight beak, crowded in a short cylindric head.

In damp meadows, rare in our limits.

Ranunculus oreganus (Gray) Howell. Sparsely bristly-hirsute; stems stout,
erect or ascending, 30-90 cm. high; leaves ternately divided, the segments
stalked, broadly ovate, 3-cleft, the lobes incisely toothed; petals bright yellow,
obovate, 6 mm. long, twice as long as the reflexed sepals; akenes in an oblong
or oval cluster, each with a stout straight flattened beak.

In wet places in open deciduous woods.

198. DELPHINIUM. LARKSPUR.

Annual or perennial erect branching herbs; leaves palmately
lobed or divided; flowers showy, in a raceme or panicle; sepals 5,
petal-like, the upper one prolonged into a spur; petals 4, some-
times 2, the two posterior ones spurred, the lateral, when present,
small; stamens numerous; pistils 1-5, sessile, many-ovuled,
forming follicles at maturity.

Roots thickened, forming irregular tubers.

Pubescence minute, white, appressed. D. menziesii.

Pubescence if any spreading, sometimes viscid. D. columbianum.

Roots fasciculate, elongate, not tuber-like.

Pedicels shorter than the flowers and fruit; flowers pale

blue. D. glaucum.

Pedicels longer than the flowers and fruit; flowers deep
blue.

Plant 1-2 m. high; leaves thin. D. trolliifolium.

Plant 10-30 cm. high; leaves thickish. D. bicolor.

I6o RANUNCULACEAE.

Delphinium menziesii DC. Stems erect, simple or branched above,
30-70 cm. tall, appressed-puberulent at least above with white usually curved
hairs; leaves 3-7-parted, the divisions usually deeply cleft into 2-4, usually
3 lobes, the segments linear or lanceolate; petioles mostly exceeding the blades;
racemes loose, 5-25-flowered; pedicels spreading, mostly as long as or longer
than the dark blue flowers; sepals pubescent on the outside, 2-2.5 cm. long;
spur as long, mostly acute and slender; follicles 3, mostly diverging at maturity,
pubescent, 1.4-3 cm. long.

In open grassy places. Originally collected by Menzies, probably at Nootka
Sound.

Delphinium menziesii ochroleucum T. & G. (D.leucophaeum Greene; D.
willametense Suksdorf.) Sepals cream-colored; petals blue, bordered with
white.

Willamette Valley, Nuttall, Howett, Suskdorf.

Delphinium columbianum Greene. (D. nuttallii Gray.) Very similar to
D. menziesii; herbage somewhat glaucous, glabrous or nearly so below, finely
villous and sometimes viscid in the inflorescence; follicles remaining erect or
nearly so, villous-puberulent.

In prairies and open places, rare.

Delphinium glaucum Wats. Glabrous throughout; stems erect, stout,
1-2 m. high, smooth and glaucous; leaves orbicular, 5-7-parted, the lobes
laciniately toothed and acuminate, dark green above, pale beneath; flowers
pale, dull blue, in a dense raceme; pedicels short; sepals 10-12 mm. long;
follicles glabrous, veiny.

Along streams in the mountains.

Delphinium trolliifolium Gray. Roots stout, elongated, not tuber-like;
herbage glabrous or the inflorescence sparsely villous, rarely somewhat viscid;
stems erect, 1-2 m. high; leaves thin, orbicular in outline, 5-10 cm. broad,
5-7-cleft or parted, the lobes cuneate, incisely cleft into lanceolate acute lobes;
raceme loosely many-flowered, the pedicels spreading; flowers dark blue;
sepals 1.5-2 cm. long, ovate, acuminate; follicles glabrous, turgid, veiny,
recurved when mature, 12-15 mm. long.

In meadows along streams, Lewis County, Washington, to northern Calif-
ornia. Commonly reputed to be very poisonous to cattle.

Delphinium bicolor Nutt. (D. glareosum Greene.) Roots stout, thick,
elongated, not tuber-like; herbage sparsely villous, especially in the inflores-
cence, to nearly or quite glabrous; stems erect, 1030 cm. high; leaves succu-
lent, orbicular in outline, 5-parted, the segments 3-5-cleft into narrow lobes;
raceme loosely few to many-flowered; sepals blue, 1.5-2 cm. long; petals
white, veined with blue; follicles turgid, glabrous.

Rare in our limits; Olympic Mountains, Piper, Elmer, Flett; Goat Moun-
tains, Allen.

199. ACONITUM. ACONITE. MONKSHOOD.

Tall erect perennial herbs; leaves palmately-lobed or divided;
flowers large, showy, in terminal racemes or panicles; sepals 5,
petal-like, very irregular, the upper one hooded or helmet-shaped;
petals 2-5, the tipper two hooded, long clawed, concealed in the
helmet; stamens numerous; pistils 3-5, many-ovuled, forming
follicles at maturity.

Aconitum howellii A. Nelson. (A. bulbiferum Howell.) Stems slender
weak and viny, 60-120 cm. long, smooth below, tomentose above; leaves

RANUNCULACEAE. l6l

rather small, on short petioles, or the upper sessile, bearing bulblets in their
axils, all laciniately cut into acute lobes; sepals pale blue; hood 12-16 mm.
long.

Near the base of Mount Hood, Oregon, Howell.

200. AQUILEGIA. COLUMBINE.

Erect perennials with 2-3-ternately compound leaves; flowers
regular, showy, on the ends of the branches; sepals 5, regular,
petal-like; petals 5, all alike, each with a short lip and produced
backward into a large hollow spur much longer than the calyx;
pistils 5, with slender styles; pods erect, many-seeded.

Flowers scarlet and yellow. A . formosa.

Flowers wholly yellow. A . ftavescens.

Aquilegia formosa Fisch. Usually sparingly pubescent; stems erect,
60-90 cm. high; leaflets broadly cuneate, paler beneath, lobed; flowers nodding,
bright scarlet, yellow inside; sepals spreading; spurs nearly straight, about
twice as long as their blades.

Common in moist places and in the mountains up to 2000 m. altitude.

Aquilegia flavescens Wats. Like A. formosa but flowers wholly yellow.
In the mountains, rare.

201. PAEONIA. PAEONY.

Robust perennial herbs with ternately or pinnately compound
leaves and showy flowers; sepals 5, herbaceous, persistent;
petals 5-10: stamens numerous, inserted on a fleshy disk; pistils
2-5; fruit of 3-5 leathery several-seeded follicles.

Paeonia brownii Dougl. Whole plant glabrous and glaucous, 20-50 cm.
high, at first erect or ascending, in fruit decumbent; leaves thick, once or
twice ternately divided or parted, the ultimate segments from narrowly oblong
to obovate; sepals green, concave, unequal; petals dull brownish red, thick,
scarcely longer than the sepals; follicles usually 5, oblong, smooth, about 3 cm.
long; seeds black, shining.

In the Cascade Mountains at low elevations, principally on the eastern
slope; also said to occur on Vancouver Island, but this is doubtful.

202. CALTHA.

Smooth succulent perennial marsh herbs with round and
heart-shaped or reniform undivided leaves; sepals 5-15, petal-
like, regular; petals none; stamens numerous; pistils 5-15,
several-ovuled, becoming in fruit several-seeded follicles.

Flowers yellow; stems decumbent, leafy. C. asarifolia.
Flowers white; stems erect, leafless or 1-leaved.

Leaves reniform-orbicular, broader than long. C. biflora.

Leaves cordate, longer than broad. C. leptosepala.

Caltha asarifolia DC. Marsh Marigold. Stems decumbent, usually
rooting at the nodes, one or few-flowered; leaves round-reniform; sepals 5-7,
bright yellow; follicles sessile.

In bogs, Alaska to Oregon, along the coast; rare southward.

12

1 62 RANUNCULACEAE.

Caltha biflora DC. Stems 10-20 cm. high; leaves crenate or repand, the
basal lobes usually overlapping; sepals 6-9, oval to oblong; follicles short-
stalked.

In wet alpine meadows, Alaska to California.

Caltha leptosepala DC. Stems 8-20 cm. high; leaves cordate, crenate or
repand; sepals 7-10, oblong, often bluish beneath; follicles very short-stalked.
Wet mountain meadows, Alaska to Oregon and Colorado.

203. TROLLIUS.

Glabrous perennial herbs with palmately lobed or dissected
leaves and yellow flowers; sepals 5-15, regular, petal-like, de-
ciduous; petals 5-8, small, 1-lipped, tubular at base; stamens
and carpels numerous, the latter forming in fruit many-seeded
follicles.

Trollius laxus Salisb. Globe Flower. Leaves 5-7-cleft; sepals white;
petals numerous, shorter than the stamens, very small.
In wet places at low elevations in the mountains, rare.

204. ACTAEA. BANEBERRY.

Erect perennial herbs; leaves large, 2-3-ternately compound;
flowers small, white, in a terminal raceme; sepals 3-5, petal-like;
petals 4-10, small, spatulate or narrow-clawed; stamens numer-
ous; ovary 1-many-ovuled, in fruit forming a large somewhat
poisonous berry.

Actaea spicata arguta (Nutt.) Torr. Stems 30-60 cm. tall, erect; leaves
triternately decompound; leaflets obliquely ovate or lanceolate, acuminate,
coarsely incised-serrate or lobed, puberulent when young, 3-6 cm. long;
racemes densely flowered, 2-3 cm. long, becoming loose in age; berries bright
red, rarely white.

In moist copses, frequent.

205. CIMICIFUGA. BUGBANE.

Perennial herbs, with 2-3-ternately divided leaves and serrate
leaflets; flowers white, in elongated racemes; sepals 4 or 5, early
falling; petals 1-8, small, clawed, 2-lobed or none; stamens
numerous; carpels 1-8, many-ovuled, becoming follicles at
maturity.

Follicles stalked ; petals usually present. C. laciniata.

Follicles not stalked; petals none. C. elata.

Cimicifuga laciniata Wats. Tall, 1 m. or more high; leaflets oblong or
ovate, lacinately toothed; follicles 3-5, stalked, 12 mm. long; seeds flattened.
Woods about the base of Mount Hood, Oregon.

Cimicifuga elata Nutt. Tall, 1-2 m. high; leaflets broad, cordate, acute,
coarsely serrate, mostly 3-lobed; follicles 1-3, sessile, 8-10 mm. long; seeds
not flattened.

In open woods, rare.

RANUNCULACEAE. 163

206. ISOPYRUM.

Low glabrous perennials with 1-3 ternately compound leaves,
their primary divisions long-petiolulate; flowers white; sepals
5 or 6, broad, widely spreading; petals none (in ours); follicles
2-20, sessile, rarely short stipitate; ovules and seeds few (in ours).

Isopyrum hallii Gray. Stems erect, 30-80 cm. high; leaflets 2-3 cm. long,
cuneate-obovate, incisely 3-lobed; flowers in leafy-bracted umbel-like cymes;
sepals obovate; stamens numerous, as long as the sepals, the filaments clavate;
follicles 3-5, ovate, turgid, sharp-beaked; seeds rugulose.

In woods along mountain streams, western Oregon, rare.

207. COPTIS. GOLDTHREAD.

Low glabrous perennials with slender rootstocks; leaves all
radical, ternately compound; flowers on scapes, solitary, or in
few-flowered umbels; sepals 5-7, petal-like; petals 5-6, small,
linear, hood-shaped; stamens numerous; pistils 3-7, on slender
stalks, in fruit forming a cluster of divergent follicles.

Coptis laciniata Gray. Leaves trifoliolate, the ovate leaflets firm, shiny,
3-cleft or parted and the divisions incisely dentate; sepals whitish, linear,
8-10 mm long; petals filiform with a broader concave nectary below the middle;
follicles longer than their stalk-like bases.

In mountain woods, Skamania County, Washington to northern Cali-
fornia. C. trifoliata (L.) Salisb. has been reported to occur near Snohomish,
Washington, but no specimens have been seen from farther south than Mount
Mark, Vancouver Island, Macoun. The species is readily distinguished by the
three undivided leaflets, oval sepals, and clavate petals.

Family 43. BERBERIDACEAE. BARBERRY FAMILY.

Shrubs or herbs; leaves alternate, mostly compound or divided,
with stipules or dilated bases; flowers perfect, the bracts, sepals,
petals and stamens all distinct and hypogynous; sepals and petals
each usually in two rows of three; anthers opening by two valves
or lids hinged at the top; pistil single; style short or none; fruit
a berry or pod ; seeds few or several ; endosperm present.

Shrubs; leaves evergreen, pinnate, spiny. 208. BERBERIS, 163.
Herbs; leaves deciduous, not pinnate nor spiny.

Leaves ternately compound; flowers in panicles. 209. VANCOUVERIA, 164.

Leaves 3-parted; flowers in spikes. 210. ACHLYS, 164.

208. BERBERIS.

Shrubs with yellow wood ; leaves alternate, simple or compound,
often spiny, evergreen (in ours) ; flowers yellow, in clustered
racemes; bractlets 2-6; sepals 6, petal-like; petals 6, in two rows,
each with two basal glands; stamens 6, short; stigma peltate;
fruit a berry.

Leaflets palmately nerved. B. nervosa.

Leaflets pinnately nerved. B. aquifolium.

164 BERBERIDACEAE.

Berberis nervosa Pursh. Oregon Grape. Stems erect, simple, 15-30 cm.
high; leaves 30-75 cm. long, with 11-19 leaflets, these ovate or lanceolate,
acuminate, spinulose-dentate; bud scales lanceolate, acuminate, 2-2.5 cm.
long, persistent, becoming dry and rigid; racemes terminal, one or several,
10-20 cm. long; pedicels shorter than the fruit; berries globose, purple-black
with a white bloom, very acid.

Very common in coniferous woods.

Berberis aquifolium Pursh. Shrub often 1-2 m. high, erect or nearly so;
leaflets 5-11, evergreen, shining, oblong or ovate, 4-10 cm. long, with numerous
spiny teeth; racemes usually clustered, subterminal; berries black with a bloom,
usually pear-shaped.

In open places, not uncommon.

209. VANCOUVERIA.

Perennial herbs with triternate leaves; flowers in racemes or
panicles; sepals 6, in 2 series, obovate, petal-like, reflexed, sub-
tended by 6 or 9 calyx-like bracts in 2 or 3 series; petals 6, clawed,
nectariferous; stamens 6; style slender; stigma terminal; ovary
2-9-ovuled; follicle oblong, membranaceous, 2-valved.

Vancouveria hexandra (Hook.) Morr. & Dene. Nearly glabrous with a few
pilose hairs on the stem and petioles; leaves triternate, the petioles slender;
leaflets thin, somewhat cordate at base, 2-5 cm. long, angularly 3-lobed, or
the margin repand or sub-entire; scape naked or bearing a single leaf, 10-30
cm. high, exceeding the leaves; flowers white.

In deep woods; valley of the Nisqually River, Washington, and southward.

210. ACHLYS.

Herbs with creeping rootstocks; flowers in an erect spike;
stamens 6-12; filaments elongated, filiform, or the outer dilated;
ovary ovoid with a broad sessile stigma; ovule solitary; fruit at
first somewhat fleshy, at length dry indehiscent, 1-seeded.

Achlys triphylla (Smith) DC. Vanilla-leaf. Rootstocks slender, scaly;
leaves mostly solitary, glabrous, erect, the petiole about 30 cm. long; leaflets 3,
spreading, broadly cuneate or fan-shaped, the outer margin coarsely sinuate-
dentate, the larger 5-10 cm. long; scape naked, as long as the leaf, the small
white flowers in an erect spike 2-3 cm. long.

Common in open coniferous woods. The plant contains cumarin which
gives it a vanilla-like odor in drying.

Family 44. PAPAVERACEAE. POPPY FAMILY.

Herbs with a milky or watery juice; leaves alternate, simple
or compound, without stipules; flowers perfect, regular or irreg-
ular, the parts in twos or fours; sepals 2; petals 4-12, separate
or somewhat united; stamens 6, diadelphous, or numerous and
distinct; ovary 1-celled with 2 or more parietal placentae; fruit
a dry 1-celled pod with numerous seeds.

PAPAVERACEAE. 165

Flowers regular.

Leaves alternate, lobed or dissected. 211. ESCHSCHOLZIA, 165.

Leaves opposite, entire. 212. PLATYSTIGMA, 165.
Flowers irregular.

Corolla 2-spurred at the base. 213. BIKUKULLA, 165.

Corolla 1-spurred at the base. 214. CAPNOIDES, 166.

211. SSCHSCHOLZIA.

Smooth glaucous slender annual herbs with colorless bitter
juice; leaves alternate, petioled, lobed or dissected; flowers
bright orange or yellow; sepals coherent into a narrow pointed
hood; petals 4; stamens numerous, with short filaments and
linear anthers; style short; stigma divided into 4-6 linear unequal
lobes; ovary linear, with 2 placentae; capsule elongated, 1 -celled,
10-nerved, 2-valved, many-seeded.

Eschscholzia californica Cham. California Poppy. Perennial, glabrous
and glaucous, the erect or decumbent branches 20-60 cm. long; leaves ter-
nately divided into linear acutish lobes; calyx conic; petals orange-yellow,
fan-shaped, 3-5 cm. broad; capsule 5-8 cm. long; rim of the receptacle 3-6 mm.
broad.

In open prairies, Willamette Valley. E. californica^ is extremely variable
and numerous species have been proposed for the variant forms. The nor-
thern forms have been named E. columbiana Greene and E. dotiglasii (Hook.
& Arn.) Walp., the former with a broad rim to the receptacle, the latter with
a narrow rim, but this character is very variable. No species of Eschscholzia
is known to be native north of the Columbia River and west of the Cascade
Mountains, but cultivated forms commonly escape and become established
for a time.

212. PLATYSTIGMA.

Low slender annual herbs; leaves pale-green, entire, opposite
or whorled; flowers pale-yellow, long-peduncled; sepals 3 (rarely
2) ; petals 4-6 ; stamens few to many, with narrow filaments and
oblong or linear-oblong anthers; stigmas 3, distinct, ovate to
linear; ovary 2-angled, oblong or linear; capsule 1 -celled, 3-valved,
many-seeded.

Platystigma oreganum (Nutt.) Benth. & Hook. Glabrous, the spreading
stems usually 5-20 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate to obovate, 15-20 mm.
long, the petioles margined; cauline spatulate to linear, sessile; flowers white,
on long peduncles; petals white, 2-4 mm. long; anthers shorter than the fila-
ment; capsule linear, usually twisted when mature.

In open places, especially in gravelly or sandy soil. Rare in Washington
but common southward.

213. BIKUKULLA.

Erect or diffuse glabrous perennial herbs; leaves ternately
compound or dissected; flowers in racemes or panicles, irregular,
nodding; pedicels 2-bracted; sepals 2, scale-like; petals slightly
united into a 2-spurred or swollen nectariferous often withering-
persistent corolla; stamens 6, in two sets, opposite the outer

1 66 PAPAVERACEAE.

petals; placentae 2; style slender; capsule oblong or linear,
2-valved.

Bikukulla formosa (Andr.) Coville. Rootstocks thickish, creeping, the
leaves and scapes arising at the tips of the branches; leaves two or three times
ternate, 20-30 cm. broad, the ultimate segments pinnately incised into narrow
lobes, glaucous beneath; scapes exceeding the leaves; flowers bracted in
panicles; corolla rose-colored, cordate with* short rounded spurs, the outer
petals with ovate spreading tips.

In moist woods, especially along streams.

214. CAPNOIDES.

Biennial erect pale or glaucous herbs; leaves radical and
cauline, decompound; flowers in racemes; sepals 2, small; petals
4, slight y united to a 1-spurred corolla; inner petals narrow,
keeled; stamens 6, in two sets, opposite the outer petals; pla-
centae 2; style entire, dilated or lobed; capsule oblong or linear,
2-valved.

Capnoides scouleri (Hook.) Kuntze. Perennial from thickened roots;
stems scaly at base; basal leaves very large, pinnately decompound, the ulti-
mate segments oblong, obtuse, entire or the terminal ones 3-lobed, 3-5 cm.
long, glaucous beneath, blackening in drying; flowering stems with 1-3 smaller
leaves; flowers pale pink, in a loose raceme; corolla 2-3 cm. long, the spurs
three times as long as the body.

In moist woods, not abundant, at 500-1000 m. altitude; in some places at
sea level.

Family 45. CRUCIFERAE. MUSTARD FAMILY.

Herbs, rarely somewhat woody, with watery sap; leaves alter-
nate; stipules none; flowers perfect, regular, in usually bractless
racemes, spikes or corymbs; sepals 4, usually oblong; petals 4
rarely none, hypogynous, in the form of a cross, equal, generally
clawed, alternate with the sepals; stamens 6, rarely fewer,
hypogynous, of unequal length, the two shorter opposite the
sepals, the four longer opposite the petals; pistil 1, of 2 united
carpels; pod usually 2-celled, dehiscing by the separation of two
valves from the central partition, or rarely indehiscent, either
much longer than broad (a silique) or short (a silicle) .

Pods indehiscent.

Pod elongated, transversely constricted.

Pod of 2 joints separating at maturity;

fleshy seashore plants. 215. CAKILE, 168.

Pod constricted between the several seeds,
not jointed; terrestrial plants, not

fleshy. 216. RAPHANUS, 168.

Pod not elongated, not transversely con-
stricted.
Pod broader than long, 2-celled. 217. COROXOPUS, 168.

CRUCIFERAE.

I6 7

Pod orbicular, 1-celled.

Fruit wingless; pubescence branched. 218.
Fruit winged; pubescence simple. 219.

Pods dehiscent, 2-valved, either elongate (sili-
ques} or short (silicles}.
Pods elongate (siliques}.

Siliques compressed parallel to the broad

partition.

Valves 1-nerved; cauline leaves ses-
sile.

Valves nerveless; leaves all petioled.
Flowers red ; stem 2 or 3-leaved at

or above the middle. 221.

Flowers white; stem leafy below or

throughout. 222.

Siliques terete, not at all compressed.
Pods 4 cm. or more long.

Flowers not yellow; stigmas entire
or several-lobed, not 2-lobed.
Flowers cream-colored, often

purple-tinged (in ours). 223.

Flowers pink-purple (in ours). 224.
Flowers yellow; stigmas 2-lobed.
Flowers large; leaves nearly en-

tire. 225.

Flowers small; leaves pinnati-

fid. 228.

Pods less than 4 cm. long.

Herbage canescent ; flowers white. 226.
Herbage not canescent; flowers

yellow or white.

Siliques beaked; seeds globose. 227.
Siliques beakless; seeds oblong.
Valves of the pods nerve-
less. 235.
Valves of the pods nerved.
Annuals; leaves pin-
nate or pinnatifid.

ATHYSANUS, 169.
THYSANOCARPUS, 169.

220. ARABIS, 169.

DENTARIA, 171.
CARDAMINE, 172.

Perennials; leaves ly-

rate.
Pods short (silicles}.

Silicles compressed parallel to the parti-
tion.

Silicle turgid.
Silicle flat, not turgid.
Silicles orbicular.
Silicles ovate or oblong.
Silicles either not compressed or compress-
ed at right angles to the partition.
Plant aquatic, submerged; leaves

subulate.

Plant terrestrial; leaves not subulate.
Pods terete, not compressed.

Flowers white; plants mari-
time, fleshy.

Flowers yellow, or if white the
plants not maritime or fleshy.

228.
229.

THELYPODIUM, 173.
HESPERIS, 173.

ERYSIMUM, 173.
SISYMBRIUM, 175.
SMELOWSKIA, 174.

BRASSICA, 174.
RADICULA, 179.

SISYMBRIUM, 175.
BARBAREA, 176.

230. LESQUERELLA, 176.

231. ALYSSUM, 177.

232. DRABA, 177.

233. SUBULARIA, 178.

234. COCHLEARIA, 178.

235. RADICULA, 179.

168 CRUCIFERAE.

Pods compressed at right angles to

the partition.
Nerves of the valves acute,

forming keels or wings.
Silicles orbicular or ob-

ovate; cells 1-2-seeded. 236. LEPIDIUM, 179.
Silicles ovate or oblong;

cells 2-several-seeded. 237. THLASPI, 180.
Nerves of the valves obtuse,

not prominent.
Silicles cuneate, notched at

the apex. 238. BURSA, 181.

Silicles not cuneate, not

notched at the apex.
Cauline leaves sessile;

pod elliptic. 239. HUTCHINSIA, 181.

Cauline leaves auricu-
late; pod obovoid. 240. CAMELINA, 181.

215. CAKILE.

Seaside annuals with fleshy stems; flowers purplish; pods
short, 2-jointed, fleshy, the upper joint separating at maturity,
each joint indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded or the lower joint
seedless.

Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook. Stems fleshy, leaves obovate, crenately
or sinuately toothed; joints of the pod nearly equal in length, the upper ovoid,
4-angled at base, narrowed into a flattened beak.

Very rare along the seacoast. Long Beach near Ucluelet, Vancouver
Island, British Columbia, Macoun; Port Angeles, Washington, Flett.

216. RAPHANUS.

Erect branching annual or biennial herbs with showy flowers;
style long and slender; pod linear or oblong-cylindric, tapering
upward, indehiscent, several-seeded, with a spongy pith between
the seeds but no true partitions; seeds spherical.

Petals reddish, rarely white; pod not grooved. R. sativus.

Petals yellowish, purple- veined; pod longitudinally grooved. R. raphanistrum.

Raphanus sativus L. Radish. Stems branched, 30-150 cm. high, glab-
rous or nearly so; basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, rough-hairy; petals purple;
pods 10-12 mm. thick, cylindric, tapering into a long pointed beak; seeds
usually 2 or 3.

Persisting in cultivated ground.

Raphanus raphanistrum L. Wild Radish. Stems 30-90 cm. high, loosely
branched, hispid below, glabrous above; basal leaves lyrate-pinnatifid; petals
yellow, strongly veined, turning white or purplish in age; pods 2-4 mm. thick,
moniliform, the beak slender; seeds 3-8.

A weed in fields and waste places.

217. CORONOPUS.

Annual or biennial diffused herbs with pinnatifid leaves;
flowers small, whitish; pods flattened at right angles to the

CRUCIFERAE. 169

narrow partition, the 2 cells indehiscent, strongly wrinkled,
each 1 -seeded.

Pods notched at the apex, wrinkled. C. didymus.

Pods not notched at the apex, tubercled. C. coronopus.

Coronopus didymus (L.) Smith. Sparsely pubescent; stems branched,
spreading, 5-30 cm. long; leaves pinnately parted into narrow entire or lobed
segments, the lower ones petioled; pods 2 mm. broad, about two thirds as long,
notched at the apex, the surface finely wrinkled.

Sparingly introduced from Europe.

Coronopus coronopus (L.) Karst. Glabrous or a little pubescent; leaves
similar to those of C. didymus, mostly less divided; pods coarsely rugose, not
notched at the apex.

Native of Europe, introduced with ballast.

218. ATHYSANUS.

Slender annual herbs, usually branching at the base, with a
pubescence of branched hairs; flowers minute, in racemes; petals
small, white, or none; style short; ovules 3-4, only one maturing;
pod orbicular, indehiscent, not margined, nerveless, 1-celled,
1-seeded.

Athysanus pusillus (Hook.) Greene. Stems slender, branched from the
base, 10-20 cm. tall, hirsute-pubescent throughout; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
acute, usually coarsely dentate, rough-pubescent, 5-30 mm. long; racemes
loose, elongate; flowers very small, on curved pedicels; petals linear, minute
or wanting; pods orbicular, about 2 mm. in diameter, hirsute, on recurved
longer pedicels.

Gravelly prairies and rocky slopes, rare west of the Cascade Mountains
but common in the interior.

219. THYSANOCARPUS.

Erect and slender sparingly branched annual herbs, with a
pubescence of simple hairs; flowers minute, white or rose-colored,
in elongated racemes; pod mostly pendulous, on a slender pedicel,
1-celled, indehiscent, disk-shaped or concave, orbicular, winged,
1-seeded; seed flattened but not winged.

Thysanocarpus curvipes Hook. More or less hirsute below, glabrous above;
stem erect, usually branched above, 30-50 cm. tall; radical leaves oblong,
obtuse, dentate, 3-4 cm. long, narrowed at base, with a petiole; cauline sagit-
tate and clasping at base, acute, usually entire, commonly smaller; racemes
elongated, loose; pedicels slender, recurved; pods orbicular, ovate or obovate,
notched, apiculate by the persistent style, puberulent, 4-6 mm. long, the entire
or crenulate wings as broad as the body.

In dry open ground, Victoria, British Columbia, Maconn; Willamette
Valley, Oregon. Not known from western Washington.

[220. [ARABIS. ROCK CRESS.

Erect annual or perennial herbs; leaves seldom divided, the
cauline sessile and usually clasping and auricled at the base;

170 CRUCIFERAE.

flowers white or purple; pod long-linear, compressed parallel
to the partition; valves more or less 1-nerved; seeds flattened,
usually winged, in one or two rows.

Seeds wingless; flowers white.

Basal leaves pinnately cleft into short and broad seg-
ments. A. lyrata.
Basal leaves entire; cauline auriculate. A. glabra.
Seeds winged or wing-margined.
Seeds arranged in a single row.

Cauline leaves cordate or auriculate at base. A. hirsuta.

Cauline leaves not cordate nor auricled.

Pubescence of very fine stellate hairs or none; pods

broad. A. platysperma.

Pubescence of simple or forked hairs; pods narrow.

Petals small, not exceeding the sepals. A. olympica.

Petals much longer than the sepals. A. furcata.

Seeds more or less distinctly in two rows.

Pods reflexed. A. patula.

Pods erect or ascending.

Tall, 30-60 cm. high; plant somewhat glaucous;

pubescence of 2-forked hairs. A. drummondii.

Low, 10-30 cm. high; plant glabrous or somewhat

stellate-pubescent below. A. lyallii.

Arabis lyrata occidentalis Wats. Pubescent at base, glabrous above
stems branching from the base, ascending, 20-30 cm. high; basal leaves lyrate-
pinnatifid or sometimes nearly entire; cauline leaves spatulate to linear,
mostly entire; petals white; pods ascending or spreading, very slender, flat-
tened; stigma sessile or on a very short style; seeds oblong, wingless.

Nooksack River, Whatcom County, Washington, Suksdorf. t).

Arabis glabra (L.) Bernh. Biennial, pubescent near the base, glabrous and
glaucous above; stems usually simple, 60-90 cm. high; basal leaves oblanceolate,
dentate or pinnatifid, pubescent, 5-8 cm. long; cauline oblong-lanceolate,
sessile, sagittate and auricled at base, all but the lower glabrous; flowers whitish,
about 5 mm. long; pods erect or ascending, linear, 4-10 cm. long, tipped with
the large 2-lobed sessile stigma; pedicels 4-10 mm. long.

Fields and open places, not rare.

Arabis hirsuta (L.) Scop. Biennial, usually rough-hairy, but shade plants
often nearly glabrous; stems erect, 15-50 cm. high; basal leaves clustered,
oblanceolate, entire or somewhat dentate, usually 2-5 cm. long; cauline oblong
to lanceolate, entire or dentate, cordate or auriculate at base; flowers greenish
white, small; pods on slender pedicels, erect, slender, 2-5 cm. long, tipped with
a very short stout style.

On rocky cliffs or gravelly bars, infrequent.

Arabis platysperma Gray. Perennial from a branched rootstock, finely
stellate-pubescent to nearly glabrous, glaucous; leaves all entire, the basal
oblanceolate and petiolate, 10-30 cm. high, the cauline oblong to lanceolate and
sessile; flowers rose-colored or white; pods erect or ascending, flattened, the
valves veiny, 3-6 cm. long, 3-5 mm. broad, tipped with a short style; seeds
circular, broadly winged.

Mount Hood, Oregon, and southward in the mountains.

Arabis olympica Piper. Perennial, sparsely pubescent with simple or
branched hairs; basal leaves obovateto oblanceolate, obscurely crenate, obtuse,
petiolate, about 8 mm. long; cauline sessile, oblong to lanceolate, obtuse,

CRUCIFERAE. I?I

entire or nearly so; flowers corymbose; petals white, 2 mm. long, as long as the
sepals; pods erect, narrowly linear, glabrous, about 2 cm. long, on stout gla-
brous pedicels.

Mount Olympus, Flett.

Arabis furcata Wats. Perennial from a branched rootstock; stems slender,
20-40 cm. high, glabrous; basal leaves oblong-ovate, entire or few-toothed,
3-5 cm. long, sparsely pubescent with forked hairs; cauline oblong to linear,
sessile; petals white, spatulate, 12-15 mm. long, twice as long as the calyx; pods
slender, erect or ascending, 2-4 cm. long, attenuate at the apex.

On rocky bluffs in the gorge of the Columbia River.

Arabis patula Graham. (A. columbiana Macoun.) Biennial or perennial,
somewhat pubescent below, glabrous above; basal leaves oblanceolate, entire
or few-toothed, finally stellate pubescent, the petioles ciliate; cauline lanceo-
late, subentire, sessile, sagittate at base; flowers purple to nearly white; pods
sharply reflexed, flattened, 4-6 cm. long; seeds in 2 rows.

On rocks and gravel bars in the mountains at low altitudes; not common.

Arabis drummondii Gray. Biennial, nearly glabrous and somewhat
glaucous; stems mostly simple, 30-90 cm. high; basal leaves spatulate, sparingly
dentate; cauline oblong to lanceolate, somewhat auriculate; pods erect or
ascending, 4-10 cm. long; seeds oblong, winged, in two indistinct rows.

In rocky places in the mountains at low altitudes.

Arabis lyallii Wats. Perennial from a branched base, green or somewhat
glaucous, glabrous or sparingly pubescent below; stems usually several, 5-10
cm. high; radical leaves oblanceolate, acute, with slender petioles; pods straight,
erect, 2-5 cm. long; valves 1-nerved below the middle and with some smaller
veins.

Common in the mountains at 1500-2000 m. altitude.

221. DENTARIA.

Perennial herbs with long fleshy rootstocks which have a
pleasant pungent taste; stems leafless below, \vith 2 or 3 petioled
compound leaves about or above the middle; flowers white or
purple in a corymb or raceme; style elongated; pod lanceolate,
compressed parallel to the partition; seeds in 1 row, wingless.

Basal leaves cordate-orbicular, crenately or sinuately lobed. D. tenella.
Basal leaves mostly parted or divided into 3-5 segments. D. macrocarpa.

Dentaria tenella Pursh. Glabrous; rootstocks tuberiferous; stems 10-40
cm. high; basal leaves simple, cordate-orbicular, coarsely crenate or lobed,
13 cm. long, their petioles often bulbiferous below; cauline leaves 3-partcd,
the narrow segments entire, 1-4 cm. long; raceme short; petals rose-purple;
pods 2-3 cm. long, 2 mm. broad, tipped with a slender style and a 2-lobed
stigma.

In moist \voods.

Dentaria macrocarpa Xutt. Glabrous or slightly pubescent; rootstock
tuberiferous, the tubers subglobose, 1-2 cm. in diameter; basal leaves 3-5-
lobed, cleft or divided, the segments linear, entire or toothed; peduncle short;
flowers rose-purple; pods 3-5 cm. long, 2 mm. broad; stigma entire.

A variable species of which several forms have been described as subsprc ies,
based mainly on differences in leaf contour. Most frequent on the ea>tern
slope of the Cascade Mountains but occurring locally in the Willamc t u \ alley.

172 CRUCIFERAE.

222. CARDAMINE. BITTER CRESS.

Mostly glabrous leafy-stemmed perennial herbs, growing in
moist places; leaves entire, lobed or divided, all petioled; flowers
white (in ours) ; pod elongated, compressed parallel to the par-
tition; valves nerveless; seeds in 1 row, wingless.:'

Leaves all simple, entire or nearly so. C. bellidifolia.

Leaves, or some of them, pinnate.

Basal leaves simple; cauline 3-5-foliolate. C. breweri.

Basal leaves pinnate.

Leaves all 3-foliolate, sometimes 5-foliolate; leaflets

coarsely 3-5-toothed. C. angulata.

Leaves 3-1 3-foliolate.

Petals 4 mm. long; leaflets 7-13, orbicular. C. occidentalis.

Petals 2-4 mm. long; leaflets 3-7.

Flowers subumbellate; leaflets orbicular. C. kamtscliatica.

Flowers racemose; leaflets oblong or round-
ish.
Capsules 8-20-seeded; leaflets mostly

roundish. C. oligosperma.

Capsules 20-30-seeded; leaflets mostly

oblong. C. pennsylvanica.

Cardamine bellidifolia L. Tufted from a branched caudex; stems 2-3 cm.
high; leaves ovate to elliptical, entire or with one or two lateral teeth, mostly
obtuse, slender-petioled; flowers 1-5, white; pods erect, 15-20 mm. long;
style very short and stout.

At high altitudes in the mountains, not definitely known from our limits.
Mount Adams, Suksdorf.

Cardamine breweri Wats. Perennial from slender rootstocks, glabrous
or a little pubescent; sterns erect or nearly so, mostly branched, 20-30^ cm.
high; basal leaves simple and cordate-orbicular, entire or sinuate, sometimes
pinnate with a pair of lateral leaflets; cauline pinnate, the leaflets orbicular
to oblong, usually sinuate, sometimes lobed; flowers white, the petals 4 mm.
long; pods erect or ascending, 15-25 mm. long; style short and thick.

Mostly in the mountains along streams.

Cardamine angulata Hook. Perennial from running rootstocks, glabrous
or sparsely hirsute; stems erect, mostly simple, 30-60 cm. high; leaves 3-5-
foliolate; leaflets subequal, ovate to oblong, mostly cuneate, the terminal one
3-5-toothed; petals white, 8-10 cm. long; pods spreading, 2-25 mm. long;
style stout, 2 mm. long.

In wet places in woods, mostly near the ocean coast.

Cardamine occidentalis (Wats.) Howell. Perennial from a short some-
what tuberous rootstock, glabrous or pubescent below; stems erect, 20-40 cm.
high; leaves all pinnate with 3-6 pairs of leaflets; leaflets subentire, those of
the basal leaves rounded, of the cauline obovate to oblong or linear; petals
white, 4 mm. long; pods 2-2.5 cm. long, very slender, erect or nearly so; stigma
nearly sessile.

In wet places, infrequent.

Cardamine kamtschatica (Regel) Schulz. Perennial from slender root-
stocks, glabrous or nearly so; stems several, erect, 15-30 cm. high; leaves
pinnate, the basal with 35 rounded or oval, the cauline with 5-7 oblong
subentire leaflets; flowers few, in a short corymb; pods crowded, erect, 2-2.5
cm. long, slender, prominently beaked.

Along rills at high altitudes in the mountains.

CRUCIFERAE. 173

Cardamine oligosperma Nutt. Annual, erect, usually simple-stemmed,
15-30 cm. high, sparsely hirsute throughout or nearly glabrous; leaflets small,
orbicular, petiolulate, 3-S-lobed or toothed; raceme few-flowered; flowers 2
mm. long; pods erect, 8-20-seeded, 12-20 mm. long.

Very common in moist upland soil in open woods.

Cardamine pennsylvanica Muhl. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly
so, 30-60 cm. high, simple or branched; leaflets 7-13, sessile, mostly oblong,
but those of the lowermost leaves suborbicular; pods suberect on spreading
pedicels.

In wet places, common. Ambiguous forms seem to connect with C. oli-
gosperma.

223. THELYPODIUM.

Stout biennial herbs, often succulent; leaves simple, entire,
toothed or pinnatifid, often auricled at the base; flowers usually
in rather dense racemes; sepals oblong to linear, rather short;
style short; stigma entire; pods slender, terete or 4-angled; seeds
oblong, in 1 row in each cell.

Thelypodium lasiophyllum (Hook. & Arn.) Greene. Annual, erect, 30-90
cm. high, hispid below, glabrous above; leaves oblong to oblanceolate, 5-15
cm. long, irregularly dentate or incised, the spreading lobes entire or dentate,
the cauline sessile; flowers in a close usually simple raceme; petals cream-
colored, often purple-tinged, spatulate, 5 mm. long, twice as long as the oblong
sepals; pods slender, usually curved downwards, attenuate at apex, 5-7 cm.
long.

Sandy or rocky soil; rare in our limits.

224. HESPERIS.

Erect perennial or biennial herbs with some branched hairs;
flowers large, showy, pink-purple (in ours) ; sepals erect, oblong,
the lateral ones saccate at base; petals with long and slender
claws and broad obovate to orbicular blades; pods very long,
spreading, torulose, beaked.

Hesperis matronalis L. Rocket. Perennial herb, the numerous stems
erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves broadly lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, 5-10 cm.
long, the lower ones long-petioled; flowers pink-purple; pods slender, spreading,
5-10 cm. long.

A common garden plant, occasionally found escaped from cultivation.

225. ERYSIMUM.

Biennial or perennial herbs; leaves rather narrow, entire or
toothed, not clasping; flowers often large, usually yellow; pod
linear, 4-angled or rarely flattened, not stipitate; valves keeled
by the prominent midrib; seeds oblong, marginless, in one row
in each cell.

Pods flattened. E. arenicola.
Pods terete.

Seeds quadrangular. E. asperum.

Seeds lenticular. E. capitatum.

IJ4 CRUCIFERAE.

Erysimum arenicola Wats. Perennial, several-stemmed from a loosely
branched base, 15-20 cm. high; leaves mostly basal, oblanceolate, sparsely
denticulate, 3-4 cm. long, sparingly pubescent with appressed hairs; flowers
bright yellow; pod somewhat flattened, very gradually attentuate into a long
beak; valves 1-nerved.

In sandy soil at high altitudes in the Olympic Mountains.

Erysimum asperum (Nutt.) DC. Whitish throughout with appressed
pubescence; stems simple, stout, 15-40 cm. tall, erect; leaves lanceolate or
oblanceolate, entire or somewhat dentate, rarely lobed, mostly petioled, 6-10
cm. long; flowers bright yellow; petals 15-25 mm. long; pods stout, somewhat
4-angled, about 8 cm. long, tipped with a short stout beak and a large 2-lobed
stigma; pedicels stout, 1 cm. long.

In open places, in our limits only at high altitudes, 1500-2000 m., in the
mountains.

Erysimum capitatum (Hook.) Greene. (E. elatum Nutt.). Very similar
to E. asperum; taller, usually 30-90 cm. high, more leafy, the leaves greener
and subentire, acuminate; pods 5-10 cm. long, the stigmas not deeply lobed;
seeds lenticular, thin and scarious-winged at one end.

On rocky cliffs, along the lower Columbia River and northward.

226. SMELOWSKIA.

Low cespitose canescent perennials with pinnatifid leaves;
flowers small, in terminal racemes; petals entire, obovate or
spatulate; style short or none; pods lanceolate-oblong, compressed
at right angles to the partition; valves sharply keeled so that
the pod is 4-angled.

Capsule lanceolate, attenuate at each end. S. calycina.

Capsule ovate, nearly subcordate at base. S. ovalis.

Smelowskia calycina C. A. Mey. Densely cespitose from a stout branched
caudex covered with the bases of old leaves; herbage densely canescent with
stellate and a few longer simple hairs; stems 5-15 cm. high; leaves pinnate or
deeply pinnatifid, the segments linear to oblong, obtuse; flowers white, often
pink-tinged; pods lanceolate, attenuate at each end, 6-10 mm. long.

Rocky places in the mountains at 2000-2500 m. altitude.

Smelowskia ovalis Jones. Very similar to 5. calycina but more densely
pubescent; pods ovate, truncate or subcordate at base.

Olympic Mountains and Cascade Mountains at high altitudes.

227. BRASSICA.

Erect annual or biennial herbs; lower leaves mostly pinnate
or lyrate, with a large terminal lobe; flowers yellow; pod terete or
nearly so, tipped with a slender conical or somewhat flattened
beak; seeds globose, in 1 row or rarely in 2 rows in each cell.

Cauline leaves auricled at base and clasping. B. campestris.

Cauline leaves not auricled nor clasping.

Beak of the pod very short, less than one fourth the fertile

portion. B. nigra.

Beak of the pod long, about equaling the fertile portion.

Herbage hispid; upper leaves sessile. B. arvensis.

Herbage nearly glabrous; upper leaves short-pctioled. B.juncea.

CRUCIFERAE. 175

Brassica campestris L. Turnip. Smooth or nearly so, often glaucous,
30-90 cm. high; lower leaves petioled, somewhat lobed or toothed; upper entire
or nearly so, sessile and clasping by auricled bases; flowers yellow; pedicels
spreading; petals 6-10 mm. long; pods terete, 3-5 cm. long, narrowed into a
beak about 1 cm. long.

A weed in fields. A cultivated form of this plant is the rutabaga.

Brassica nigra (L.) Koch. Black Mustard. Erect, 30-80 cm. high, sparsely
hirsute; leaves green, slender-petioled, the terminal lobe large and coarsely
toothed, the few lateral lobes small; pods 15-18 mm. long, erect, on very short
pedicels, only the lower fourth seed-bearing; seeds dark-colored.

In waste places.

Brassica arvensis (L.) Kuntze. Charlock. Stout, annual, 30-90 cm. high,
hispid with scattered hairs; lower leaves pinnately parted, consisting of a
large ovate-oblong terminal segment and 1 or 2 pairs of much smaller ones,
all dentate; uppermost leaves sessile, none clasping; pods 2-4 cm. long, erect or
ascending, the fertile portion torulose, tipped with a flat and stout beak half
as long.

A weed in waste ground.

Brassica juncea (L.) Cosson. Stout, 30-100 cm. high, the herbage some-
what glaucous and nearly glabrous; basal leaves lyrately lobed; cauline oblong,
entire or nearly so, narrowed at base and short-petiolate; pods spreading,
terete, 2.5-3.5 cm. long, the empty beak long and slender.

A weed in fields; native of Asia.

228. SISYMBRIUM.

Mostly annual or biennial herbs; leaves neither clasping nor
auriculate at the base, rarely entire, often finely dissected;
flowers small, usually yellow or yellowish; style short or none;
stigma 2-cleft; pod linear, short or long, flat or terete; seeds
oblong.

Flowers white; leaves subentire, mostly basal. 5. thalianum.
Flowers yellow; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid.

Stigma simple; pubescence of branched hairs. S. hartwegianum.
Stigma 2-lobed; pubescence of simple hairs.

Pods short, subulate. 5. officinale.

Pods long, linear. 5. altissimum.

Sisymbrium thalianum (L.) Gay. Mouse-ear Cress. Slender annual,
10-20 cm. high, pubescent below; leaves mostly in a basal rosette, obovate to
oblanceolate, obtuse, entire or sparingly toothed, 2-5 cm. long; flowers usually
white; pods terete, somewhat 4-sided, usually purplish, about 1 cm. long,
scarcely longer than the slender pedicels.

In dry ground, introduced from Europe.

Sisymbrium hartwegianum Fourn. Loosely branched, 20-40 cm. high;
leaves pinnate with narrow lanceolate to oblong leaflets, these obtuse and
more or less toothed; pods crowded, erect, 5-7 mm. long, on suberect pedicels
nearly as long.

Rare west of the Cascade Mountains; Charleston, Kitsap County, Washing-
ton, Piper.

Sisymbrium officinale L. Hedge Mustard. Erect, sparsely hirsute with
simple hairs or glabrous, 30-90 cm. high, divaricately branched above; leaves
pinnatifid into 5-13 lobes, the terminal longest, all more or less dentate; upper

176 CRUCIFERAE.

cauline leaves sessile, the others petioled; flowers yellow, 3 mm. broad; pods
pubescent, tapering from the base to the apex, 1-2 cm. long, erect on short
pedicels.

A weed in waste places; native of Europe.

Sisymbrium officinale leiocarpum DC. PodsTglabrous.
A very common weed in waste ground.

Sisymbrium altissimum L. Tumbling Mustard. Erect, much branched,
60-150 cm. tall, glabrous or sparsely hirsute with simple hairs; basal leaves
petioled, pinnatifid into linear or lanceolate entire or dentate lobes; upper
leaves reduced, sessile; flowers pale yellow, 5 mm. broad; pods spreading,
linear, 6-10 cm. long, on short stout pedicels.

Introduced from Europe. Locally called " Jim Hill Mustard."

229. BARBAREA.

Somewhat succulent perennials; stems angled; leaves entire or
pinnatifid; flowers yellow, in racemes; pod linear, terete, or
somewhat 4-angled, tipped with the short slender style; seeds
flat, in 1 row.

Pods 1-1.5 cm. long, the beak slender, 2-3 mm. long; upper-
most leaves rarely pinnatifid. B. barbarea.

Pods 2-4 cm. long, the beak thick and short; uppermost leaves

pinnatifid. B. orthoceras.

Barbarea barbarea brachycarpa (Rouy & Foucaud) Piper, n. comb. (B.
indgaris brachycarpa Rouy & Foucaud). Perennial, glabrous; stems simple
or branched above, 30-60 cm. high; lower leaves pinnatifid, the terminal
segment oblong to orbicular, larger than the 2-4 lateral pairs; upper cauline
leaves obovate to oblong, coarsely toothed, or toward the base lobed; flowers
deep yellow; pods 1-1.5 cm. long, ascending to spreading, terete, the slender
beak 2-3 mm. long.

Introduced from Europe; Seattle, Piper.

Barbarea orthoceras dolichocarpa Fernald. Bitter Cress. Perennial^
glabrous; stems simple or branched above, 3090 cm. high; lower leaves from
entire to pinnately cleft or divided, the terminal segment large, orbicular or
ovate, entire or nearly so; lateral segments 1-5 pairs, smaller, oblong, entire or
toothed; petioles short, auricled at base; upper cauline leaves obovate, clasp-
ing, the lower part pinnately-cleft; raceme dense; petals yellow, 4 mm. long,
twice as long as the sepals; pods ascending or spreading, at length curved,
2-4 cm. long, beaked by the stout style; pedicels short and stout.

In wet places, not common but clearly native.

230. LESQUERELLA.

Low annual or perennial herbs with stellate pubescence;
flowers usually yellow; sepals oblong or elliptical, rather short;
petals longer, spatulate to oblong-obovate, entire; stamens 6;
style slender; stigma entire or nearly so; pod a turgid sub-globose
silicle with a broad suborbicular partition, 2-celled, each cell
2-16-seeded.

Lesquerella occidentalis Wats. Perennial, from a stout caudex; herbage
canescent with fine appressed silvery pubescence; stems 10-30 cm. high, erect
or ascending; basal leaves oblanceolate, coarsely toothed; cauline spatulate,

CRUCIFERAE. 177

entire; flowers yellow, the petals 8-10 mm. long; pods oval in outline, half as
thick as broad, 6-8 mm. long, acutish, finely pubescent.

Stony places mostly on the eastern slope of the Cascade Mountains, Mul-
tnomah County, Oregon, Howell; Mount Adams, Washington, Flett.

231. ALYSSUM.

Low branching annual herbs; leaves mostly simple; flowers
yellow; style slender; pod ovoid or orbicular, compressed; valves
convex, nerveless; seeds one or two in each cell.

Alyssum alyssoides (L.) Gouan. Annual, 10-30 cm. high, stellate-
pubescent throughout, usually branched from the base; leaves entire, spatulate,
1-2 cm. long; flowers in racemes, 5-15 cm. long; petals pale yellow, cuneate,
scarcely exceeding the sepals; pods orbicular, margined, notched at the apex,
minutely pubescent, 3 mm. broad, on spreading pedicels.

Introduced and becoming common.

232. DRABA.

Low annual or perennial herbs; leaves entire or toothed;
flowers white or yellow, mainly in racemes; pod oval to oblong or
linear, compressed parallel to the partition; valves nearly flat,
nerveless or faintly nerved ; seeds few to many, in two rows in the
cell, wingless.

Perennials.

Midrib of leaves becoming prominent; flowers yellow. D. glacialis.
Midrib of leaves not prominent; flowers white or yellow.

Stems scapose; flowers white. D. lonchocarpa.

Stems very leafy; flowers yellow. D. aureola.

Annuals.

Flowers white; petals deeply 2-cleft. D. verna.

Flowers yellow or yellowish; petals emarginate.

Pods 4 mm. long, crowded. D. brachycarpa.

Pods longer, not crowded.

Pods 6-8 mm. long, much shorter than the pedi-
cels. D. nemorosa.
Pods 8-15 mm. long, about equalling the pedi-
cels. D. stenoloba.

Draba glacialis Adams. Perennial with many short clustered leafy
branches, the old leaves persistent on the stems; leaves linear, entire, ciliate
at base, stellate-pubescent, 5-15 mm. long, rigid in age and with a prominent
midrib; scapes 5-15 cm. long; flowers yellow; pods ovate or oblong-ovate,
acute, pubescent, 2-8 mm. long, on pedicels a little longer.

On rock cliffs in the mountains.

Draba lonchocarpa Rydb. Perennial, from a branched caudex; leave 5
all or mostly in basal rosettes, oblanceolate, entire, minutely and densely
stellate-canescent, not ciliate, the midrib prominent; scapes very slender,
pubescent, 3-8 cm. high; flowers white; pods lanceolate, glabrous, pointed at
each end, 8-15 mm. long, on shorter pedicels.

In gravelly or rocky soil in the mountains at about 2000 m. altitude.

Draba aureola Wats. Perennial from a stout root, densely stellate-pubes-
cent throughout, very leafy; basal leaves oblanceolate, entire, obtuse, 8-12

13

178 CRUCIFERAE.

mm. long; cauline oblong; raceme dense; flowers yellow; calyx glabrous; pods
oblong, obtuse, pubescent, 8-10 mm. long.

In loose rocky soil, on Mount Rainier at 3000 m. altitude, an elevation
reached by only one other plant, namely Smelowskia ovalis. Known also
from the Three Sisters, Oregon, and from Lassen's Peak, California.

Draba verna L. Annual; stems several, leafless, 5-10 cm. high, simple,
nearly glabrous; leaves in a rosette, oblong or oval, toothed or entire, obtuse,
4-8 mm. long, pubescent with branched hairs; flowers white, in a loose raceme;
petals deeply 2-cleft; pods oblong, glabrous, 4-8 mm. long, shorter than the
spreading pedicels.

In sandy soil. A very variable species composed of many forms which on
account of close-pollination breed true.

Draba brachycarpa Nutt. Annual, the herbage pubescent; stems simple
or branched, 5-20 cm. high, leafy to the inflorescence; leaves ovate to oblong,
entire or nearly so, 4-8 mm. long; pods oblong, acutish, glabrous, 4 mm. long,
about equalling the pedicels, crowded in a strict raceme.

Coburg, Oregon, Howell.

Draba nemorosa L. Annual, the simple stems 5-40 cm. high, leafy and
pubescent below; leaves sessile, oblong or ovate, usually dentate, acutish,
1-2 cm. long, stellate-pubescent; raceme loose, 3-many-flowered; flowers
small, 4 mm. broad; petals yellow becoming whitish, notched, a little longer
than the villous sepals; pod oblong, acute, appressed-pubescent or glabrous,
about 1 cm. long, much shorter than the spreading pedicels.

In sandy soil. Pods usually pubescent. The form with glabrous pods is
D. nemorosa leiocarpa Lindbl. (D. lutea Gilib.)

Draba stenoloba Ledeb. Annual, the slender stems 10-40 cm. high, the
leaves mostly in a basal rosette; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, mostly acute,
more or less pubescent; sepals glabrous or with a few hairs; pods linear, glab-
rous, 10-15 mm. long, equalling or longer than the pedicels.

Warm exposures, in the mountains.

233. SUBULARIA. AWLWORT.

Small stemless aquatic glabrous perennials with tufted awl-
shaped leaves; flowers few, minute, white, on a naked scape
2-8 cm. high; style none; pod ovoid or spherical with a broad
partition; valves turgid, 1-nerved; seeds several.

Subularia aquatica L. Submersed in shallow water or on muddy shores;
leaves 12-20, unequal, erect, 3-6 cm. long.

Sproat Lake, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun; Whatcom
Lake, Whatcom County, Washington, Suksdorf. Infrequent, but usually
abundant where found, sometimes forming extensive colonies like a greensward.

234. COCHLEARIA.

Maritime fleshy glabrous herbs with lobed or entire alternate
leaves; flowers small, white; sepals short and broad, rounded
at the apex; petals obovate, cuneate; style slender; stigma
simple or nearly so; pod a very turgid globose silicle; seeds
2-several, in 2 rows.

Cochlearia officinalis L. Succulent herb with decumbent branched stems
about 30 cm. long; basal leaves petioled, broadly ovate to orbicular, subcordate,

CRUCIFERAE 179

somewhat lobed or subentire; upper cauline more deeply lobed or toothed,
sessile and auriculate at base; pods globose, smooth or faintly reticulated.
Along the seacoast, Alaska to Oregon. Cape Elizabeth and Port Gran-
ville, Washington, A. S. Foster; Oregon, Howell; Vancouver Island, British
Columbia, Macoun.

235. RADICULA.

Aquatic or marsh herbs; leaves usually lyrately or pinnately
parted or toothed, auricled at base; flowers small, yellow or white;
style short or slender; pods terete or nearly so; seeds turgid,
minute, in two rows in each cell.

Flowers white; leaves pinnately divided. R. nasturtium-aguatica.

Flowers yellow; leaves variously margined, mostly

pinnate.
Pedicels short, 2-4 mm. long; stems diffuse.

Pods curved; leaf-lobes acute. R. curvisiliqua.

Pods straight; leaf-lobes obtuse. R. obtusa.

Pedicels longer, 6-8 mm. long; stems erect.

Pods 4-8 mm. long. R. palustris.

Pods 8-12 mm. long. R. pacified.

Radicula nasturtium-aquatica (L.) Britten & Rendle. Perennial, aquatic,
smooth; stems procumbent, rooting at the lower nodes, 10-30 cm. high; leaves
pinnate; leaflets 3-11, orbicular or oblong, sinuate, or the lower ones some-
times reduced to the terminal leaflet; petals white, 3-4 mm. long; pods linear,
12-20 mm. long, acute at each end, a little longer than the spreading pedicels.

Cultivated under the name of Water Cress, and often escaping.

Radicula curvisiliqua (Hook.) Greene. Annual or biennial, glabrous or
slightly pubescent, erect or decumbent, 15-40 cm. high; leaves oblanceolate,
sinuate-dentate or pinnately cleft into oblong dentate lobes; flowers small,
pale yellow; petals 2 mm. long, exceeding the sepals; pods linear-oblong, 4-16
mm. long; style stout or none.

In dried-up ponds and swales, common and variable.

Radicula obtusa (Nutt.) Greene. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly
so, branching from the base, spreading; leaves pinnately parted or divided, or
the upper often subentire and oblong; pedicels 2-4 mm. long, ascending or
spreading; flowers yellow; pods usually long, straight; style very short and
thick.

Reported from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun.

Radicula palustris (L.) Moench. Annual or biennial, glabrous or nearly
so, erect, 30-90 cm. high; leaves lanceolate, pinnately cleft or parted, petioled.
5-15 cm. long, the segments toothed; pods 4-8 mm. long, short-cylindric or
ovoid, mostly shorter than the pedicels.

Wet places, sometimes in shallow water.

Radicula pacifica (Howell) Greene. Very similar to R. palustris; pods
larger, 8-12 mm. long, as long as the pedicels.

In wet places. Probably only a subspecies of R. palustris.

236. LEPIDIUM. PEPPERGRASS.

Erect or diffuse annual or biennial herbs; leaves pinnatifid,
toothed or entire; flowers small, white or greenish, in racemes;

l8o CRUCIFERAE.

pod orbicular to obovate, much flattened at right angles to the
partition, 2-winged at the summit, each valve with one acute
nerve forming a keel; seeds flattened, solitary in each cell.

Cauline leaves clasping at base. L. draba.

Cauline leaves not clasping at base.

Apex of the pods bidentate, the valves reticulated.

Teeth of pods widely divergent. L. oxycarpum.

Teeth of pods not widely divergent. L. strictum.

Apex of the pods merely emarginate, the valves not re-
ticulated.

Petals wanting or very minute; pods puberulent. L. lasiocarpum.

Petals present; pods usually glabrous.

Basal leaves pinnately parted, pubescent. L. menziesii.

Basal leaves dentate, glabrous. L. medium.

Lepidium draba L. Perennials, 20-40 cm. high, the herbage pubescent;
leaves oval to oblong, obtuse, denticulate, the upper broadly auricled and
clasping at base; racemes short; pods ovate, subcordate at base, tipped with
the conspicuous style.

Sparingly introduced from Europe; Victoria, British Columbia, Anderson.

Lepidium oxycarpum T. & G. Annual, glabrous or nearly so; stems
branched from the base, slender, ascending, 10-15 cm. high; leaves narrow,
pinnately cleft with a few acute lobes, or entire; raceme loose; petals none;
pods glabrous, nearly orbicular, about 3 mm. broad, with the teeth short and
widely divergent.

Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Macoun, and California; mostly in
saline soil.

Lepidium strictum Rattan. Annual, the herbage finely pubescent; stems
branched, erect or ascending, 8-15 cm. high; leaves pinnately cleft into narrow
lobes; raceme crowded; petals none; pods ovate, glabrous, 2-2.5 mm. long,
the teeth short and subacute, not widely divergent.

In saline soil, Cadboro Bay, Vancouver Island, Macoun; otherwise known
only from California and southwestern Oregon.

Lepidium lasiocarpum Nutt. Annual, usually with several decumbent
stems; herbage pubescent; lower leaves pinnately parted, the obtuse segments
toothed or entire; petals wanting or minute; capsule lenticular, retuse, thinner
at apex, minutely pubescent.

Rare, probably only introduced in our limits.

Lepidium menziesii DC. Biennial, erect or sometimes decumbent, much
branched above, 30-90 cm. high; stems puberulent; lower leaves pinnately
parted, more or less hairy, petioled, the segments toothed or entire; _upper
leaves incisely dentate to entire; petals present; stamens 2 or 4; pods lenticular,
retuse, glabrous, about 3 mm. broad, on longer spreading pedicels.

Common on high sea beaches.

Lepidium medium Greene. Much like L. menziesii but root annual;
leaves serrate-dentate, seldom lobed, glabrous; stame