THE KING EMPEROR
AND H!S DOMINIONS
SOUV1INIR OF THE CORONATION DURBAR OF
H.I.M. GEORGE V.
. DF.CEMBER, 1911
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TH !•: M •• H AI- A.: A 01- K •• M Hi-. H A ;••
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THE KING EMPEROR
"\\T
AND HIS DOMINIONS
S6"UVENIR OI: THE CORONATION DURBAR O f;
H.l.M. GEORGH V.
DELHI, D EC KM B HP, 1.) I 1
V\ i i li i he Compliments »f
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SECTIONAL INDEX
(I'm -nil! iuJfv. sec faxes S87-392)
Pages
Portraits and Pictures 9
Coronation Regalia
India: Past and Present 43
Some Governors and Viceroys 113
Some Famous Secretaries of State
Provinces cf India and their Rulers
Some Native States and Princes
TheMarchofScier.ee 173
The Evolution of Weapons for the Battle cf Life 237
Weapons zf Precision produced cy Science and Industry ..
Malaria and Quinir,; ... 271
Some Historic Flights by Airship and Aero; lane
Modern Methods in Photography ... 29 =
The ' Ws'.lrot-.e ' Materia Msiica Fan". 310
Historical Medical E:juipr-.e-ts •
Welfare W;rk... 34^
" Pray you halt awhile.
His Majesty steps e'en now across thejthreshold.
Never did footfall more musically keep time
With our hopes: he comes to lighten all hearts."
lli> Me. si l-.N.-rlli-nt M.ijtsu
< '. I . . K . . I I II I III III
KM .•• (,n.i! Bnt.iin.m. .1111111. m> !«•
the Seas. ICtupfi'iir nt liuli.i.
Horn JUIH i. ISi.S : MU-crrilr.l lo ill, Tin..!!! . M.iv I,. I'.lu
Her Majesty Q u E K s MAR v
Born May 26. 1867
[\V x P. Do-.', uey
His Km..I Iliuhnt >-
i< n A I is r K I . I'rinrr l Ksi.l AN1> \N1> Sl\
Horn I5«i. Proclaims! Kim; of Si-oil.in.l in I.V.r
M "i Si <> i i A N n
.111,1 K, i^nr.1 ,>•
(i C-HARKKH tin- FIRST
C H A K I. KS T H K V I KST
Born 1600. Reigned 1625-1M9
C H A R I. 1
J.KBW.T
C' M \ K i i s i ii i: Sv:
\VlI.I.IAM I H K TlllKl)
Born 1650 Reigned 1 688-1 70 j
( i I 0 K 1. I 1 II I I 1 K •• I
Horn H>60. Kri^ncd 1714 i;
—
.
-
/ k». \'f
G K «) K Ci K T H K S K I < > N I>
Born 1683. Roitfnt-d 17.27-1760
(."• KDK I.
Morn 17.5S.
G K O RG E T H K F O U R T H
Horn 1762. Reitfned 1820-1830
36
Qut'tn of (irt'.it Britain and Ireland, and I'irM Kinpress of India.
Horn 1M<). Ki'itfnrd IS.ir I'HU
37
V. I) W A K l> 'I II K S K V I N 1 II
Kiny of Great Hritain and Ireland. Kmperor nf Indi.i
Horn 1841. Kci^nod l'X)l-19IO
CORONATION K H (i A LI A
S o M K FAMOUS BRITISH CROWS'
40
I N D I A :
PAST AND PRESENT
INDIA: PAST AND PRESENT
I N T R 0 D t C T I I ) N
THI-: history of the early ages is marked by many vague
converging lines which point to a nucleus of human
civilisation somewhere in the west central region of Asia.
Before written records, betore even the beginning of
monumental and rock-cut chronicles, pictorial, pictograpliic
or hieroglyphic, the Aryan family peopled the fruitful plains
and took shelter among the rocky fastnesses of that birth-
place of their race
The history ol their wanderings and of the development of
their several branches, contains all that is best and greatest
and most worthy in the long chapter of human achievement.
The exploits of each of the distinct and very diverse
peoples who spread from this common stock over Kurope
and Asia, are of immense interest, but behind these lies tin-
story of the family itself.
The mass of detail and the crowd of figures which spring Tlle Ar>"
. . . . family
upon the stage when written history begins tend to obscure
the most poignant situations in the slowly unfolding drama
of these Aryan brethren. It is only by leaping manv
centuries in a single stride and disdaining in our (light the
narrow landmarks of dynastic and national epochs, that \\e
can mark the steps of evolutionary progress, and observe
the true outlines of the strange and moving spectacle o!
man in the making, as it reveals itsell in the story ol this
great branch of the human race, and trom such a rapid
review some new points of fascinating study emerge
I low dramatic, for instance, when viewed in this light, is
the meeting which takes place to-day in Hindustan Ixjtween
the English and their Indian brethren. For brethren they
are. scions both of the same Aryan family. Their ancestors
once worshipped the same gods, tilled the same eartli
anil roamed side by side the same central plains. They
have wandered far apart for manv thousands of years, to wandcnn
come together at last upon the sacred soil of India, in tin-
historic streets of I'elhi, bv the banks of the mighty
(ianges or beside the blue waters of Narbada.
The Anglo-Saxon has come to this eventful meeting
through a pathway of long and strenuous educational
struggle. His Celtic and Germanic ancestors were among
the first to break away from their Aryan home. He has
wrestled with fierce enemies and conquered immense natural
difficulties, cold and hunger have taught him their bitter
but effectual lessons, and the sea has schooled him in its
splendid secrets. He has been the heir of all ages and has
assimilated as part of his intellectual heritage
" The nlory that was Greece,
The grandeur that was Rome."
The struggle for existence against enormous odds has
directed his attention towards material problems, and he
has learned to tame the forces of nature and mould them
to his will.
The sheer necessities of time and place have forced upon
him the pursuit of knowledge in its most practical forms.
He has had to build against the tempest and the storm, to
foresee and provide for winter and famine, to gather energy
from mechanical science and capture electricity from the
very clouds in order to accomplish the Titanic tasks to
which destiny has called him.
And all this time, while the long and stormy panorama
of European history was unwinding its slow length, and
developing this latest product of Aryan civilisation in the
north, another limb of the same growth, a branch of the
self-same family tree was progressing and developing in an
entirely different direction, upon the fruitful plains which
lay secluded from the rest of the world, beyond the barrier
of the Himalayas.
The Hindus were, it is thought, the last to leave the
central home of the Aryan family. That the whole race, or
rather the vast and varied congeries of races, now grouped
under the generic name of Hindu, is not all of Aryan
descent, is obvious. Few, perhaps, can be regarded as
entirely devoid of some admixture of alien blood, but the
Aryan has stamped the impress of his character upon the
whole of India, and has given to the art, religion and
philosophy of this wonderful country its most distinctive
and characteristic features.
AMI I-KI-SKNT
To the genius of an Aryan people must be attributed the
marvellously intricate structure of Hinduism, that all-
embracing system which is at once a religion and a social
organisation, and which has for ages dominated the minds,
and controlled the secular occupations of so many millions
of the human race.
While Europeans have sought to conquer the world of
external nature, the Hindu has, for thousands of years,
been pre-occupied with the affairs of the soul. Religion
and philosophy, the pathway towards a higher spiritual
state, the search through the visible towards the unseen,
these have been the subjects of his constant thought,
and such themes form the immense mass of Vedic and
post-Vedic literatute.
At last the course of events has set these two widely
divergent aspects of Aryan civilisation, the Anglo-Saxon
and the Hindu, side by side in modern India. In their
resemblances, as well as by their contrasts, they provide
what is, perhaps, the most remarkable ethnological object
lesson on the influence of environment rind of hereditv
which the world has ever seen.
To tract- out in brief outline some of the causes
and impulses which ha\c moulded modern India, and
have made it a land ol such vivid contrasts, deep
impenetrable problems, and withal a land and a people
of such enthralling and surpassing interest, is the object of
the following pages
Eastern a
Western
rjviiisatio
IAST AND I'KKSKNT
C H A P T K R I
B R A H M A N I S M
From certain passages in the Vendidad, a part of the
sacred Zend Avesta of the antient Persians, it appears that
the final dispersion of the Aryan family was traditionally
attributed to some great natural cataclysm or upheaval
(probably volcanic) which brought about a disastrous
change of climate at the site of their antient home.
" There Ingromaniyus the Deadly," says the record,
"created a mighty serpent, and snow, the work of Deva ;
ten months of winter are there, two of summer."
Snch a description accords with the present climate of
parts of Tibet, I'amir and the district about the sources of
the Oxus and the Jaxertes. and points to this region as the
cradle of the Aryan race.
There are no known monuments of this great ancestral
family but it may well be that Tibet, that home of
mystery as yet so incompletely explored, contains some
which await the patient investigation of future ages. Hut
man has been more permanent even than his monuments,
and language both antedates and outlasts written inscrip-
tions.
Philological research under the impulse of such men as
Jacob Grimm. Colebrooke, Max Miiller, and others, has
succeeded in lifting the veil and throwing some faint light
upon the habits of these people and the degree of civilisation
attained in that far-off age.
It has been shown that the Aryan, Greek. Italian, Letto-
Sclavonian, Germanic and Celtic languages are all derived
from the same source.
To such a common origin, the root sounds which lie at
the base of these languages in all or most of the words that
denote the common daily wants of life, bear witness. These
word roots show that, previous to the great disruption, the
Aryan tribes had learnt the use of ploughs, boats and
wagons, that they had tamed the horse and were
accustomed to such domestic animals as oxen, swine, dogs
and goats.
They knew something, too, of weaving and the use of
numbers, and had weapons of iron.
They had also divided the year into periods of time-
according to the phases of the moon.
It was a part of this noble race, already far advanced upon
the road of knowledge and culture, which began, probably
more than 3000 years ago, to force its way through the
narrow denies of the Himalayas, and to descend upon the
northern plains of Hindustan.
They marched forward across the Sutlej river and on, in
ever-increasing numbers, towards their new home in tin-
south-east, and as they marched they sang.
The Veclic hymns, which have come down in unbroken
succession from mouth to mouth, through many generations,
form probably the most complete, and certainly the most
voluminous body of oral tradition in existence. They were
first inscribed, not upon stone or parchment, but upon the
unseen tablets of the human brain, and to this day there are
youths in Brahmanic families who can repeat the whole of
the 10,580 verses of the Rig- Veda by heart.
At what date they were first written down in Sanskrit, is
unknown ; many manuscripts have doubtless perished in the
destructive climate of India. The oldest at present in
existence was written about A.I). 1008.
The Vedas, the composition of which is traditionally
ascribed to the seven sacred Rishis from whom Brahmans
claim descent, are not written in the form of annals or
records of scenes, and events ; they were mainly invocations
to the bright gods whom the Aryans worshipped ; but none
the less, they contain many references by which it is possible
to trace, step by step, the settlement of the conquering Aryan
race in their descent southwards through the Punjab.
They also contain much interesting information concerning
the social and family customs of the people as well as
their religious beliefs. Like most nomadic tribes they were
patriarchal in their earliest systems of government.
The father of the family was at once the warrior and the
priest. The chieftain was regarded as the father and the
priest of his tribe.
They adored the deity as the Father of Heaven, Dyaush- The ear
pitar, and the encompassing sky, Yaruna.
Indra was the god of Clouds, and Aqua'ous Vapour, and
Agni the "0(1 of Fire.
As the importance of recurrent rains became more and
more obvious Indra grew to be the chief deity of these early
Yedic hymns.
By decrees, gifted families who composed or learned the
Vedas, were chosen to recite them at special sacrifices or
festivals, and members of this priestly caste grew to be the
sole depositories of all the lore of the national religion.
The successful prayer was called a Brahman, and those Theda
who chanted the appropriate hymns and offered sacrifice Brahma
were Brahmans.
At first selected for natural talent, they soon became a
hereditary caste, and they succeeded in moulding practically
the whole population into the social organisation which they
desired. This consisted of the division of the people into
four great orders or castes, afterwards split up into almost
innumerable subdivisions.
The Brahmans, the priestly and literary caste.
The Kshattriyas or Kajpnts, the warriors and com-
panions ol the King.
Yaisyas the husbandmen , cultivators < >f the soil ; and the
Sud ras, or scr Is, to whom the lowest tasks were deputed,
and who were not permitted to take part in the
national sacrifices.
It was not \\ithout a simple that the Brahman- obtained
their position ol superiority o\er the proud warrior caste,
and they \\ere even forced at one period, to assign a higher
place to the Rajputs, but gradually their superior mental
attainments and the necessity for their set \ ices at all national,
tribal ami t.imily functions won the dav. Through many
verses ol the Yeda there runs the story of a dispute between
Ya-ishtha. an Arvan sage, type of the priesthood, and
\ isvanutra, a representative of the royal warrior rank.
1 he Brahmans taught that thev came from the mouth of
the Creator. It was theirs to counsel and direct men in
I'AST AND PKESKNT
The ideal life
of a Brahman
The historical
value of the Veda
the path they should follow, and to propitiate the national
gods.
The Kshattriya, or Rajput, was sprung from the
Creator's arras, and it was his mission to fight the enemies
of the State.
The Vaisya came from the thighs of the deity, and his
task was to till the earth, to buy and sell and to practise
various trades and professions.
The Sudra came, the Brahmans taught, from the feet of
God, and it was his duty humbly to serve the other castes ;
he was not permitted to approach thesolemn sacrifices, or to
touch the food of the Brahman.
Their power once established this great priestly caste
showed extraordinary wisdom in its exercise. While claim-
ing for themselves supreme rank, the Brahmans disclaimed
worldly pomp and luxury and demonstrated the deep
sincerity of their religious aspirations by prolonged study
and the practice of severe austerities.
The ideal life of a true Brahman was divided into four
parts: his youth was spent in study of the sacred traditions,
as a young man he married in his own caste and under-
took the duties of a householder ; having reared a family
he departed, in middle age, to the forest and spent
several years in lonely meditation and asceticism as a
recluse. The last stage of his life was that of a holy
mendicant, dead to all material joys, wandering from place
to place, staying but one day in a village lest earthly ties or
claims should beckon him back to the world, and eating
nothing save what was voluntarily bestowed upon him as he
passed.
All his life a Brahman practised the greatest temperance.
It was a life of self-restraint, of self-culture, of prolonged
study, and of earnest seeking after spiritual truth.
The study of the Vedas has brought to light many very
important and interesting facts concerning the early
condition of Hindu society. The oldest, the Rig- Veda, to
which reference has already been made, contained no
allusions to caste. In it, woman occupies a high and dig-
nified position as the friend and companion of man. The
PAST AND
suttee was as yet unknown. In these sacred and primitive
records of religious aspiration the prayers and hymns of a
great people, noble yet child-like in their simplicity and
magnanimity, rise to their bright gods, their shining ones
Brahma, Agni, Indra, Varuna and the rest.
The earliest songs disclose the race still to the north of the
Khaibar Pass in Kabul the later ones bring them as far as
(iangcs. The settlers spread over the vast plain of the five
rivers, and from a nomadic, became a settled, population of
husbandmen.
Veda meant simply " inspired knowledge," and in
process of time all the Yedic hymns, by their various
Kishis or families of composers, were arranged into four
books for the use of the ministering priests. The Rig-Veda
contained the hymns in their simplest form ; the Sama-Veda
was made up of extracts from the Rig-Vedic hymns to be
used at the great Soma sacrifice ; the third, or Yahur Veda,
contained Rig-Vedic verses and also prose sentences
intended for use at the sacrifice of the new and full moon
and at the great horse sacrifice; the fourth, or Atharva
Veda, was compiled from the least ant lent of the Rig-Veda
hymns, and from later songs of the Brahmans.
As the cert-monies bi-cami- more elaborate, additional
instructions in their symbolism and ritual became nt-ct-s-
sarv, and the Brahmanas \\t-re composed as commentaries
to each of the Vedas Besides explaining the Vedic
ritual, they contain many religious precepts and maxims,
and are included among the snitt. or things heard from
(iod.
They were succeeded by the Sutras, or sacred traditions,
although these were not regarded as of equal sanctity to the
Vedas and Brahmanas.
A further series of theological works, t!i<- I'panishads and
the Aranyakas ; the law codes, including the famous Code
of Mann, and much later the 1'uranas, or traditions from
of old, make up a great body of Sanskrit bteratute. the
origin of which, scholars attribute to various periods from
boo B.C. to A.n. 1000.
= f-
Thus, in the central plain of the dances, the middle
land of India, the Aryans established their gods, their
learning, and a new social order. Into the spacious trian-
gular region, bounded by the Himalayas, the Vindliyas,
and the (ihats, they pushed steadily southwards.
The land was not won without lighting, but once con-
quered, the aboriginal races appear to have accepted their
fate with resignation, and ceased to struggle against the
superior civilisation of the north.
The system of caste crystallised and grew harder. The
old Yedic gods, who had seemed such near and friendly
beings, faded, and the Brahmanical triad of Brahma,
Vishnu and Siva took their place.
Of these, Vishnu was the most popular, and the Bralimans
taught that no less than ten times he had visited the earth ;
his seventh and eighth incarnations as Rama and Krishna
were the most revered.
Siva, the I 'estroyer and Producer, was the embodiment of
that conception of death as the gate of a new and altered
life, which permeates Hindu thought.
Besides the Vedas and their commentaries, there has
come down, from verv early times, a great body of
traditional poetic literature, including the two great epic
poems, the Mahabhatata and the Kamavana.
These throw further light upon the early history of the
Hindus, and depict the struggles of gods and heroes in
the twilight of the prehistoric period, when the Arvans
were settling on the territory between the Jumna and
the Ganges, which is still regarded as the "holy ground
of India.
The " Mahabharata," which contains i m.ooo shlokas or
couplets, relates the storv ol the five miraculously born
sons of King I'andu. of how they won the 1'rincess I>ranpadi
at the tournament arranged in her honour ( >l the jealousy
and hatred of the cruel Kaiir.ivas. Of how Yudishthira,
the eldest of the five brother-*, staked his kingdom on
the dice, and losing, went into exile with his brethren
and I>ranpadi. <>f how the Pam'avas fought and slew
all the Kauravas, and reigned in I>elln gloriously, until
56
PAST AND
the taunts of their uncle, Dlirita-raslitra, who accused
tliem of the murder of his hundred sons, filled them
with remorse.
It relates their abandonment of the kingdom and their
pilgrimage to Heaven, far up the heights of Mount Meru
in the Himalayas, where Indra dwells in everlasting peace.
Many philosophical and didactic discourses are added to
the main story, intended for the most part as instructions to
the military caste in its duties, especially in that of reverence
towards the Brahmans.
The " Ramayana" has a more mythological and allegorical T in-
tone. It recounts the story of Sita, literally the field furrow
and symbolical of Aryan husbandry, and of the divine hero
Rama, an incarnation of Vishnu, who defends Sita against
the raids of savage tribes. A demon prince carries oft Sita
to Ceylon, and the wanderings of Rama, in his efforts to
recover her, incidentally display the southward movement
of the Aryan tribes.
Among later Sanskrit epics, the " Raghu-Vansa " and the
" Kumara-Sambhava " are the most notable, and, from tin-
astrological data contained in them, belong evidently to a
period about A.D. 350. They are attributed to Kalidasa,
who was also the father of the Sanskrit drama and the
author of that sweetest of Indian poems, " Sakuntala " or
the " Lost Ring," a subject which aroused the enthusiasm
of the great (Joethe and whirh he. in turn, enshrined in
beautiful and deathless verse. The Brahmans had, too,
a circle of the sciences, and a system of philosophy.
Five hundred years before the Christian era, their deep
ponderings on the mysteries of the universe hail carried them
far beyond the early animistic conceptions of the divinity
common to most primitive races, and had rendered inadequate
also, to their minds, even the Iriendlv forms of the bright
gods of their fathers.
Six schools of Brahmanical philosophy came into being.
The first was the Sankhya system of the sage Kapila, .,CIIO<,K ot
according to which the visible world lias been evolved by philosophy
successive stages out of primordial matter existing from all
eternity.
INDIA: PAST AND PRESENT
The second was the Yoga school of Patanjali which spoke
of a primordial soul anterior to primeval matter, and held
that from the union of the two the spirit of life arose.
The third and fourth schools, represented by the Vedantas,
recognise an omnipotent creator; and the fifth, or Nyaya
school of Gautama, describes the methods of arriving at a
knowledge of truth and lays stress on the importance of the
senses as avenues of knowledge.
The sixth school is the Vaiseshika, founded by the sage
Kanada, and is classed with the fifth ; it teaches the existence
of a transient world composed of eternal atoms, and relates
how the divine mind first gave existence to water and then
to innumerable worlds floating on the waters. Within the
mundane egg lay Vishnu, and from his body there sprang
the sacred lotus from which Brahma was born.
These systems of philosophy contain the germ of those
evolutionary theories of development which modern
scientists have deduced from a wider and more exact
study of natural phenomena.
Religion, philosophy and a social organisation, which,
despite its defects, attained a marvellous vitality and
solidity and has lasted, in an elaborated form to the present
day, were the gifts, as has been seen, which the Brahmans
bestowed upon India. The study of language remained , and
this was entered upon by a brilliant succession of native
scholars and grammarians culminating in the splendid
achievement of Panini. As early as 350 B.C. Panini wrote a
Sanskrit grammar which stands supreme among works of
the kind for its luminous precision of statement and for its
complete analysis of the roots of language.
Sanskrit, which has been a dead language for nearly two
thousand years, bears a relation to many Indian dialects
similar to that of Latin in regard to the Romance
languages of Europe.
Very early, even before Panini's time, the spoken form of
the language called Prakrita-bhasha had begun to diverge
from the written Sanskrit, and as the Aryans mingled with
the surrounding population, the old synthetic forms were
corrupted into various dialects. As an aid to the memory,
58
INDIA : I'AM AM) I'KI SKNT
Sanskrit writings, even on such grave subjects as law and
philosophy, were composed in verses (shlokas), so that the
art of prose writing in that tongue almost disappeared.
Even dictionaries were written in verse.
Brahmanism, with its immense body of literature, composed
in this antique and sacred language, no longer spoken by
the people but treasured by priests and men of learning,
may be regarded as the fundamental basis of Hindu national
character as it exists to-day.
Many circumstances have, however, tended to modify
and oppose Brahmanical influence, and of these one of
the most important was the growth of Buddhism.
..(I
C H A P T H K II
B U 1) 1) H I S M
The story of Buddha — the enlightened one is in some
respects typical of that perfect life ot the Brahman with
, . , . The story
Us four successive stages of learner, householder, forest of Buddha
recluse and ascetic mendicant, which had already become
an ideal. But in the place of the Brahman's social
organisation Buddha put forward a new doctrine of
universal brotherhood and charity, and, while practising
supreme renunciation and self-sacrifice in his own person,
busied himself, for the four-and-forty years of his wandering
ministry, with the salvation of others.
Many legends and myths have grown up round the events
of his life, yet nothing of the miraculous, which has ever
been set down among his earthly achievements, equals the
miracle of his teaching and of its influence in the world,
where, to-day, 500 millions of the human race avow faith in HIS early
his doctrine. The plain and simple story of his life and iiic
work presents a picture of well-nigh matchless dignity and
the moral and intellectual splendour which shines out from
the whole history of Sakya-Muni is in itself a miracle, a
thing of wonder. Through twenty-five centuries of plunder,
avarice and crime, the life of Buddha comes down as a
priceless human tradition.
That precepts so tar above the reach of "human nature's
daily food " should have been modified to suit first <>nc and
then another ambition or frailty of mankind was onlv natural
These were but the necessary consequences of the serene
spirituality and aloofness from all that is vulgar, animal
ami base, \\hich characterised the life and the message ol
Buddha
In the Sanskrit. Buddha means simplv Wisdom, and was
doubtless applied as a title ot honour to more than cue
religious teacher before the advent of Sakya-Smha, to
whom, however, it is now generally confined. Sakya-Smha
himself declared that he was the twentv-titth Buddha and
that another. Bhagava Methayo, is still to come.
Gautama Buddha, whose personal name was Siddhartha.
and who was afterwards called the Sakya-Muni. or hermit,
INDIA : I'AST AM) 1'KKSKNT
has been variously regarded as a saint, an incarnation of
Vishnu and a divinely born teacher. Ha was the only son
of Suddhoclana, King of Kapilavastu. His father, the chief
of the Sakya clan, ruled over an Aryan settlement at the base
of the Himalayas, about a hundred miles north of Benares,
and himself, a warrior of the Solar race, desired his son to
adopt a military career. But from his youth Gautama was
given to meditation and study, and loved better his solitary
introspective communings than the sports and pastimes of
his fellows.
To rouse him from his day-dreams, the King, his father,
arranged a Swayam-vara, or "maiden's choice" tourna-
ment at his court. Gautama showed unexpected strength
and courage, and, becoming the victor, claimed as his bride
the fair Yasodhara.
For ten years he lived a life without a history. Peaceful
domestic happiness, and such luxury as the age afforded
were his, but material felicity failed at last to satisfy the
deeper and more spiritual needs of a profoundly religious
nature.
Buddha, a Straving beyond his pleasure grounds, Gautama met an
Rajput prince
old man bowed and broken beneath the weight o! vears. He
saw, too, a paralytic watching with glazed eye the coming
of misfortune which he was powerless to hinder or avoid ;
again he looked and saw a man suffering from the plague,
and further on, a corpse. This tragic procession of the woes
of humanity made an indelible impression upon the young
prince.
His wife had but recently given birth to a son. On
hearing of it, Gautama said: "This is another strong tie
I have to break." In the palace the nautch girls came as
of old to dance before him, but he heeded them not and
fell asleep. When he awoke an overwhelming distaste for
the world -his world of luxurious indulgence and flimsy
magnificence -seized him. He determined to seek for
wisdom and self-control in the negation of all earthly
pomp and pleasure.
Calling Channa, his charioteer, he bade him get ready
for his departure.
It was midnight, and he paused lor a moment upon the
threshold of Yasodhara's chamber, to give a parting caress
to his infant son, but fearing to wake his wile, who would,
he knew, dissuade him, he drew back, mounted his chariot
and rode forth into the night, vowing never to return till he
could come back as a teacher.
This great turning point in the life of Buddha, which is The "Great
supposed to have taken place on the night of the lull moon F
in July, 5<)| K.C., is called, in Buddhist Scriptures, the
" ( Jreat Renunciation. ' '
For some years, ( iautama practised the greatest austerities,
and learned, under various teachers, all the mysteries of
the Hindu religion and philosophy, as then taught In the
Brahmans.
With five disciples he lived a lile ot extreme asceticism in
the Jungle of I'revala, and, after six years, his lame as a
hermit tilled all Central India.
One day he fell fainting from exhaustion caused by
prolonged last, and on his recovery the folly ol such
extremes was revealed to him. Not thus was the inward
peace which lie sought to be attained.
On the banks of the Nairanjara. Sujata, a village girl,
compassionately brought him food as he sat under the
sacred tig tree.
A new conception of the perfect life tree from all doubt or
heresy dawned upon him, a life based upon puritv ol the
heart rather than upon penances and self-sacrifices; and
the conquest ol evil desires, envy and hatred, instead of the
mere mortification ol the Mesh
This was the great awakening
I le arose as Buddha the F.nlightened One, to preat h his -i tu-
gospel of Faith, Justice and mm el sal Charity to all mankind "wakening
In the ragged and yellow robe of a wandering fakir lu-
re-visited his lather's home and stood once more in the
palace court which he had left as a gallant voting Kajput
prince. The old King heard him reverently.
Buddha's son was converted to the faith, and his beloved
wife, Yasodhara, whom he had left so abruptly to follow
the higher life, fell at his feet and embraced him. She
INDIA t PAST AM> FKKSKNT
also entered the new religion and became the head of the
first Buddhist nunnery of female recluses.
The commanding presence, beautiful features and thrilling
voice of the great master have become matters of tradition.
That he was able to exercise an influence over his followers
such as none but the supremely noble, heroic and dis-
interested have ever wielded, is clear.
The common people heard him gladly, the band of five
A new disciples who had deserted him in the jungle, was rapidly
religion replaced by sixty others, and these he sent forth to the
neighbouring countries with the words "Go ye now and
preach the most excellent law." All ranks of people, from
prince to peasant, from the saintly Brahman to the repentant
courtesan, flocked to the new standard. Buddhism, from
being merely a new religious order became a new religion,
and so popular and potent a one that for centuries it rivalled
Brahmanism itself in the number of its adherents in India.
Throughout all Behar and Oudh, and by the banks of the
sacred Ganges, in what are now the North-West Provinces,
Buddha taught his mild and beautiful doctrine, and at the
age of eighty, after a lifetime of ceaseless labour and saintly
self-sacrifice, he died with words of blessing and encourage-
ment upon his lips at Kusinagara, the modern Kasia, in the
district of Gorakhpur.
Buddhism created for antient India a religious organisa-
tion in which all castes and tribes might find entrance. It
taught that when any creature dies he is born again in some
higher or lower state of being, according to the merit or
demerit of his acts in all his previous existences.
The law of This law of Karma explained all the sorrows and inequali-
ties of man's life as the consequences of his own acts in a
former state and thus established a motive and sanction for
the high morality it inculcated.
By its own efforts the soul could win Arahat, the state of
freedom from the fetters of selfish desire, in this life, and the
everlasting peace of Nirvana hereafter. Some Buddhists
regard the goal of Nirvana as the complete annihilation of
the soul, set free at last from its age-long wandering through
successive incarnations, but others speak of it as merely the
extinction of the sins, sorrows and selfishness of individual
existence.
The First Council of the Buddhists, consisting of five
hundred disciples, took place immediately after the death of
Buddha, which is traditionally fixed at 543 B.C. : they met
in a threat cave near Rajagriha, and chanted the sayings of
the Master, in three great divisions.
A century later, at Yaisali, a Second Council sought to
settle disputes and put down abuses which had grown up.
The Third Buddhist Council was convened at 1'atna by
Asoka, King of Magadha or Beliar, in 244 r,.c.
The growth of the new faith owed much to the powerful
influence of this monarch, who. after the synod of I'atna,
published his famous Kdicts carved upon stone pillars and
rocks Asoka, whose stormy youth and military prowess
had won for him the title of " The Furious." was converted
to Buddhism 257 u.c., and, having subdued a large part of
Northern India, carried the same fiery zeal for conquest into
the task ol proselytising all India to his new faith He
distributed throughout the principal cities the relics of
Buddha, which Ajasatra had collected and deposited at
Kajagriha, and erected an immense niimb'T of Yihara or
Buddhist monasteries throughout the land.
The fourth and last Council was held under King
Kanishka. who i tiled about A.I' 10 40 over a wide region on
either side of the Himalayas, stretching liom Yarknnd and
Khokand n.s far south as Agra and Sindli. Kanishkaaiul his
council were also charged with the intense missionary spirit
which Iris alwavs been so prominent a feature ot
Buddhism, and. just as Asoka had spread the teaching ol
Buddha to Southern India and Ceylon. so they, in turn,
s?nt forth the new doctrine to China and Tibet.
Buddhism, as a separate re igion, has, to a \erv great
extent, vanished from India, obliterated partlv In persecution
and partlv by that marvellous f.icuhy lor absorption which
has been the prevailing characteristic of Hinduism. It-
sacred shrines such as Budli C.ya and the Sanchi Tope, are
now in the possession ot others, and its temples are served
by Brahman priests
Ill the eighth century of tlie Christian era, there was a
great revival of Brahmanical influence, and the cult of
Siva and Vishnu ousted the more abstract doctrines of
Buddhism from popular favour.
In Burma it is, however, still the official and almost
universal religion, and it lias left so indelible a mark upon
the religious thought and practical morality of the Hindus
generally, that it may be regarded as one of the great
determining factors in the formation of their national
character. The Jains are the nearest representatives of
Buddhism in modern India, although their doctrines differ,
in some respects, from the orthodox tenets, and they
themselves claim that their origin is earlier, or at least
coeval with that of Buddha.
They venerate as saints twenty-four Jains, or just men
made perfect, in each of the successive eras of time.
I'arsvanath and Mahavira, the last two Jains, are the
special objects of their adoration. The Jains are a wealthy
community and have built exquisitely-carved shrines in
white marble, decked with colossal statues of their saints.
They choose for their temples the most beautiful haunts ot
nature, wooded mountains and leafy groves. Mount
Abu. with its matchless array of sculptured buildings,
the Parasnath Hill in Bengal, and the temple city of
1'alitana in Kathiawar. are among their most famous
shrines and places of pilgrimage.
SCKSKS i ROM INDIAN HISTOKY AS pii'irri:
X A T i v K ARTISTS. No. I
The Conquest on the roasls of the River Jonn
AND ri i K A c t s
The races who inhabited India before the great Aryan
immigration were many and various, and so tenacious
have they been in some instances of their tribal customs,
languages and hereditary characteristics, that their living
representatives supply to some extent the absence of
written history.
The Vedic poets gave to them all the common name of
Dasyus. the enemy, a name which came to have the
exaggerated significance of demons or monsters. They
represented these enemies as being eaters of flesh, without
gods and without rites, yet it is clear that even at that early
period the non-Aryan tribes were not entirely savage, lor
some are referred to as wealthy Dasyus. and powerful chiefs,
possessing castles and forts.
The Aryans intermarried with their princes, and, in later
times, some of the most powerful kingdoms in India were
ruled by dynasties of non-Aryan descent.
The origin of these antient peoples of India is difficult to
trace, the only records of their early history which tliev
themselves have left are rude stone circles and the slabs and
mounds beneath which they buried theirdead. The contents
of these tombs show that they commemorate people who
were acquainted with iron weapons, that they used ornaments
of gold and copper, and made shapely vessels of hard thin
earthenware. These Kistvaen builders were the successors
of earlier tribes, whose flint and agate weapons are still
found up and down the valleys of the Central Provinces.
The vast plain of Hindustan, probably the most fruitful in
the world, enriched with the waters of its great rivers, drew
by the lure of its wealth successive waves of invaders from
the north, and layer upon layer ol the earlier inhabitants
were forced back into the hills and forests and southward
towards the apex of the great triangular continent.
Like a great wedge, the incoming hosts descended, pushing
hither and thither in endless raids and tribal wars, sei/in^
the best lands and ousting the weaker tribes who had preceded
INWA : PAST AM) I'UKSENT
them. The earliest vision of India isone in which its territory
is being hotly contested by hostile tribes.
From this incessant struggle strange ethnic results have
followed in modern India.
In the Central Provinces the aboriginal tribes form a large
part of the population, amounting in the State of Bastar to
three-fifths of the inhabitants. The Gonds constitute one of
the most important modern races of non-Aryan descent in
this region Many of their tribes have made important
advances but some, such as the Marias, are still the primitive
children of the forest, living by the chase and reported to be
using, within living memory, flint points for their arrows, as
did their ancestors thousands of years ago.
The Juang, or leaf-wearing race, of the Orissa hills is
another detached remnant of primeval man which some
strange accident of environment has preserved in almost
pristine simplicity.
Other instances of aboriginal tribes who seem to have been
early pushed aside, or to have drifted beyond the area ot
civilising influences in India, are to be found along the spurs
of the Himalayas, as, for instance, in some of the Assam
hillmen, Abars, Mishmis and Akas, who were wont to gain
a precarious livelihood by plundering the neighbouring
hamlets. Some of these wild mountaineers who dwell in an
unexplored no-man's-land, along the Tibetan and Chinese
frontiers, disclaim all allegiance and still live their own
secluded life, huntsmen and jungle-fighters, who employ
bows and arrows, javelins and knives and, resenting any
intrusion from the outside world, do not hesitate to use them
upon any luckless traveller who visits their northern home
Other races of aboriginal descent have made great strides
and are now well-ordered communities, retaining their own
characteristic customs, they have yet developed into skilful
husbandmen and good citixens. Of the non-Aryan races
who have more recently responded to progressive influences,
the Santals and the Kandhs who inhabit the north-eastern
edge of the central plateau are typical examples.
The Santals, who give their name to a large district, the
Santal I'arganas. in Lower Bengal, cling to the hilly regions
and remain quite distinct from the people ot the plains.
They acknowledge no caste, but are strongly attached to
their tribe, and the greatest punishment which could be
inflicted upon a criminal was to cut him oft from " fire and
water" in the village and send him forth alone into the
jungle. The Santals have their secret rites and their own
ancestral religion, which includes the worship ot many
tribal and family gods Six ceremonial observances mark
off 'the epochs of a tribesman's life. The first is a kind ot
baptism by which the child is received into the clan, and
the last the solemn dismissal of the dead hero, by burning
liis body and floating pieces ol his skull down the sacred
Damodar river, to join tin- lathers of his race.
The Kandhs of Orissa. and the Madras districts ot
(ianjam and \'i/.agapatam, belong to a group of non-Aryan
races who occupy the position assigned to them by (ireek
geographers 1500 years ago.
They are interesting because their history and their
divisions are probably exactly typical in their broad out-
lines ol what lias been happening all over India, through-
out the ages of its unwritten history.
The Kandhs, up to the time ol the Aryan invasion-,.
occupied, no doubt, the fertile Orissa delta. The. shock of
invasion split them into three sections; the weakest \\as
completely broken up, and its clansmen, losing their old
racial and tribal characteristics, sank to the position ol
landless hewers of wood and druweisol water among the
Aryan communities Another section stood its ground more
firmly, and its members became peasant fanners, holding
their land on a feudal tenure from 1 1 indti chiefs. They. too.
lost in this way something ol their original characteristics,
but attained, in return, a higher degree of comfort and
security. A third section, however, fell bacj\ upon the
mountains and. bv reason ol their very remoteness from
the mam currents ol civilisation and movement about
them, preserved all the more completely their original
characteristics and tribal customs.
It is out of such elements as these that the ethnological
.student ol to ciav is able to reconstruct the storv of Indian
INDIA : PAST AM) PRESKNT
races, a story of immense interest, but so vast in its extent
that it is only possible in this brief sketch to indicate the
main deductions which have been reached.
Language has been the key to the puzzle of India's many
races and the progress of comparative philology has solved
many difficult problems upon which written history, and
even tradition, are silent.
Three great groups form the fundamental basis of
classification of the early peoples of India — the Tibeto-
Burman, the Kolarian and the Dravidian.
The Tibeto-Burman tribes are descended from ancestors
who, in prehistoric times, dwelt side by side with the
forefathers of the Mongolians and Chinese in Central Asia,
and who crossed over into India through the north-eastern
Groups of passes. They are widely scattered but their main branches
languages are 'n I^urnia and along the skirts of the Himalayas. The
languages belonging to this group are extremely numerous,
and include Tibetan, Burmese, the Naga, Kuki and Karen
dialects, and many others.
The Kolarians came into India through the same narrow
gateway. They are now to be found chiefly along the
north-eastern edge of the triangular tableland which forms
the southern half of India. The Santals and Kandhs, of
whom mention has been made, belong to this group.
The Dravidians were probably the true aborigines, and
from the broad battlefield of southern India they were never
entirely displaced.
The Dravidians This great race, whose languages belong to the Turanian
family and possess affinities with Ugrian in Siberia and
Finnish in Europe, found refuge in the sun-scorched plains
and sea-girt slopes of southern India.
Before the coming of the Aryan civilisation to southern
India, considerable advances had been made among the
Dravidians along the road of knowledge.
They had kings who dwelt in strong houses, minstrels
who recited songs at their festivals; they were acquainted
\sith numerals and written characters, and had names ior
most of the planets known to antiquity. They were well
versed in agriculture and in war, and had boats and even
72
small coasting ships. All this am! more, the Tamil language
ot to-day, revealsconcerning the origins of this antient people.
The Dravidians were the tree and serpent worshippers Tree and ser
of India, and when at last the Aryans came among them, it
was not as enemies or conquerors, but rather as instructors
and missionaries.
The first Brahman settlers were hemrits and sages of
whom Agastya, or Tamir-muni, has been deified by the
Tamil race as Canopus the brightest star in the southern
heavens. To him and his disciples is attributed the settle-
ment of the grammatical principles of Dravidian speech.
which ultimately developed no less than four great literary
dialects -Tamil. Telugu, Kanarese and Malayalam
Buddhist missionaries carried Aryan religion and philo-
sophy to the Dravidian kings and peoples before the
commencement of the Christian era. But it was when
Buddhism itself was sinking, merged beneath the tide of
the great Brahmanic religious revival of the eighth century
A.D . that the intellectual resources of northern India were Brahman apo
poured out in lull measure upon the south. The writings ^^h'
ol Hrahman apostles ol the Sivaite and Vishnuite faith.
from the eighth to the twelfth century, were composed in
Sanskrit, but they gave none the less an immense impulse
to the use ol the vernacular languages of India, and it is
Iron) this period that the abundant literary activity ot the
south takes its use.
The Dravidian Buddhists, or Jains, ol southern India
defended themselves vigorously trom the proselytising of
the northern missionaries and a cycle of Tamil anti-
Brahmanical literature sprang into bein^ The compact
mass;)! Dravidian population in the south ol India, although
ultimately subdued by the Aryan civilisation, was never
completely broken and absorbed by it Their pure descen-
dants still exist in scattered tribes, and they have given
their language to more than fiftv millions ot the people
ot India
Meantime, while within India itself the clash of swords in
intertribal warfare alternated with the war of words among
philosophers, religionists and literati, external influences
INDIA : PAST AND
one after another, and always from the north, had been
brought to bear upon the destinies of the country.
In the third century B.C., Alexander the Great stalks
Alexander's across the stage of Northern Hindustan, but although his
victories
progress is triumphant and he makes alliances, founds cities
and plants the Greek standard as far south in the Punjab
as Jhelam and Mong, he does not reach even to the Ganges,
and his victorious campaign is but an episode in the annals
of India. His conquests were largely absorbed in the
northern empire, which Chandra Gupta built up after
Alexander's departure and death.
Later from the newly-founded Greek kingdom of Bactria
invading hosts swept down into the Punjab and carried
Grzco-Bactrian their conquering arms as far as Oudli, and southward to
invasion Sindh and Cutch. They founded no kingdoms, but left the
impress of their art, and early Buddhistic sculptures bear
witness, in their pure outline and delicate features, to the
influence of Hellenic conceptions of ideal beauty in face
and form.
Another and ruder race from a wide region of Central
Asia, the Scythians, began to pour hostile tribes through
the narrow denies of the Himalayas. For six hundred
years, from 100 B.C. to the fifth century A.D., the Scythic
inroads continued, and in such numbers did these northern
invaders come that they formed for a time a large part of
the population of the Punjab, and founded kingdoms.
Kanishka was the most tamous ot the Scythic kings, and
he it was who convened the last of the four Buddhist
Councils. The Buddha himself was said by some to have
been a Scythian, and the modern Mahrattas are regarded
as being descended from the same vigorous race.
The invading hordes from tin- north-west, to whom the
generic title of Scythians has been given, were a broad-
headed nomadic people, short of stature, good horsemen
and skilled in the use of the bow.
That they came in vast numbers, made important
conquests and founded powerful kingdoms carved out of
the Gra-co-Bactrian provinces on the north-west of the
Himalayas, about 126 B.C., appears certain, yet the theory
propounded by some historians that they were the ancestors
of the modern Jats and Rajputs, is untenable.
The Jats and Kajputs are a longheaded race, and no
hereditary traits are so lixed and so conclusive as the
measurements of the head.
It seems more probable that the Scythian marauders.
dislodged from the scenes of their conquests by such
vigorous champions ol the Indo-Arvan race as Vikramaditya,
Salivahana and the Yalabhi kind's, wandered southwards
and were enveloped and absorbed in the vast ocean of
I lindu population.
A /.one ol broad-headed people has been traced far down
through the I>eccan to the Coords; nor does it seem im-
probable that the clansmen ol this wild warrior race who
tou^ht their way to the very heart of India and mingled
with the 1 )ravidiaus became the ancestors of the famous
Mahrattas, destined in after years to plav so j^reat a part
upon the staLjc ol Indian history.
The story ol the successive invasions ot India in early
times is written not inerelv in SOP.L; and storv. in lossilled
weapons or in earthen relics, it is indelibly inscribed in the
ethnological lineaments of the people themselves. I'roin
the eai best ajjes there lia-^ been a constant stream of move-
ment from west to east, and Iroin nortli io south. Sometimes
it has taken the lorm ol a violent and terrible irrupt ion of
fierce warriors carrying (in- and sword in a Ions; red streak
across the hapless country ; at others the peaceful visitation
ol hermit, sa.ye or scholar has borne eastward and south ware)
the li.uht ol a higher knowledge and broader culture, or the
steady march ol immigration has pressed downwards in
search ol tresh pastm ati;e and ullage.
Scythian raiders, the Tartar liosts of the lierce Tamer
lane, /ealous servants ol Muhammad Irom far Arabia, all. in
turn, swept down upon the < lan^etic valley, and the physical
tvpes to be met in modern India are the result ot the fusion
of races which ensued.
The path ol immigration and conquest has passed over
India from the north-west, and commencing at that frontier
the first tvpes encountered are the Tin ki Ii anian. represented
SCK N i: s i- ROM INDIAN HISTOKY AS i> K I1 1 < i I i> r.
N \ I I \ K A i< r isrs. No. 2
A K. \.-il l-'isliin* Pisplav
by the hardy Baloch, l>rahui and Afghans of Baluchistan,
tall with long features and fair complexions, they are
descended from Turki-l'ersian forbears and preserve all
the warlike characteristics of their brave ancestors. The
province of the five rivers, as well as Kajputana and Kashmir,
is the home especially of the Indo-Aryan. The Rajputs. .
Khattris and Jats are the characteristic members of this types of
group which approaches most nearly to the type ascribed to Hmdu rai
the first traditional Aryan immigrants. The Scytho-
Dravidiansare, as a rule, smaller in stature and have longer
heads than the Turki-Iranians. The type is to be found
among the Mahrattas-Hrahmans, the Kunhis and theCoorgs
of Western India.
An immense number of the inhabitants of the central
regions of India belong to the Aryo-Dravidian group and, in
Bengal and Orissa the Mongolo-Dravidian type predominates.
Along the ridges of the Himalayas, in Nepal, Assam and
Burma, the Mongoloid type is represented by the Kanets of
Kahul, the Lepchasof Darjeelingand Sikkim, by the Limbus,
Mnrmis, and (innings of Nepal, the Hodo of Assam and the
Burmese.
Throughout the whole of southern India, from the valley
of the Ganges to Ceylon, the Dravidian type prevails, its
most characteristic representatives being the I'aniyans ol
Malabar and the Santals of Chota Nagpur.
How came these types to be perpetuated ? \Vhy have they
not been merged into one national type ''
( )ther races have suffered the invasion of di\ erse tribes and And ,hej,
have incorporated their victors or been welded into a homo- ptvservat
geneons type bearing some ot the characteristics of both
conquerors and conquered, \\liv then should India preserve
and display, after all the ages ot her history, such widely
divergent types of humanity, as well defined and apparently
as firmly ti\ed to day as they have been at anv period since
the long past wars and tribal movements which they so
strangely record ''
The answer is to be lound in that marvellous institution
already referred to which governs and organises Hindu
societv in everv act of life from the cradle to the crave caste.
INDIA : I'AST AM)
Immigration, war, the fire of missionary zeal, the fierce
thrusts and interchanges of religious polemics and the
kindlier influences of social intercourse, were all potent
forces tending to weld together into one race the
ethnic elements already present upon the soil of India.
The influence Such a natural process of fusion was actually
of caste proceeding apace during the early centuries of Indian
history, but it was arrested, and its results crystallised and
perpetuated in the strangest manner by the institution
of caste. So powerful has been the operation of this
social organisation, based originally on racial differences,
but elaborated in accordance with occupations and habits
of life, diet, etc., that it has affected the physical
characteristics of the various orders, and produced in all
parts of India, except the Punjab, a remarkable corres-
pondence between the variations of physical type, and
the differences of grouping, and of social position.
The primary law of caste, as it has obtained in India for
hundreds of years, forbids intermarriage with any but
members of the same circle.
A caste is a collection of families, or groups of families.
bearing a common name, often associated with the hereditary
occupation.and claiming descent from some common ancestor
This is again subdivided into numerous smaller circles,
Its numerous ,.,.., ,. »« •
.•sub-divisions ar)d within each the same rule applies. Marriage must be
within the circle. In modern India there is, however,
evidence of a certain restlessness and dissatisfaction with
this arrangement. Subcastes are being formed, and even
new castes are originated.
The process of subdivision and accretion has proceeded
to such an extent that whereas, as has been seen, there were,
according to the original Brahmanical organisation of the
Hindu world, four castes, there are now no less than 2,378.
The theological sanction given by the Brahmans for the
institution of caste has already been described. Its ethnical
explanation is to be found in the well-known hypergamous
customs which govern the union of two races placed in
juxtaposition as the result of conquest or immigration,
but divergent in colour, antecedents or type.
The theory is that the first Indo-. \ryan settlers were
nomadic shepherds who, moving bodily into India with
their cattle, households, and all their worldly effects,
brought with them their wives and families, and as a
consequence they remained unmixed with the surround-
ing tribes.
Hut as the land became more crowded fresh parties of
adventure consisting of young warriors and pioneers,
would sally forth further afield, and found new and more
distant outposts of their race.
Separated from the parent clan, they took wives from the Hy pirn-am
surrounding tribes, but did not give their daughters in "
return, and when their tribe had grown in numbers, they
closed its ranks, and formed a separate caste in the midst
of an alien population
A process of this kind has been observed in operation in
many parts of the world. In India it has been strengthened
and enforced by religious sanction and time-honoured
custom. Caste has powerfully moulded the lite and
character of the whole people, and has formed a social
organisation which is to-day older, firmer, and, in some
respects, more powerful than the state iiself.
Kvery Hindu is burn into a place in life His birth deter-
mines his calling, his station, the circumstances of his
marriage and his associates lie is not a detached unit
struggling lor individual ends in the vast \\elterol humanitv,
nor is he governed only by his own conscience or desires.
He belongs to a caste, and must obey its rules. Whatever ' '"• »»i">
limitations and disabilities this condition imposes, it must
be remembered that it also confers privileges and blessings
not easily <>v er- rated.
The charities, the cooperation and mutual helplulner-s
within the caste take the place ot poor law administration
in India, and bestow many ol the advantages of the trade
unionism and benefit societies of other countries
Caste has two sides its very exchiMv eness towards the
rest of the world, emphasises and endorses the community
of interests, and the close brotherhood for help and for
defence which exist within its own circle.
Ni. s FROM INDIAN HISTORY AS I>I:IM< 11 n it \
NATIYI: ARTISTS. No. .>
A Deerhunt in the presence of the Caliph Akliar
SI)
CHAPTER IV
1 S I. A M
The rise of the Muhammadan power, which culminated in
the majestic but short-lived dynasty of the Mughals, was not a
sudden movement. For eight hundred years the followers of
Muhammad fought for dominion in India. Within a hundred
years after the death of the great prophet who had preached
so successfully a new and energising faith in Arabia in the
seventh century, his followers had invaded the countries of
Asia, as far as Hindu Kush. The great mountain frontier
of India, no less than the vigour of the northern Hindu
kings, delayed, and withstood their advance for a while, but
in 711 A.I). Kasim set foot in Sindh. The Rajputs fought
with desperate valour. One garrison chose extermination The Ka|la.
rather than surrender, the women and children immolating defence of
themselves upon a funeral pile, while the men, opening the '.ov,,,^'"'
gates of the fortress, rushed upon the enemy and died
fighting to the last. Backwards and forwards across the
frontier swept the tide of conquest and retaliation. Tin1
Hindu kingdoms were grouped under various great suzerains,
such as the Rajput, the Pal or Buddhist dynasties, and
farther south those of Chera, Chola and Pandya, yet each
feudatory chief retained his power of independent action,
and their kingdoms had to be conquered separately in detail,
before the Musalman could effect any considerable advance.
In the tenth century, Subuktigin. the ruler of an Afghan
kingdom, defeated Jaipal, Hindu King of Lahore, and
placed a garrison in Peshawar His more famous son,
Mahmud of (iha/.ni, extended his kingdom, plunged deeply
into the Punjab, and in no less than seventeen successive
invasions carried fire and sword to Kashmir and as far as
thecitiesof Kanay, Gwalior and Somnath.
At the last-named city he stormed the outposts and
forced the Hindus to put out to sea in boats, lea\ing 5000
of their comrades among the slain
For a hundred and fifty years, the Punjab remained under
Mahmud s successors as a province ol Gha/ni, but in 115-
the house of Ghor, which had long been at bitter feud with
I'UI-NKNT
Ghazni, overthrew the latter, and the Shahab-ud-din, better Ghazni
known as Muhammad of (ihor, marched southward on a war and GIK
of adventure, with the conquest of India to the faith of
Muhammad, as its mission. He suffered a signal defeat at
Thaneswar, but gathering fresh forces from his northern
heights, again marched into Hindustan in 1103, and this
time the dissensions among the Rajput chiefs gave him
the victory, and in 1194 he defeated .and slew the Prithwi
Raja of Delhi and Ajmere, and overthrew even the mighty
sn/erain of Kanauj.
Northern India, from the mouth of the Indus to the site
of modern Calcutta, was within the grasp of the Musalman
conqueror, but his dynasty had no historic hold on the
throne of Delhi. At his death, his Indian Viceroy, Kutab-
ud-din. proclaimed himself sovereignof India, and called for
the allegiance of all the Muhammadan leaders and soldiers
of fortune who had streamed across the country Irom Sindh
to Lower Bengal.
This remarkable man founded the dynasty of the Slave -j-ll(.
Kings, so called from the fact that both he, and several of siavr K
his successors, rose by valour and intrigue from the position
of Turki slaves to that of rulers.
The Kutab Mosque and the Kutab Minar commemorate
his reign at Delhi. The epoch ot the Slave Kings was a
troublous and tragic period of Hindu history. The throne,
to which they had waded through so much blood, had to be
defended at every moment by the sword, against rebellions
from Musalman Viceroys and Hindu revolts, and against
fresh waves of foreign invasion, chiefly by the Mughals of
Central Asia.
No description can adequately portray the suffer ings or the
inhumanities of the period which followed under the last of
the Slave Kings The sole method of government, if
method it could be called, appears to have been that ot
striking terror into distant subjects or enemies, bv some
periodic act of ferocious cruelty, more terrible and disastrous
than any which had preceded it
Under Balban, revolt and massacre, rebellion and a fearful
vengeance followed one another in a mournful cvcle of
misfortune and horror. Hal ban as a youth had entered into Bal
a compact, with forty of his Turki fellow slaves in the palace, bar
for mutual assistance. When these conspirators became
viceroys he broke up the confederacy by wholesale execu-
tions, beating some to death and hanging others. Me wiped
out a rebellion among the Kajputs of Mewat by putting
100,000 persons to the sword.
The Khilji dynasty which followed was scarcely less
severe in its methods. Prisoners taken in the Mughal wars
were either trampled by elephants or slaughtered in cold
blood. In Delhi, 15.000 settlers were massacred and their
families sold as slaves.
Ala-ud-din who had conquered, by a ruse, a part of the
I>eccan, murdered his uncle, the founder of the house
of Khilji, and, seizing the throne, literally carved out
the extended frontiers of his empire, leaving famine and
desolation in his track.
The dynasty of Tughlak followed and. despite the conquer-
ing irruption of Tamerlane, lasted for nearly a hundred years.
The reign of Muhammad Tughlak, the second of this line,
a man of cultivated intellect and remorseless temper, was Tin
marked by a long series of revolts, followed by pitiless rt "J
reprisals. His own nephew, who headed one rebellion,
was flayed alive. The Punjab governor was also defeated
and slain, but the Musalman Viceroys, of Lower Bengal and
ol the Coromandel coast, \\ere more successful, and the
Hindu kingdoms of Karnata and Telugana also broke off
In >m tin- empire and became independent
Tughlak ruthlessly demanded land taxes increased ten and
twenty-fold twixt the (iangesand Jumna, and the ruined
husbandmen rled before his tax gatherers, leaving whole Tu'
villages to lapse into jungle, \\hile those \\h« should have rxa
tilled the soil became robber bands.
Tughlak's cruelty and reckless waste of human life knew
no bounds. On more than one occasion lie held an
organised man-hunt Surrounding a wide area with a circle
of his troops, he bade them close in anil butcher every
human being, helpless peasants for the most part, whom
tlu-y found within the ring.
.
L
Nor was safety to l>e sought from the rage of the tyrant
in the city. Kanauj, the great Kanauj centre and seat of an
antient Hindu monarchy, lie gave up to general massacre.
To add to the confusion and dismay of this melancholy
period in Indian history, famine, that grim camp follower
of war and tyranny, swept devastating through the weary
land.
There was a brief respite under the mild rule of the
enlightened Firu/. Shall Tuglilak, who undertook many
public works, including a great canal which is still used for
irrigation, and a beautiful mosque on the banks of the
Jumna. But the Tughlak dynasty was doomed, and in the
next reign sank into impotence beneath almost universal
revolt, and was therefore ill prepared to withstand the great
Mughal invasion of 1398.
The incursion of Tamerlane (Timur)at the head of a mighty
host of fierce Tartars, from the banks of the Oxus, that wild
region which had already given to India so many son>,
had the appearance of a great natural cataclysm, but it was,
in fact, a caret ully timed invasion. Tamerlane had no pretext
for a quarrel with the Indian princes, but he relates in hi>
memoir how he saw that their disunion rendered the
moment propitious for his enterprise. '• 1 ordered." he
writes, " looo swift-footed camels, icoo swilt-footed horses.
and i (xx> chosen infantry to march and bring me informa-
tion respecting the princes of India. I learned that
Tongtumish Khan had been defeated by Auroos Khan ami
sought assistance from me Received information that the
princes of India were at variance with each other
Resolved to undertake it (the invasion) and tu make mv>elt
master of the Indian Empire . did so."
Thus in brief colourless notes, such as might serve
for the entry of a business transaction, he rei ords the
conquest of a new empire and the beginning of a scene ol
carnage and horror such as even the tragic hi>torv of war,
has rarely, if ever, equalled.
His vast army crossed the Indus upon a bridge of raft*
ami reeds, marched to Tulamba. a citv on the banks ol
the llvdaspes. and sacked and burnt it. putting all the
1MHA ! I'AM AM) I'KKSKNI
inhabitants to death. They marched on towards Delhi,
leaving in their track a desert. Only one town did
Timur spare, Ajudin, where lay the tomb of a famous
Muharnmadan saint.
He swept down upon Delhi and signalised his arrival by
slaughtering his prisoners to the number of 100,000. The slauK|lIei
ol pnsone
imperial city, despite the fact that it surrendered under at Delhi
promise of protection, was sacked and plundered, and
then, at last, the earth-shaking conqueror, sated with blood
and victory, turned homewards, only pausing upon his north-
ward journey to execute a general massacre at Meerut.
He left behind him in India, famine, anarchy and
pestilence, and carried off to Samarcand thousands of slaves
and an enormous booty.
Ruined cities were the only traces of his power in India
and, for a time, the dynasties of Tughlak, Sayyid and Lodi
ruled, albeit with diminished sovereignty, in Delhi.
Meantime the Hrahmani kingdom ol the Dercan emerged
as the representative of Muhammadanism in southern -riu-Biah
India and reached its highest power under Brahmani kingdom
Ala-ud-din II, in 1437. but was broken up by the dissensions
of hostile sects belonging to the rival Shia and Sunni faiths
Numerous independent principalities grew up out of the
fragments of this kingdom, to be at last merged in their turn
in the Mughal empire, the greatest unification of govern-
ment in India prior to the establishment of British rule.
Babar, direct descendant of Timur. invaded India in
1526, and found it suffering from the old trouble ol divided
councils among princes too hostile to one another to be
capable of combining against a common enemv.
He defeated the Delhi sovereign Ibrahim I.otli at 1'anipat,
and overpowered the Rajputs ol Chitor at the memorable B..t>... -.
field ol Fatehpur Sikn. near Agra. lie was succeeded bv
Humaytin. a monarch whose life-story \va^ crowded with
strange adventures and hairbreadth escapes, but who was
successful in regaining, at last, the throne ot I >elhi. where his
splendid mausoleum is still to be seen.
Akbar the great, the son of Humayun, who succeeded his
father, at the age of fourteen years, was the real founder of
INDIA ' I'AST AND
Akba
the K
Abu'l Fazl s
survey of the
empire
Shah Jahan
Delhi the city
of temples and
palaces
the mighty empire of the Mughals. Victorious alike in
arms and in diplomacy, Akbar, during his long and glorious
reign, consolidated his empire, which included Kashmir,
Bengal and (hijarat.
He conciliated his Hindu subjects, abolished theja/iah, or
tax on non-Musalmans, and restrained the restless ambition
of the Muhammadan princes.
A splendid builder, organiser and patron of arts and
letters, Akbar stands out as one of the greatest among
the Muhammadan rulers who initiated the policy of strong
unified central government so essential for the safety and
progress of India. Two-and-a-half centuries after his death,
in 1605, a British Viceroy reverently laid a cloth of honour
on the plain marble slab which marks the place of Akbar's
sepulture in the mausoleum of Sikandra.
During this reign, the land revenue of India reached
an immense total. His finance minister, Abu'l Fa/1, who
was also a famous man of letters, compiled the "Akbar
Namah," a survey of the empire, which incidentally contains
a vivid picture of India, at the commencement of the
seventeenth century.
Jahangir, the next in order, but not in greatness, among
the Mughal emperors, kept a brilliant court, to which many
Europeans repaired. The reign of his successor, Shah
Jahan, coincides with the most splendid achievements of
the dynasty of Timur's descendants, for, though shorn of
its Afghan province, Kandahar, the empire was greatly
extended southwards by conquests in the Deccan. The
famous kingdom of Ahmadnagar was incorporated, and
tribute taken from Bijapur and Golconda. Shah Jahan was
a magnificent patron of architecture, and his pearl mosque,
the Moti Masjid, of Agra, is perhaps the most exquisite
house of prayer ever built even in this land of temples, and it
may be doubted if marital affection ever raised above the
ashes of the loved and lost a more perfect memorial to
virtue and beauty than the Taj-Mahal.
At Delhi, too, the Jama Masjid, with its fine cupolas,
pinnacles and colonnades, rose in massive dignity and
splendour. The palace of Shah Jahan, near the port, covers
a great area and contains tin- majestic Diwan-i-Khas, a
masterpiece of delicate inlaid work and poetic design.
Aurang/eb still further extended the actual limits of the
Kmpire, but also laid within it the seeds of decay. The
essential weakness of the system ot personal despotism
made itself felt in the succeeding years from 1707 till 1761,
when the Mughal empire ceased, in all but name, to exist.
As long as the princes of the house ol Timur had been
men of intellect and commanding personality, as Habar.
Akbar and lahan undoubtedly were, their rule continued,
Decay of th.-
but the very concentration of power which they effected Mughal ,-mpn
worked the disintegration ol the empire when its diamond
sceptre fell into weaker hands The Diwani, or power ol
administration ol Bengal, Orissa and Hehar, was transferred
by the reigning Kmperor to the British in I7('5-
The rise ol Islam has left an indelible mark upon India's
history, and one which is to be seen not alone in the mosques,
palaces, and other splendid buildings which adorn its great
cities, but also in the great Muliammadan community which
lorms so important a feature ol the population of Bengal,
the Punjab and the Tinted Provinces, and is also scattered
over many other parts of India There is a soldierly
simplicity, dignity and fidelity in the character ol the
Musalman, which command respect ; and amon<_; the
elements which tend to give strength, solidity and defence
to the Kmpire of India the Muliammadan population,
amounting to over f>o millions, is gre.itlv valued.
Islam has ever been a vigorously proselytising faith, and
has won and is still winning manv adherents to its standard.
Although there is but lit lie intermingling ol Muhammad. -ins
and Hindus by marriage, vet another unifying process, less
obvious and material, is constantly in progress, namely, the
fusion ol ideas, which comes from the force ot example and
the puisuit ol a common ^oal
The future ol India \\ill be shaped and its prosperity
secured, not by one race alone, but by the united efforts ot
all who have an interest in its sod : and in the accomplish-
ment of this object, the vigour, loyalty and patriotism ol
Islam will be an ellective contribution.
PAST AM)
CHAPTER V
THE LAND AND T n K C 1. 1 \\ A T K
What ol the land upon which, as upon a stage, the drama
of history lias exhibited such a sequence of mighty events ?
The hare outline of the most appealing circumstances in
that history has alone been indicated ; yet enough has been
said to show that, long before the dawn of the modern epocii,
India was a magnet of attraction sufficiently powerful to
draw a vast incursion of humanity across Central Asia and
through the difficult and forbidding fastnesses which protect
its northern frontier ; that it supported a great population of
many races, produced several noble, though diverse, types of
civilisation and became the home of a wealthy and powerful
empire.
India, to-day, means not theantient kingdomof Hindustan
alone, nor even merely that great triangular peninsula, the
base of which rests upon the Himalayas, and whose sides are
washed by the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. It
includes also huge mountainous plateaux stretching as far
north as the frontiers of Persia, Russia and Tibet, and to
the west it takes in also Burma and Tenasserim, a region
which stretches from the source of the Irawadi. upon the
slopes of the Namkiu mountains, to the Malay peninsula in
the south.
The upper half of this great Km pi re consists of the high-
lands and lo\s lands ol Baluchistan. Kashmir, the Himalayas
and Burma: the lower, the peninsula itself, tapering south-
wards to Tra\ ancore and Cape Comorm
It lias been chietlv in the western region ot the northern
uplands that the land gatewavs to India have been lound
in the past, either through the rockv footwavs ol South
Baluchistan, the plains ot Kandahar, or at the parses of
( iha/ni or Kabul.
The distance across from the dry and withered plains of
Makram to the land of the Kachins. in North M'.irma. is
I.MOO mill's, being nearly equal to that \\hich divide-- the
northern and southern limits of the empire, Kashmir and
Cape Comorin.
INDIA : I'AST AND I'KKSKXT
The Himalayan range is at once the protecting barrier
and the storehouse of wealth for India. The name means,
literally, the abode of snow. There is one vast elevation, 100
miles in width and stretching for 1.500 miles through 20
of longtitude in a curve, which has been compared, by
travellers, to the blade of a scimitar. The snow line varies
from 15,000 to 16,000 feet, and the topmost peaks of the
mountain range I Nanga Parbat and Everest) are from
26,182 to 28,000 feet above the sea level. It may, therefore,
be judged what myriad tons of snow perpetually feed the
great Indian rivers and fertilise the plains which lie, far
below, in the great Gangetic valley or Middle Land of India.
These calm, icy pinnacles, piercing the very heavens with
their immense snow deposits, unexplored and unthought
and their °^ ^° ^Ie teemmK inhabitants below in the crowded bazaars
wonderful and upon the broad rice fields and plantations of India,
have a function to fulfil in the economic life of the country,
the importance of which it is impossible to exaggerate.
They are the water purveyors of a continent.
When the rays of the vertical sun, through the long hot
months of the year, are beating down remorselessly upon the
land and drying up every leaf and twig to the familiar
burnt-up colour, which is the prevailing tint, the sea is
also exposed to the same burning glare.
Over the wide expanse of the Indian Ocean the air is
becoming laden with moisture. Then the heat diminishes,
and the land, giving off its stored-up heat to the air above it
more quickly than the ocean, draws by the ordinary mechanism
of winds, the life-giving, moisture-laden air from the sea.
The mechanism Such are the south-west monsoons, soft humid winds blow-
of the monsoons , . , . . . . . .
ing up from the Indian ocean and bearing with them the
means of life and livelihood for millions. But their precious
burden of moisture might float over many parts of India
without benefiting an acre of its soil if it were not for the
mountain ranges, which literally drain water from the winds
and send it flowing for thousands of miles in a life-giving
stream through the parched and thirsty land.
Unfortunately, the causes which determine the course of
the south-west monsoons are many and complex, and
periodically, through some unforeseen al tern t ion ot relative
temperatures, their help is wanting, and Indian agriculture
droops and famishes in consequence.
Yet even then its noble rivers remain, the (lances, Mother Mllthl
(langes, the sacred and aiitient water-way which Hows
through the Middle Land, past the temples, pinnacles and
tombs of Benares and Allahabad, never fails the toiling
rayats who call to her for water.
The Indus and the Brahmaputra How down from the
Central Himalayan region on either side through deeply-
eroded valleys and carry their waters to regions as distant Tlle
as Karachi and Lakhimpur. The rivers ot India not only
fertilise the soil, they add to it, tearing down the mountain
side in rapid flood, they bear with them a load oi earth and
the debris of rocks. \Ylien the river's movement becomes
less rapid, this silt is deposited, forming islands and banks
and building up land on what was once the sea shore.
( >ne ol the islands thus built up by tile Brahmaputra trotn
silt carried hundreds of miles upon it-> rapid course, now
measures .).( i square miles
The Narbada. the Mahanad: and the (iodavari. water
the vast region ol the I>eecan. and besides these, there are
hundreds of lesser streams and tributaries many of which are
splendid rivers, and only relatively- small \\hen compared tr,
the mighty (iangesor the lordly Imlu-.
To the I lincl us. their rivers have ever appeared as the most it,-i,.
beneficent and delectable gilts nf nature, and thev have "'vr
lavished upon them names lull ul poetic significance, thus
one, the Saraswati is interpreted as the < '.oddess of Flowing
Speech ; the Suvarna-rekha is the Stieak of ( iold Chitra,
the ('ilancing Waters, others are called bv names which
indicate the Sinless One, the Arrowrv. the (iolden. the
Stream at which the Deer Prinks; The River of Tools
The most sacred spot in all India to millions of her sons,
is the meeting place of the (iange-. and |nmna, the tongue
of land upon which Allahabad i-- built To bathe in
1J A (i 0 I) A , T I U I' I1 A I I
96
PAST AM)
the waters and to die upon the banks of the Ganges is
the prayer of all hearts.
The scenery of the river plains is extremely beautiful,
along their undulating banks in Bengal populous villages lie
clustered beneath umbrageous trees.
The mango groves scent the air in spring and yield their
luscious fruit in summer, The spreading banyan, that
marvellous tree which builds a whole forest of arched roofs
and spreading foliage, with its hanging roots, affords
agreeable shade ; the loftv pipal and the crimson-flowered Thebeautyof
the river plains
cotton-tree stand out in vivid contrast against a background
of waving yellow crops.
The fruitful soil of the river plains affords a vast wealth
and variety of vegetable products. Agriculture is the chief
industry. No less than 295 separate kinds of rice are
grown, besides wheat, millet, pulse, oil seed, tobacco, poppy,
tea, coffee, and fruit and vegetables in great profusion.
Throughout the whole country 2.46 million acres of
land produced a harvest during the year 1909.
Southern India is separated from the Gangetic valley by a
great range of hills and tableland, the Ymdhyas, below
which again lies the Narbada valley, containing some ol The vmdhyas
the most exquisite scenes of natural beauty which earth
affords. Upon the slopes of the Vindhyas are vast
masses of forest, high grassy plains with patches of
rich cultivated soil on which the cotton plant is now
being grown.
The Eastern and Western Ghats form the remaining sides
of the huge triangle which encloses tin- plateau of Southern
India. From its surface, rise the Blue Mountains, where
Utakamand. the summer capital of Madras, gleams white
and cool at an elevation ol some 7000 leet above the sea
level.
The Western (.hats are largely covered with forests M,Hllltaills
abounding in huge trees ol splendid growth, and in bound- and inrests
less variety ot shrubs and creepers. The teak tree, winch
provides a fine grained and valuable wood, is found in the
greatest abundance in the districts of Kanara. and on the
Anamalai hills ol Coimbatore and Cochin.
The Coorg forests, through which elephants, tigers and
bison roam, are typical of the primeval jungle which still
covers a vast area of the countryside.
Stretching, as it does, through nearly thirty degrees of
latitude, India presents almost every variety of climate.
The upper, or continental, region ends in the snow moun-
tains and arctic cold.
The peninsular portion is almost all within the torrid zone.
There are three well-marked seasons, the rainy, the cool and
the hot, the last continuing from the time when the sun
crosses the equator until it is vertical over the Tropic of
Cancer.
The rainfall varies from 15 inches a year to the surprising
total of 600. Even 805 inches of rain have been known to
fall during one year in Cherrapunji, a narrow valley
among the Khasi hills.
The temperature in like manner varies immensely in
accordance with latitude and elevation. The hottest area
is the Pat Desert of Upper Sindh, where at Jacobabad the
highest day temperature recorded has ranged from 117 to
126°. The average mean temperature at most of the
stations on the plains, varies between 71° and 84".
In the hill stations it varies from 42'6& at Leh, to 70^4 ' at
1'achmarhi.
The cold weather lasts from January to February, during
which the normal rainfall measures only o 99 inch ; during
the hot weather season, from March to May, it increases
to 4^58 inches ; in the south-west monsoons, from June to
September, J4'65 inches is the average, and the remaining
three months of the year account upon the average for
4'(J inches.
INDIA : I'AST AND I'KhsKXT
CHAPTER VI
T H i; B R i T i s H R A )
It is not the purpose of this work to relate in detail the
historical circumstances which led to the establishment of
British sovereignty in India, sufrice it to remark that when
the Mughal Kmpire uas falling into decay, it became
evident that all the splendid achievements of the Indian
peoples, their temples, cities, social institutions, agriculture
and accumulated wealth were in jeopardy. In the absence
of a central government strong enough to maintain order,
the fierce strife of many conflicting interests, and tin-
passionate opposition of diverse races and religions, bred
anarchy, and threatened to whelm the whole country in
universal disaster.
Political disorder was pressing, as it invariably must,
with fearful weight upon the whole body ot the people,
upon the workers in every industry, and especially upon
that great industry of agriculture which forms, in India,
the life-work and the support of eighty per cent, of the
inhabitants
The task of government was forced " ineluctabile manu
upon tlio-ic who alone possessed the strength to render it
effective.
At the end ot a long and successful period ot British
administration, and at a moment when the myriad voices
ol India are united in acclaiming the coming of tin- King-
Kmperor to the antient and royal citvot I'elhi, it \\ill be
interesting to recall some ol the striking developments
\\liich differentiate the present regime from those of the
past India has never lacked that potent factor in the
production of national prospentv. an industrious popula-
tion. For ages her fruitful and responsue soil lias been
cultivated with patient assiduity I'rugahtv is another
great factor in wealth production, and the Hindu peasant
is the in, ist frugal ot men . he is largely a vegetarian : liis
wants are few, and the conditions of the climate, in many
parts of India, render clothes rather a matter ot decency
than warmth. The simple margin of necessaries upon
99
SIR O'MooKE CKKAC. ii. V.C.. G.C.I?.
Commander-in-chief of His Majesty's Forces in India
INDIA : PAST AM) I'RKSKNT
which existence is not only possible but comfortable,
beneath radiant skies and encompassed by such favourable
natural conditions, made India populous.
The idyllic happiness which this highly-favoured clime
offered to mankind was, however, perennially threatened by
adverse fates of which war, famine and pestilence may be
taken as the typical and awful ministrants.
To say nothing of those great wars of conquest or
invasion undertaken by powerful monarchs, such as Nadir,
the Persian, who slew 150,000 men in Delhi ; or Aurang/.eb,
who, for the fifty years of his reign, was hardly ever without
a great army in the field in some part of India ; there were Di:
also the endless tribal wars and family feuds, and local
uprisings, which wasted and debilitated every part of the
country in turn.
With many tribes a state of war against their neighbours
was pre-supposed as the normal condition of things, and
it only wanted opportunity to fan the flame of some smoul-
dering grievance to fever heat, or to send a troop of fierce
marauders to demand cliont from the hapless villages of
some less military tribe.
The tide of war rose and fell with almost tin- regularity
of the seasons, and besides taking its terrible toll, year by
year, of human life, disturbed all industries by rendering
all men insecure in their possessions.
Hritish administration has conferred upon India the
inestimable boon of peace both external and internal.
Since the great pacification solemnly pronounced in the
name of yueen Victoria at Allahabad in 1*5*. no hostile
army has invaded and no uprising seriously disturbed the
serene calm of the Middle Land. There have been, it is
true, frontier wars, affairs of outposts and great border
States, but these have been far away from the historic cities
and fruitful plains of the Gangelic valley.
Fifty years of peace and of security have marvellously HI
increased the productiveness and the population of India.
At the beginning of the eighteenth century the average
value of exports did not exceed £1,000,000; it rose slowly
to about /to, 000,000 in 1854 ; the returns for 1910 indicate
INDIA : I'AST AND I'KKSKNT
that the prodigious total of £137, 000,000 has now been
reached.
According to the latest census returns, 315 million persons
are now living in British India, and the safety of
their persons and property is either directly or indirectly
guarded by all the forces at the disposal of the Indian
Government.
The firm but paternal treatment meted out to the lawless
An uitabie elements among hill tribes, such as the Moghias and the
land settlement hillmen of the Bhagalpur district, long the terror of the
lowland villages, has turned predatory clans into peaceful
cultivators. An equitable land settlement, differing in
accordance with the needs of each of the great provinces,
has been carefully worked out. While securing the
proprietarial rights of the Talukdars, Zamindars and
feudatory chiefs, the government have sought to protect
the actual cultivators by conferring occupancy rights
upon all tenants of more than three year's standing.
Out of the Panchayat or village council of five, an
immemorial institution of Hindu communities, municipal
bodies, containing an electi%-e element are being built up,
and have power to raise funds for local purposes.
impartial Law is administered without fear or favour, and by its
strict impartiality, and its adaptation to Hindu and
Muhammadan domestic customs, it has won the confidence
of the people.
The causes of tribal dispute and dissatisfaction have in
many cases been removed by accurate survey, the delimita-
tion of rights, and by substituting a definite legal status for
the loose bond of traditional custom.
Every movement for the improvement of the people, every
step in the march of progress, is dependent upon the
maintenance of peace, and this is undoubtedly one of the
greatest gifts which the British administration has conferred
upon India.
It would be impossible, probably, to mention a more
striking instance of the way in which the " pax Britannica"
has benefited the citizens of the great eastern empire than
that which is furnished by the history of the suppression of
INDIA : PAST AM)
Thuggee and Dacoity. These two forms of crime, in the Thuggee
strange atmosphere of eastern thought, had assumed in the Dacolty
minds of their debased adherents, the dignity of ancestral
pursuits, and the most atrocious outrages upon peaceful
passengers, by jungle-path or lonely mountain trail, were
sanctioned by tribal custom. Crimes of theft and murder,
as secret, sudden, and noiseless as the fall of a leaf, were
perpetrated, and the criminal concealed and protected by
all the other membersof the wicked confederacy. Among the
Thugs, assassination had come to be regarded as a religious
duty, and to kill, not from enmitv or spite, nor even in the
hope of gain, was thought by some to be a virtuous act,
likely to propitiate IMiowanee, the stern goddess of their vows.
The term Dacoity, derived from a Hindu word, ilukti ,
plunder, indicates robbery by armed gangs of marauders
This was a pursuit by which several wild highland clans
once maintained a precarious existence.
Amongst the predatory races were the Budak of tin-
Nepal Terai, the Dasadh of Behar, the Bind of Cha/ipur,
the Nath, Borin, Kiirmi, (iujar, and a host of other lesser
tribes.
In the Punjab, Dacoity usually took the form of cattle
lifting, and the tribe of the Meena were concerned in many
of the raids in Northern India with this object.
The more terrible crime of Thuggee was practically
suppressed by the energetic action of a department formed
for the purpose of dealing with it, during the Lieutenant-
(lovernorship of Lord William Hentinck. and under the
command of Major (afterwards Sir) \V. H. Sleeman.
Information concerning these remarkable criminal associa-
tions was first brought to the notice ot the Knglish
authorities at Fort St (ieorge, by Dr. Hit hard Sherman
and Captain Sleeman as early as 1810.
1'hansigars. or stranglers (in the northern parts of India
called Thugs, or deceivers), had been apprehended shortlv
after the siege of Seringapatam. in i-i»l postal route, and 55.000
miles of telegraph lines.
India with its teeming population, its many wants and the
varying necessities which climatic conditions may force upon
distant provinces, is now better prepared than ever lor those
rapid interchanges of intelligence and ol merchandise which
are so essential to a modern state
The good communications which now connect Calcutta,
Hombay, Madras and other great cities \\ithevery part of
the Indian Kmpire are the first line of defence both against
war and famine.
Navigable canals have also been constructed by the
government and these, which are quite distinct from Nav,Kah|
irrigation canals, are not remunerative commercially, but, i-anais
PAST AM) I'KKSKST
in conjunction with the great natural waterways, furnisli
additional and most valuable means of conveying quantities
of corn from one district to another.
The construction of works and canals for irrigation isalso a
very important line of defence, which, although not initiated
by the government, for it is an extremely antient practice in
India, has been greatly developed and largely utilised in
the war against famine.
A typical instance illustrating the magnitude of such
works is the great Chenab canal which irrigates an area of
about 2,000,000 acres and has a discharge of 11,000 cubic
feet of water per second.
Innumerable wells, tanks and reservoirs are helping to
India not
orer-popuiated conserve the natural water supply and render it available
when and where required, and it has become evident that
great as is the population of India, it is as yet far beneath
the number which its natural resources will maintain in
comfort when those resources are carefully husbanded and
properly controlled.
The forests of India have an important function to fulfil
in relation to the prosperity of the country, and a special
department of the government is concerned with their
preservation.
In the old days nomadic tribes practised agriculture in a
very primitive, and, at the same time, wasteful style.
Wandering through the forest they would choose a site for
a brief settlement and proceed to clear it by the simple
device of setting fire to the forest, taking little or no pre-
caution against the spread of the conflagration. After
having one or two crops from the virgin soil they would
move on to another encampment.
Under the forest department this wasteful method lias
been discouraged and the immense importance of the
preservation of forests insisted upon.
It is in the soil of the forests that the rainfall water is
stored up, and their foliage supplies moisture to the air
which descends upon the fields in grateful showers or de%v.
The grazing afforded to cattle in years of drought is also of
great value.
108
INDIA: PAST AND I-RI^KNT
Tlie use of suitable manures is being encouraged in every
way, and this is increasing very largely the productivity of
the soil.
When drought comes it must inevitably inflict suffering
and privation where so many millions are dependent upon
husbandry for their daily sustenance, but at least starvation
will be averted, and the- worst effects of the shortage pre-
vented, by the remedial and protective measures which
have now been adopted.
Another method by which the Indian ( iovernment seeks
to avert the dangers of famine, is by stimulating and
preserving native arts, industries and manufactures. The
distribution of grain to the various parts of this great
country, with sufficient rapidity, and in quantities which
will prevent any undue shortage, is but one aspect of the
question. The provision of an alternative occupation to
agriculture, when that fails, is equally important. Many
very interesting indigenous crafts have existed in India from
an early period. The tine muslins of Dacca, Madras and
Ami were famous from remote times
Cotton weaving dates bark to the time of the Mahab-
harata ; the (ireek name for cotton, sunion. is etyino-
logically the same as that of India or Sindh, and the name
calico is derived from Calicut, on the Malabar coast,
where the fabric was first woven
Hand-loom weaving still continues in main parts of the
country, and many cotton nulls ot the Knglish type,
equipped with modern machinei y, ha\ e been established,
mostly in the Bombay Presidency. These latter have
greatly increased during the last twenty years, and now
find employment for 2 nut les- sue
tcrrilorv tli.ui in developing Indian resm
adininislration. 1'enu and ilic I'nnj.il'
Oiulli. Salara. Jbansi and Herar annexi
railwavs and telegraph wires laid, tlie G.
In, I,
his rule in India
of
t'.m.il anil iinporlanl
e nine short vears of
A
}:. A K i. CANNING
1856-1862
Succeeded Lord Dalhousie in 1856. In 1858 he became the F-irst Viceroy,
and in 1859 was raised to an Karldom.
i: i> u \ K 11 l< o H i K i
Karl of i. \iton
lS7l.-ls.M1
Succeeded his father as I.or.l I. \tton in lS7.i. Receive.! tin C.raml Cross of
the Hath and ma.le Yicerox in l-O.. Chief event- of his \'icero\alt\ were
the proclamation of (Jueen Victoria .is Kmprcss of India < 1X77 ami tin out-
break of the Afghan war 1S7» . C'r',0
K O B K K T O I I- I. K V A S H H I' K 1 (I N C K K \V I. -Mil. N 1
K.G.. I'.C.. M.A.. I-.S.A.
Maniuis of Crevve d'.K.l and Karl of Madelcv
since 1910
PROVINCES OF INDIA
AND
T HEIR R U L E R S
THK KK.HT H<
LOKD HAKIMNGK i>t PENSHURST
Viceroy of India
s-ince 1910
I'KDVINfKS ()K INDIA AM) THKIK KCI.KKS
M A D R A S
HISTORY. — The first British settlement in Madras was
made at Masulipatam in iCn. This great province of
India, which occupies the most southerly portion of the
continent, and has a coast line of 1,730 miles, was not only
the oldest, but was also the most important of the three
original presidencies before Clive's conquest of Bengal. It
was, however, small in extent until the annexation of the
Carnatic in 1801. The Laccadive Islands are included
under the same administration.
DATE OK ANNEXATION. — 1746.
ARKA. 141,72') sq. miles.
CLIMATE. — Tropical; differs greatly according to
elevation.
POPULATION.- 38,209,436.
CAPITAL. Madras.
CiovKKNOR. — Sir Thomas David Gibson-Carmichael,
Bart., K.C.M.C.
GOVERNMENT.- Consists of a Governor assisted by Execu-
tive and Legislative Councils.
LAWS AND CUSTOMS Madras is divided into twenty-one
districts, each of which lias a collector and district judge.
British law. modified by special Indian enactment--, prevails.
RACKS. Chiefly Hindus
DKVKLOI-MKN i s. There are good roads, railway com-
munication is extensive, and irrigation works have been
carried out on a very large scale.
KKI.IOION. There are over one million native Christians,
Roman Catholics and Protestants : I linduisin or Brahnanism
is the prevailing religion.
LANGUAGE Tamil and Tehigu are the principal
languages, Malayalum, Kanarese and I'riva are also spoken.
EDUCATION. Numerous government and mission schools
and colleges exist.
PRODUCTS. Kice. millet, indigo, cottee, su^ar. wheat.
Madras is not rich in minerals, but gold and iron have been
found, also diamonds in the Karntil district. The (crests
are ol great value, teak being the principal wood.
ION. COL. SIR GKOKGK S. C i. A i< K K , K.C.M.G.. G.C.I.K.. F-R.S.
Governor of Bombay
since 1907
134
BOMBAY
HISTORY. — The western province of India takes its name
from the island of Bombay, which became a British
possession in i6f>2, as part of the dowry of Catherine of
Bragan/a, wife of Charles II. The greater part of the
present territory was obtained by annexations from the
Mahrattas, and by the lapse of the Satara State. Sindh was
conquered in 1843. and its administration is in some
respects, separate from the remainder of the presidency.
DATK OF ANNEXATION. -if>r>j.
AREA.-- 122, <>s.j sq. miles.
CI.IMATK. The coast districts are hot and moist with
a heavy rainfall during the monsoon. Mean temperature
at Bombay, 72 F.
Poia'i.ATiov 1^.51 5, 5^7.
CAPITAL.— Bombay.
GOVERNMENT. Consists of a Governor, a-si-ted by
Executive and Legislative Councils.
LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The administration has its base in
the village officer, the patel ; he reports to the mamlutdnr,
and he in turn to the deputy collector, who is responsible to
the assistant collector or collector.
On the judicial side there art- magistrates, -mall rau-e
court judges, special and assistant judges, and finally, the
High Court ol Bombay and the Judicial Commissioner in
Sindh.
RACKS. •F.specially the home ol the Mahrattas.
DKVI.I oi'Mi N i . Very advanced, the capital ;- a magnifi-
cent city and a threat centre ol commerce, posies-ing
railways, newspapers, cotton mills, and many magnificent
public buildings.
RKI.K.ION. Muhammadan, Hindu, I'arsee.
I.AMiUAur.s — Marathi, Gujarati, Sindhi and Kanaicse
EDUCATION. Is at a high level, numerous schools exist
throughout the province, and in the city ol Bombay there is
a tine university, also several art college-, veterinary and
technical schools.
PKOIH'CIS. — Oil seeds, millet, rice, sa^o, - :i;ar, pepper,
cotton, coal, iron, silver and gold.
Manufacturing industries have become very active in
recent years.
SIK K. N. BAKKR. K. C.S.I.
Lieut. -Governor of Bengal
since 190S
I'KOVINCKS OK INDIA AMI THKIK Kt I.KKS
BENGAL
HISTORY. — The old Presidency of Bengal comprised, in
pre-mutiny times, the greater portion of northern India,
but the province no%v under this administration consists of
a part of Bengal proper with Behar, Orissa and Chota
Nagpur. Fifteen districts of Eastern Bengal were detached
from the province in 1905, and combined with Assam,
while one district from the Central Provinces was added
to Bengal.
DATE OF ANNEXATION. — 1757.
AREA. — 115.819 sq. miles.
CLIMATE. —Hot and humid on the plains. Mean tem-
perature 77 F.
POPULATION. — 50,722,067.
CAPITAL. — Calcutta.
GOVERNMENT. — The Lieutenant-Governor is assisted by a
Legislative Council. An Executive Council is being created.
LAWS AND CUSTOMS. — There are nine divisional com-
missioners under the Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, who
superintend the revenue, criminal and executive adminis-
tration of their respective divisions These divisions are
again sub-divided into districts, eacli under its district
officer, who, besides exercising general supervision, is also
the chief magistrate in his district
RACKS. Most of the people are descended from tin-
Aryan stock. There an- also representatives of the
aboriginal races, such as the Santals, Gonds. Kols and
Bhuiyas.
DEVELOPMENT. Good railway-., canals, and irrigation
works have been constructed
RELIGION. Hinduism and Muhammadanism are the
prevailing religions.
LANGUAGES. The principal arc Bengali. Hindi and
Bihari.
EDUCATION In every village of any si/c there is a
vernacular school called a path sal a, and in every district
secondary schools affiliated to the Calcutta I'niv crsitv , which
teach up to the matriculation standard.
PRODUCTS Rice, opium, indigo, oil seed--, Miyar.
tobacco, silk, tea and jute.
S I I' A l< 'I 1 ! A \ I. I S . K I
i f l'".astcrn Hcnu»1 ;.i'd \~-
A|-|ioab, and the Afghans
in Rohiikhand.
SIR I.oris WII.J.IAM DANK. K.C.I.K.. C.S.I.. I-.R.C..S.
Lieut. -Governor of Punjab
since 1908
Tub r N i T E u PROVINCES c > i AGRA AND O L u n i«ntinut.<.
DEVELOPMENT. — Railways now traverse almost every
district in the provinces, and a net-work of roads connects
them with every village of importance. Two great canals
on the Upper Doab have been constructed.
RELIGION. — Hindu and Muliammaclan.
LANGUAGE. -Hindustani : also Biliari.
PRODUCTS. — Wheat, rice, barley, pulse, tobacco, millet,
cotton, sugar, oil seeds, iron and lead.
PUNJAB
HISTORY.- The province of the Five Rivers, which
occupies the north west angle of the great northern plain of
India, remained without a break, under the rule of
Muhammadan dynasties of foreign extraction, from the
beginning of the eleventh century till the latter half of the
eighteenth, when the Sikhs revolted and established a
Sikh kingdom. In 184*. after the Sikh \\ar, Dulip Singh's
territory became a Itritish province, with Sir John
Lawrence as chief commissioner. During the mutiny, many
of the Sikh soldiers helped to light the rebels, and when
peace was restored, Delhi and its territory were added to
the I'unjab.
DATE OK ANNEXATION 1849
AREA. — n~,2o<> square miles
CLIMATE. Very hot from May to September in the
plains ; varies according to the elevation in the hilly
regions.
POPULATION. -.20. 330. j }<>
CAPITAL. Lahore.
GOVERNMENT. — Consist* ot a Lieutenant-Governor and a
Legislative Council.
LAWS AND CUSTOMS. The inheritance of luml proceeds
throughout a large part of the Punjab, according to
the custom known in England in Saxon time as gii-cclktiiil.
that is, all the sons take equal portions of their father'-
estate. This custom has produced village communities
of peasant proprietors, the descendants of a common
ancestor.
SIK M\KVI-:V ADAMSON, K. C.S.I., O.I.
I. it-iit. -Governor of Hiinna
sines I'M!)
Pt'N I A H— continued
RACKS. — Rajputs. Jats, I'athans and Beluchis.
DEVELOPMENT. — Railways with bridges spanning the great
rivers, canals, and irrigation works have been constructed
in many parts of the province.
RELIGION. — About half the population is Muhammadan,
and half Hindu or Sikh ; the Buddhists, Jains and Christians,
together, only number about 100.000.
LANGUAGES. — Punjabi and Hindi are the chief languages ;
the native language of the I'athans and Beluchis is 1'ashtu,
and is quite distinct from Indian dialects.
EDUCATION.— The Khatris and Kashmiri 1'andits have a
special aptitude for education, and main- members of these
two races have distinguished themselves in commerce, in
the civil service of the government, and in the learned
professions.
PRODUCTS. Wheat, millet, barley, maize, pulse, oil seeds,
sugar, cotton and salt.
BURMA
HISTORY. ---A Buddhist Barman dynasty \vas established
on tin- Irawadi as early as the eleventh century. The
gradual extension eastwards of the borders of British India
brought its frontier into proximity with Burma, and, o \\ini;
to border raids by the Burmese, war broke out in iSj4 At
its conclusion. Assam, Arakan. and Tenasserim. u ere ceded
to the British government. I he second and third Burma
wars resulted in the deposition ot the Kin.i; of Ava. and the
complete annexation of Lower ami Upper Burma, uhirh \\ere
placed under one administration in i £!•><">.
DATE OF ANNEXATION. iS^
AKKA. -3". 73^ S<1- miles.
CLIMATE. Very trying to Europeans, in the delta ard
along the coast; the rainy season lasts n\e. six, and
sometimes even seven months. From February to April
it is dry and hot, the temperature sometimes rising to
100 F, in the shade.
I'OPVLATION. IP,. (ilO.o .14.
I'KOVINCF.S OF INDIA AM) THKIR Kl'I.F.KS
BURMA -i-ontintietl
CHIEF CITIES. Rangoon (Lower Burma), Mandalay
(Upper Burma).
GOVERNMENT. — Vested in a Lieutenant-Governor and a
Legislative Council.
LAWS AND CUSTOMS. —Woman occupies a higher position
in Burma than in other parts of India, and the laws
affecting marriage contracts are more equitable. The
Burmese are extremely fond of music, dancing and social
entertainments.
RACES. — Burmans, Karens anil hill tribes, such as
Kachins, Singphos, Palongs and Chins.
DEVELOPMENT. — Several railways are in operation,
including one from Rangoon to Mandalay. The trade of
the country lias made immense progress during the last
forty years.
RELIGION. Buddhism is the religion of nearly 90 per
cent, of the people.
LANGUAGE. — Burmese.
EDUCATION. — The primary schools of the country are the
Buddhist monasteries, where every Buddhist lad is expected
to serve as a novitiate. There are also numerous government
schools. Over 60 per cent, of the males in Lower Burma
can read and write.
PRODUCTS. Rice, teak, bamboo, cotton, iron, copper,
lead, tin, coal and petroleum.
THE CENTRAL PROVINCES AND BERAR
HISTORY. — The Central Provinces, which include the
Vindhyan and Satpura tablelands and the great plain
of Nagptir, were formed, in 1861, out of territory taken
from the north-west provinces, and from Madras, and
originally belonging to the old Mahratta kingdom of
Nagpur.
Previous to the rise of the Mahratta power in India, this
region was ruled by native (Jond dynasties, the most famous
I'KOVIXCI-.S "I INDIA \M>
Tin; CENTRAL I'KUVINCI. s AM> BKRAR— c
being that of Garha Mandla, in the sixteenth century It
still contains an unusually large proportion of aboriginal
tribes, whose ancestors retreated to the hilly fastnesses of
Gondwana, before successive waves of Aryan invasion, in
early times.
DATE or ANNEXATION. — The northern part of the
provinces in 1818 ; Nagpur and its dependencies in 1854 ;
Berar was leased, in perpetuity, from the Nizam of
Hyderabad in 1902.
AREA. 82,635 square miles. Berar 17,710 square miles.
CLIMATE. Hot and dry, except during the south-west
monsoon (June to September).
POPULATION. — 9, 237. 65.4. Berar, 2,75.4.016.
CAPITAL. — N'agpur.
GOVERNMENT.— Under a Chief Commissioner. All legis-
lation is enacted by the Governor-General's Council.
LAWS AND CfSTOMs. British law as modified by special
Indian enactments prevails, the chief difficulties lie in the
direction of the enforcement of sanitary reforms and of
forest conservation
CHIEF COMMISSIONER. The Hon. R 1 1. Craddock, C S I.
RACKS. Malirattas, Kajputs and Gonds.
DEVELOPMENT. Much has been done, bv the construction
ol roads and railways, to open up the country.
Ri I.K.ION. Most of the people are Hindus, about one-
seventh belonging to aboriginal or nun-Aryan tribes Mill
adhere to their primitive faiths.
I.A\(if.\eccan proper, or Central plateau of Southern India,
between the provinces of Madras and Bombay. The
surface is a slightly elevated tableland. In 687, the
territory, long called the Nizam's Dominions, became a
province of the Mughal Empire; but soon after 1713 the
Viceroy of the Deccan made himself independent.
AREA. - 82,698 sq. miles (excluding the British
assigned districts of Berar q.v.).
POPULATION. —11,141, 142.
CAPITAL. — Hyderabad, stands on the right bank of
the River Musi, 1,700 feet above sea-level, and is distant
390 miles by rail from Madras. Population 450,000.
RELIGIONS. — Hindu and Muhammadan. The Muham-
madans number 1,138,66(1, and are found mainly round the
capital.
LANGUAGES.- Telugu, Kanarese and Marathi are the chief
languages used.
Hyderabad is under the direct supervision of the
Governor-General in Council.
This State includes all the territories of His Highness the
Gaekwar. Gujarat, the northern maritime province o!
Mombay, was at one time included in the Mughal Km pin-,
but in the early part of the iSth century, the Mahrattas,
under the leadership of Damaji Gaekwar. and afterwards of
his son, Pilaji, succeeded in wresting all power out of the
hands of the Mughal officers. From that time. Baroda has
remained continuously under the sway of the Gaekwar
family, who. ultimately, became feudatory to the British
\ eminent under the guarantee of a treaty executed in the
\\ar ol 1817.
Copyright] I' • ' •*"''> K I-0"'101
H.H. THI: MAHAKAJA < G A K k w A K ) o i BAKODA, G. C.S.I.
Born 1863. Succeeded 1S75. Invested with powers 1S81.
His Highness receives a salute of Jl ^uns.
B A ROD A ccntimictl
AREA of the territories of the (Jaekwar in various parts of
the province of (iujarat, 8,570 sq. miles.
POPULATION.— 2,185,005.
CAPITAL. — Baroda, 248 miles north of Bombay.
Population 105,000.
Baroda is under the direct supervision of the (lovernor-
Cieneral in Council
M Y S O K K
The Mysore State is situated in Southern India between
it 40' and 15 N. lat., and between 74 40' and 78 30' !•"..
long., and is surrounded entirely by the districts of the
Madras Presidency. Mysore is an extensive tableland,
much broken by hilly ranges, and divided into two portions
by the watershed between the Kista and Kaveri. In early
times, Mysore was the principal seat of the Jains. The State
has always been governed by Hindu rulers, except for a
short time during the i»<).
CAPITAL. — Mysore. A prosperous and well-built town of
70,000 inhabitants, situated 245 miles \V.S.\Y. of Madras.
Mysore is under the direct supervision of the (iovernor-
General in Council. The annual value of the exports
(Betel nut and leaves, coffee, cotton, piece goods, cardamoms,
rice, silk and sugar) exceeds /~i, 200,000 ; of the imports
(piece goods, cloth, wheat, etc.), /"i, 500,000.
Gold is mined in Kolar. The fixers are used for
irrigation.
KASHMIR AND .IA.\H'
Kashmir, or Cashmere, is an irregular-shaped moun-
tainous region in the extreme north of India. It lies in the
basin of the upper Indus, among the Himalayas. It is a
land of perpetual spring, and one of the loveliest spots in
H.H. THK MAHARAJA OF MYSORE, G. C.S.I.
Born 1884. Succeeded his father 1895. Invested with full rulin« powers
by Lord Curzon at Mysore 1902.
His Highness receives a salute of .21 nuns.
156
KASHMIR AND J AMU— i ontinual
the whole world. It is hemmed in on all sides by snow-
capped peaks, and is watered by the Jhelam, which forms,
in its course, Lake Wulur and other beautiful lakes.
Kashmir \vas conquered by Akbar in 1586, and became
part of the Mughal empire. It was overrun by the Sikhs
in 1819. Ghulab Singh, the feudatory of the Sikhs, made
a treaty with the British in 1*46, by which he recognised
British supremacy. In 1887, a land settlement (under
pressure from the Indian Government) abolished serfdom.
AKKA.— 80,900 sq. miles.
I'oi'i'LATiox. — (Including its dependencies, Ladakh,
|amu, Gilghit, etc.), 2,905,578. In Kashmir proper —
1,158,000.
KKI.KIION. — The ruling family is Hindu, but about
three-quarters of the inhabitants are Muhammadans.
L.\N<.f.\(ii-:s. Tliirteen dialects spoken. Kashmiri itself
is very closely related to Sanskrit.
Kashmir is under the direct supervision of the Governor-
General in Council.
KAJIM'TANA Ac.liNCY
Kajpmana is tlie name of a great territorial circle em-
bracing twenty native States (each having its oun autonomy
and separate chief), and the British district of Ajmere-
Merwara. It lies between Sindh ion the West) and the
Punjab (on the North). Of the native States, seventeen are
Rajput, two are (at (Bhartpur and I>holpur), and one only
i- Muhammadan (Tonk).
Tlieir combined area is 127.541 s<| miles, and thev
contain a population of 11,7^3.^01. The Kajpnt Agency is
under the direct supers ision of the (lovernor-Cleneral in
Council.
The following table gives a detailed statement of the
estimated area and population i including forest tribesi of
the Stales in the Rajpulana Agency : —
, yriAbt]
H.H. Tin. MAHAKAJA OF KASHMIR AND JAMI. G. C.S.I.
His Highness receives a salute of 21 tfuns within the limits of his State.
and of 19 Huns in the rest of India.
SOMK NATIVK STATKs AMI I'KIXCKs Oh INDIA
R A I l> t T A N A A (i K N : C Y- t o >i tinned
Aluar
Hranswara and Kushal^aili
Bhartpur
liikaner
Kuncli
Dholpur
Jaiiuir
Karauli ...
Ki>tah
Marwar or Joclhpur
Mewar or l'daipi;r
Sirolii
Tonk i partly in Central India
Seven Minor Stales ..
C K N T R A L INDIA A G E N C Y
Central India Agency is the name given to tlie country
occupied by tlie nati\'e states grouped togetlier under the
supervision of tlie political officer in charge of the Central
India Agency These states lie between Rajputana and
the Central Provinces. The British Districts of Jhansi
and Lalitpur divide the Agency into two main divisions —
Native Bimdelkhand and Raghelkhand on the east, am!
Central India poper on the west.
The total area is 7-^,77^ s<). miles, and the total population
8,6.28,781,
The great majority of the people are Hindus.
The Central India Agency is under the direct supervision
of the (iovernor-General in Council.
The principal states are eight in number and the follow-
ing list gives their approximate si/e and population : —
fi.'HIJ (rfi.S.'Vil
yu ir.i.rso
I.77S ltj.115
_':>.i>t] J. '»:>.>. (XH
H . H . T H K MAHAKAJA • S i s i> H i A OF G w A 1. 1 < > K
G.C.V.O.. Hon. LI.. I). Canil).. A.D.C.
Went to China as orderly officer to General Gaselee. 1901. and
provided the expedition with a hospital ship at his own expense.
His Highness receives a salute of Jl nuns within the limits of ri-
State. and of 19 nuns in the rest of India.
160
NATIVE STATES UNDER THE MADRAS
PRESIDENCY
The Madras Presidency includes five native states cover-
ing an area of 10,0X7 sq. miles, and having a population of
4,188,0X6; of these Travancore and Cochin represent ancient
dynasties, and I'udukottai is the inheritance of a chieftain
called the Tondiman.
The two petty states of Banganapalli and Sandur lie in
the centre of two British districts.
The principal states are:- -
C'ochin 1.3M SlJ.OJ:i
I'mlukottai ... 1.I7S .iSO.440
Travancore 7.l_'<> J.95J.157
NATIVE STATES I'NDER T H I! PRESIDENCY
OF BOMBAY
The native states in this presidency number 377 and are
divided for administrative purposes into H) agencies. Total
area 65,761 sc| miles, population G.<»oS,6.iN.
The agencies are :
Bijapur Agencv, J states.
Cutcli ,, i state.
IMiarwar ,. i ,. (Savanur).
Kaira ,, i ,, (Cambavi.
Kathiauar ,. 187 states.
(principal states Bhaunagar, I >hranghadra. (ioudal,
Jnnagarh, Nawanagan.
West Khandesh Agency, jo states.
Kolaba ,. I state ijanjirai.
Kolhapur <) states
(principal state, Kolhapur with i BOMBAY
ci) nt i n n c it
Palanpur Agency, 17 states (principal state Palanpur).
Foona Agency, i state (Bhor).
Kewa-Kantha Agency, 62 states (principal state
Raj pi pi a).
Satara Agency, i states.
Sawantwadi Agency, i state.
Sholapur Agency, i state.
Sukknr Agency, i state (Khairpur).
Surat Agency, 17 states.
Thana Agency, i state (Janhar).
The following list gives details of the area and population
of the most important states :
V.inii- ..( St.ite
Cinch .........
nhrarujhadra •
C.nlNl.ll .........
I.l.ir
1 1111. it;. nli i I un.ik.iilli i
Khairpur
Kolhapur
N.i\v,ui.i»;,ir ( \;i\ Mii.iu.i
I'alanptir
NATIVI: STATES V N I) t R Till: ( . () V E R N M I N T OH
THI-: I'fN.IAH
There arc ^4 states under tlie government of the Punjab,
which may be grouped into three main classes The Hill
states, 2} in number, lie among the Punjab Himalayas and
are held bv some of the most ancient Kajput families in all
India. The Miihammadan state of Bahaualpur lies along
the western halt of the southern border. The remaining
states, including the Sikh principalities of Tatiala. J;ml and
H.H. THK MAHARAJA <»F KOI.HAIMK. G. C.S.I.. G.C.V.O.
His Highness is entitled to a salute of 1') tains. and a personal
salute of two additional uuns.
MIMI-; N ATI VI-. STATI-.S AM> 1'KIM ].S OF INDIA
NATIVE STATES UNDER THE GOVERNMENT 01 THE
P U N J A B — c a nt i lined
Nahlia lie east of Lahore, and, with insignificant exceptions,
occupy the centre of the eastern plains of the province.
TOTAL ARKA 36,532 sq. miles.
POPULATION 4,424,398.
The following list gives the area and population of the
most important states : —
Population,
Nairn- of Stair
Area in
Bahawalpiir
15,000
Chainba...
3.216
Jin.l
1.259
Manili
1 900
Nabha
9 '8
Patiala ..
5,412
Sinniir (Naliani
1.198
NATIVE STATKS I'NDER THH (, O V L: R N .\\ H N T
O F K K N < ; A L
Tliere are 27 native states under the Government of
Bengal. These states comprise Kuch Hehar in the
Bhagalpur Division of Bengal, the inhabitants of which are
a Mongoloid people, tin- Cooch ; and the petty states
attached to the Orissa and Chota Nagpur divisions, 26 in
numlxT, in the south These petty States are inhabited by
hillmen of Kolarian or Dravidian origin, and their condition
is still very primitive
TOTAL ARKA 31, 5.26 sq. miles
POPULATION. 3.473,4's>s
Kuch Hehar lias an area of 1,307 sq. miles and a
population of 566,974.
This state is bounded on the north and north-east by
Tibet, on the south-east by Bhutan, on the south by the
British district oi Darjeeling. and on the west bv Nepal.
H.H.THK MAHAHAJA OK BIKASKK, G.C.I. K., K. C.S.I. . A. D.C.
His Highness receives a salute of 17 fiim>
S IKK AM coilliitnitl
The population consists of the races of Lepcha and Bhoti,
and the Nepali tribe, Limbu.
AREA. — 2,SiV E R N .M E N T Ol
THE I'NITED PROVINCES Ol A(,R\ AND Ol'MH
Native States under llic Governmi-nt ol the I'nited
Province's of A^ra and (Midh are t\\o. Kanipur, area 8;uns
168
,
^
11.11. Tin M \n M< \j \ 01 Ai \\ \K . K. C.S.I
II. H. THI. MAHARAJA .. H KITH BKHAK. G.C.I.K.. C.H . A.D.C.
His Highness receives a salute of 13 guns
170
II. II. Tin NKWAII 01 KAMI-CK. C..C.1.K.. A.P.
THE MARCH OF SCIENCE
'Wiilumt i >cicntitic fouiulation no permanent Mipi-r-
Mriictun- i'. in lir raiM'tl. I >oc> not experience warn
n* tli.it the rule of thumb is dead and that the
rule of science has taken its place: that to-day
\vc cannot lir -..itistictl vvitli llic crude inrtlio.ls whicli
\vM.,II ,/ .v/.,«/i In II M. Kinn (n,,lf;e V
I'rin.c <•' \\',»/fM .// llic l,iUT>i.iti,>,uii Co, IK'
.•»/•/>/,.,/ C;i,-,.i/.v/rv. l.,,iul,»i. .l/./.v .7. /.<*"
WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
KING STREET, LONDON > ENGLAND)
This INSTITUTION is conducted separately from the business
of BURROUGHS WELLCOME A Co., and is under distinct
direction, although in the Laboratories a large amount of important
scientific work is carried out for the firm.
174
THE W E L L C O M E
CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
KRHDHRICK B. POWHR, PH.D.. I.I..D,
KING S T k i b r . SNOW HILL. LONDON ENG.I
AWAR DS
CONFERRED UPON THE
WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH
LABORATOR I ES
AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS
ST. LOUIS ONE GRAND PRIZE
1904 THREE GOLD MEDALS
LIEGE
1905
ONE GRAND PRIZE
ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR
TWO GOLD MEDALS
MILAN
1906
LONDON
(Franco-British)
1908
LONDON
(Japan-British)
1910
BRUSSELS
1910
ONE GRAND PRIZE
TWO GRAND PRIZES
ONE GRAND PRIZE
THREE GRAND PRIZES
ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR
FOR
CHEMICAL AND PH AR M ACOGNOSTICA L RESEARCH
ETC.. ETC.
176
T H i; WELLCOME
C H L M I C A L K H S I: A R C H I. A P, OKA T ( ) R 1 H S
O k G A N I S A T I < > N . L ',) I I I'M H N I AND D I V I I O 1> U I: N T
THOSK \vlio have observed the progress of events in
(ireat Britain during the last decade cannot fail to have
been impressed with the remarkable developments and
achievements by which it has been attended, especially in
the domains ot the chemical, physical and biological
sciences The discovery within the past lew years ot
several new elements in the atmosphere, and of radio-
active snb-.tan.ces, the liquefaction, and even solidification,
ot gases that were hitherto regarded as permanent, the
synthesis of several important organic compounds, the
isolation of new substances, and the more precise
characterisation ot those previously known, together
with the perfection of chemical processes and the
applications of electricity in chemical and metallurgical
operations, are but a few examples of the contribu-
tions to knowledge and the industrial progress which
have signalised the closing years of the past, and the
beginning of the new. century.
The spirit <>l research has. in fact, now become so
clif) used as to have penetrated into almost every depart-
ment ot human knowledge and activity \Vith a broader
recognition ol its usefulness, and even of its necessity, as
an element ot progress, research is no longer confined to
institutions ot learning, but lias proved to be a quite
indispensable factor in its relation to industrial pursuits,
as well as tor the study of those important problems
in medical science which are so intimately associated with
the health and happiness of mankind. It has indeed been
truly said that "without a knov\ ledge of the constitution
or structure of the molecules which go to make up the
substances employed as remedies, therapeutics, or the
administration of these remedies, can never be an exact
science. Thus the research chemist may contribute,
though indirectly, his share towards placing medicine
upon a real and scientific basis "
ONE OF THE LA n o i; A T o i< 1 1- s — S F. c O s D F r. o o I
It is worthy of note that the year 1896 was marked by
the establishment in Great Hritain of at least three
Dfiusn
laboratories devoted exclusively to scientific research — chemical
namelv, the 1 >avy- Faraday Research Laboratory con- ^e^earch
L.aix>ratorn
nected with the Royal Institution, which was formally
inaugurated in December, 1896; the new Research Labora-
tory of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh,
which was formally opened in November, 1896; and the
WEI.I.COMK CHEMICAL RESEARCH LAIIORATORIKS, which
were established in the summer of 1896.
The scope of these laboratories and the directions in
which research is • conducted in them, naturally differ.
The first-mentioned, for example, is more especially of
an academic character, and is therefore devoted to some- Thc
what abstract investigations in chemistry and physics ; the Wellcome
second is stated to have for its primary object the examina- Rl.search
tion of morbid specimens and material, the study of Laboratm-i.
zymotic diseases, and, in general, bacteriological, physio-
logical and pathological work ; while the third, the
WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES, are
designed for investigations in both pure and applied
chemistry, and, in the latter instance, with special reference
to the studv of that large class of both organic and
inorganic compounds which are employed as medicinal
agents in the treatment of disease.
The importance of the work \\hich it is the purpose
to accomplish in these different, but more or less closely
related, departments of science, is apparent, and is duK
appreciated by those who recognise the deficiencies of
existing knowledge.
In response to numerous requests, it has been con
sidered that a brief sketch of the WELLCOMK CHEMICAL
RESEARCH LAKORATORIKS, descriptive of their organisation,
equipment and development would prove of interest to a
considerable number who have not the opportunity of
inspecting them.
The first announcement of Mr. Henry S. Wellcome's
plan to establish the Chemical Research Laboratories
THE CoMBfSTioN ROOM
ISO
WKI.I.COMK ( HKMICAI. RKSKARCH LABORATORIES
which bear his name, was made on the occasion of a dinner
given by him to Dr. Frederick H. Power, the present
Director, at the Holborn Restaurant, London, on the
evening of July 21, 1896. The occasion was a memorable Appreciation by
c . . . • t i i 1 distinguished
one in many respects, tor the gathering included a large scientists
number of distinguished representatives of the various
sections of the scientific world. It was then explained
by Mr. Wellcome that the work which he proposed to
inaugurate was one which he personally had very much
at heart, that it would be carried out on no selfish lines, but
would be controlled and dictated with the highest regard
for science. It was also made clear that the new
Chemical Research Laboratories were to be entirely distinct
from those of the Works of his firm, in which, as hereto-
fore, research would also continue to be conducted. The
expressions of appreciation of the high purpose and the
scientific spirit which had actuated Mr. Wellcome in the
development of such extended plans for chemical research,
as manifested by vaiious distinguished speakers on the
occasion referred to, were indeed most auspicious, and
fittingly commemorated the inauguration of the work that
was to be undertaken.
The 6rst home of the laboratories was in a building
located at No. .|2, Snow Hill, but it was soon found
desirable to make considerable extensions In order to
accomplish this, it was decided that the laboratories should ,I<'.',<]t^',°Lo" ioi
be transferred to a building of their own. of \\hich they
should lia\i' complete use and possession Such premises
were secured at No. 6. King Street. Snow Hill, where, in a
very central part of London, and amid surroundings replete
with many of its most interesting historical associations,
the laboratories are now located.
The building is a handsome, modern one of Venetian
style of architecture, and comprises four stories and a
basement. A view of it is represented on pagf \~\
On the ground floor of the building are the ottice of
the Director, and the library, the latter being quite complete
for the special requirements. It contains not only a
isi
WKI.LC'OMK {-HKMICAI. KKSKAKCFI I.A HOI< ATOKl KS
considerable number of recent chemical and pharmacological
works, but also complete sets of many journals,
such as the Journal of the Chemical Society, Berichtc
dcr detitsclien cheniischen Gcsellscliaft, Journal of the
Society of Chemical Industry, etc. Files of many of the
more important chemical, pharmaceutical and medical
periodicals of England, America and Germany are also
kept. As several very large and complete scientific and
technical libraries are also at all times accessible to members
of the staff, it is evident that the requirements in this
direction are most abundantly supplied. In the library
there is also a cabinet containing specimens of the various
substances obtained in the course of laboratory investiga-
tions, which already form a collection of considerable
interest.
The laboratories proper are located on the first, second
and third floors of the building, and are represented on
pages 178, 180. They are similar in their arrangement, are
provided with gas and electricity for both illuminating
and heating purposes, and completely equipped with all
the necessary apparatus and appliances for conducting
chemical investigations. There are pumps on each table
for filtration under pressure, and special adaptations for
vacuum distillations. A separate connection with the
electric mains supplies the current for heating iron plates
used for the distillation of ether and other similar
liquids. Each laboratory is provided with fine analytical
and ordinary balances, which are carefully protected from
dust and moisture by tightly-fitting glass cases. There are
also telephones on each floor, so that communication
between the different laboratories or with the Director's
office can be quickly effected.
The basement of the building, which is well-lighted by
electricity, contains a combustion furnace and all the
appliances for conducting ultimate analyses, whilst two
other furnaces of the most approved construction are
available in the laboratories ; it also contains a large electric
motor for working the shaking and stirring apparatus,
drug mill, etc., and a dark-room adapted for polari-
metric or photographic work. A view of a portion of
the combustion room is shown on piii;c iSo. In direct
communication with the basement are dry and com-
modious vaults, which afford ample room for the storage
of the heavier chemicals and the reserve stock of glass-
ware, etc. By means of a small lift, articles may be
conveniently transported from the basement to any floor
of the building.
From this brief description, and the accompanying
photographic illustrations, it will be seen that the
\\"I:LI. COMI: CIIK.MICAI. RKSKAKCH LABORATORIES are unique
in their appointments and in the purpose they are designed
to accomplish.
It is perhaps, hardly necessary to explain that some of
the problems \\hich engage the time and attention of
members of the staff which comprises a number of
highly-skilled and experienced chemists are of technical Or'K
application, having reference to the perfection of the sck,r
chemical products of Burroughs Wellcome \ Co. These
naturally do not always aftorcl material for publication,
and many oilier difficult researches extend over con.
sulerable periods of tune. Nevertheless, one hundred and
Iwentv fi\e publications, embodying the results of original
work contributed to various scientific societies, \\lnrh are
consecutively numbered. have already been issued.
* Mhcr investigations in progress will, from tune to
f future communications.
Although too short a period has elapsed, since the
establishment of these laboratories, to afford much
material for a historical retrospect . their present measure
of success mav be considered to have justified the
expectations of their founder and of those uho are in
sympathy \\ith the work \\lnch they aim to accomplish.
WELLCOMK CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS PUBLISHED BY
THE WELLCOME CHEMICAL RESEARCH
LABORATORIES
1. SOME NEW doi-D SALTS OF HYOSCINK, HYOSCYAMINE AND ATROPINE
2. TlIK CHARACTERS AND METHODS OK ASSAY OF THE OFFICIAL
HYPOPHOSPHITKS
3. NOTE ON THE MYDRIATIC ALKALOIDS
4. PREPARATION OF ACID PHKNYLIC SALTS OF DIBASIC ACIDS
5. A NEW METHOD FOR THK ANALYSIS OH COMMERCIAL PHENOLS
6. THE ASSAY OF PREPARATIONS CONTAINING PILOCARPINF.
7. PlLOCARPINE AND THE ALKALOIDS OF JAHORANDI LEAVES
8. A NEW <;i.r< OSIDB FROM WlLI.OW BARK
9. THE coNSTurrtoN OF PILOCARPINF: — Part I
10. THE COMPOSITION AND DETERMINATION OF CERICM OXAI.AIK
11. RKSEAKCHES ON MORPHINE— Part I
12. OBSERVATIONS RELATING TO THK CHEMISTRY OF THE BRITISH
PHARMACOPOEIA
13. MEKCI.-ROUS IODIDI;
14. THE COMPOSITION OF BKRBERINE PHOSPHATE
15. A CONTRIIU TION TO THE PH ARMACOC.NOSY OF OFFICIAL S I ROPHAN-
THL-S SHED
16. THE CHEMISTRY 01- THE JAHORANDI ALKALOIDS
iy. A NEW ADMIXTl'RE OF COMMERCIAL STROPHAN1HI S SEED
18. RESEARCHES ON MORPHINE — Part II
I(). THE CONSTITUTION OF PlLOCARPINE — Part II
20. THE CHKMISTRY OF THK BARK OF RoBINIA PSEUD-ACA( IA. Linn.
21. THE ANATOMY OF TUB HARK OF KoillNIA PsEl'D-ACACIA. Linn.
22. A soi.fni.H MAM.ANESE CITRATK AND ( OMPOI NDS OF MANGANKM:
WITH IRON
2j. THK CHEMICAL < HARACTKRSOF SO-CALLED lODO-TAN N I N COM POT N DS
24. TllE CONSTITI'TION OF PlLOCARPINE — Part III
25. A NEW SYNTHESIS OF -Ei HYLI RICARBALLYLH ACID
26. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL Oh AsARI'M CASADF.NSK.
Linn.
27. DERIVATIVES OF GALLIC Ac ID
28. TlIK OCCURRENCE OF S.M.H IN IN DIFFERENT \Vll.l cj\x AM.
POPLAR HARK>
IS4
SCIENTIFIC PAPERS — continued
29. THE CONSTlTrtNTS OF COMMERCIAL CHKVSAROUIN
30. THE CONSTITUENTS OF AN ESSENTIAL OIL OF RfK
31. METHYL p-Mi-: nn I.HKXYI. KKTONE
32. INTERACTION OK KETONKS AND ALDEHYDES WITH ACID CHLORIDES
3^. THE ANATOMY OK THE STEM OK DERRIS CI.IGINOSA, Bciith.
34. TIIK CHEMISTRY OK THE STEM OK DERRIS UI.IC.INOSA, licntli.
35. THE coNSTiTrrioN in PILOCARPINE — Part IV
tCi. PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OK DlMETHYI.GLYOXALlNB AND
I >IMKTHVLPYRAZOI.E
37. THI-: El.KCTROI.YTIC HKD1CTION OK PlIENO- AND \APHTHO-
MORPHOI.ONKS
?M. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OK KO-SAM SKKDS (BRTCEA SCMATRANA,
Roxb.)
;i). COMPARATIVE ANATOMY 01 THE BARKS 01- THE SALICACK.V —
1'art I
40. THE coNsri re i ION OK CHRYSOI'IIANK: ACID AND OK KMODIN
41. I'llE CONSTITUTION OK KriNEPHRINK
.\i. A I.. -wo- ROTATORY MODIFICATION OK Ql'ERCIToI.
43. THK coNSTiri'K.NTs OK THE ESSENTIAL On. OK CAI.IKOKNIAS I.ACRKL
44. SOME DKRIVATIVKS en. I'MiiEi.i.ri.oNi-
45. TllE coNSTITl'ESTS OK Ctl AU I.MOOd KA Si I US
46. Till CONS I n i- 1 ION (IK CiiAri.Mooc.Kic ACID J'.irt I
47. CHEMICAL i \AMINATION OK CASCAKA HAKK
4S. ClIIMICAl I-XAMINAIION OK ( ', •> M N 1 \1 A I.IAVls
I'l. TllK. UFIAIION r.KIWK.KN \AIIIJ.\I AMI S\ N 1 11 K 1 l( A I Ci I \ ( 1 K Y I.
riiosriiiiKii Ai ins
50 ( ;\ N0< . \UDIS, A NIU C\ ANoi.ENI I K (illio-IDF
51 I'Kl I'VKAITON AM) Puol'KR I IKS ol 1:4: 5 — Tl; I M K I II V I I , I. Yo\ AI.I N I.
3.'. TllK i ONSI I I I I ION 01 I'll 01 \RI-INI • -I'.irt \'
.=,;. Tin i ONSI 111 i i"\ 01 I', \KI.AI CMS I'.irt I
^4. THK CONSIT ICKN i s 01 i HK. SPI us < n I \\ us. >i AKPI -, \vic, HTIANA
litlltllC. AND "I IhDNOCAKlMs \NIIIMMINIICA I'tCIIC
f,5. Till i .INS 1 I I CI N I s in I 111 •' SKKDS i n- CiYNO< ARDIA ODOKATA. W.Hr.
Jfi Till S\ N 1111 -I-- I'l Sl'l:s I ANCI- s AIMED In Iv TI SK. I'll RI N I
57. I'lll-MIi M. I \AMINAMiiN o| ('iKINIHIIA
_S.S Clll Mil M. 1- \.\MI N \ 1 li>N 01 Al IIH's\ C^NAI'll'M, /./III/.
.=.11. I'UI I'AUA I InN AMI rKOI'KR I II s (i| SIIMK M- \\ Tui'l'MM.-
(in. TIIK loNsiiniNis m nil i S-I.'N-I IAI on i- ROM 1111 IKCII OF
I'll lO.sl'ORCM I MM I AIIM. \'i'll/
\V1I.I.COMK CHEMICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
SCIKNTIFIC 1'Al'EKS — Continued
61. THE CONSTITUTION OF t'MBELLUI.ONK
62. LONDON BOTANIC GARDENS
63. CHKMICAI. AND PHYSIOLOGICAL KXAMINATION OF THE FRUIT or
CHAILLETIA TOXICARIA
64. CHKMICAL KXAMINATION OF ERIODICTVON
65. THK BOTANICAL CHARACTERS OF SOME CAI.IFOKNIAN SPECIES OF
GRINDKLIA
66. THK KKLATIONS BETWEEN NATURAL AND SYNTHETICAL (".LYCFKYL
PHOSPHORIC ACIDS — Part II
67. THE CONSTITUTION OF UMBKI.LUI.ONK— Part II
68. THE REDUCTION 01 HYDROXYI.AMINOPIHY'PROUMBELLULONEOXIMK
6i BRUCKA AN i IDYSI NTERK A
Lam.
74. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION or THK HARKSOI BKUCKA AN i IDY>ENTKRICA
Lam., AND BRUCEA SI'MATRANA. lioxb.
75. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF GRINDKLIA — Part II
76. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF Liri'iA SCAHKKRIMA, Sumler (" Beukuss
Boss")
77. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ROOT AND LEAVES OF MORINPA
LONOIFLORA
7S. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF NUTMKil
79. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION 01 Mi< ROMEKIA CHAMISSONIS Ycrh,/
BHCIKI)
80. THE CONSTITUTION ot I'MHELLULONK — Part III
81. THE CONSTITUENTS OF OLIVE LEAVES
82. THE CONSTITUENTS OF OLIVE BARK
83. CHKMICAI, EXAMINATION OF II-OMCFA I-UKI-UREA
84. THE CHARACTERS OF OFFICIAL IRON ARSKNATK
85. PREPARATION OF A SOLUHI.E FERRIC ARSENATE
86. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE EXPRESSED On. OF NUTMEU
87. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION 01 NUTMEI;
88. SOME OBSERVATIONS RECiARI>IN<; " Ol.FUROPKIN " FR'iM OLIVE
I, RAVES
89. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF KRIODK TYON— Part II
1)0. THE CONSTITUENTS OF THE HARK OF PRUNUS SK.RoTINA
C'< > i AKSINI
C|5. OlK.MU Al. I-XAMINATU'M OK K I . A I I K ! I \I ASH 1111 (HAKAI ll-l:> nl
Hi \TI-.kMN
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99. S\ MIII-.SI-.* IN TIIK Kl'INI 1'IIHINI Si KII S
1(10. ClII'.MK'AI. I.XAMINAI10S 01- JAI.AI'
IDI. Till. ( OSSII ll'I.S 1 -. 01 Kl'MI-X Kl M.OSIASI >
loj. Till-. I ONSTITl'1-.STS 01 Col. o( YS I ||
id). 'I'm. i ossTiTii NTS or UI:D C'I.O\IK I-'i.oui us
[(14. ClH Mil AI. I- XAMINA'l ION 01 1'l'MI'KlN Si 111
105. Cm- MUM. i \\MINATION 01 WATI-HMIION Slip
Kid. (.'ill Mil Al. I \AMIN.\IION o I { ) K SI T HIM . A I 1 M 'lH\K-~onils
107. Tin. i oxvrm IN i s oi nil. MOUIKSOI- TKIMII.II M IM \USMIM
ION. Tm-: i ossi i n i- N i s oi IMI-. i i A\ K> oi- PKIM^ SK.HOIINA
109. SVNIIIFMS OK ColAKSIM
lln. Nil IK ON Ci\ SO( 'AKDINF AM' GNNo(ARHASK
III. ClIKMII A I. I \.\MISATION ol 11(1 II III KOI ^ Koii'f ol Il'o\|.]\
HCIK-I M.i.i i
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IlS. SVNIIIKM^ IN IMF. Kl'IM- IMIKINK S|.KIIS I'LTt II.
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Till IK S M.T>
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i;i. Tin-: ciiNsrii i KN i ^ HI im KM I/OMK oi IKI- \ i K-.K oi OK
IJ^. ClIKMK Al (• XVMINA1 ION OI TIIK KO.l ol I . \ SIO SI I'll" N Mlls^
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i:;. TIIK OKIKNIAIIOS oi IHI Ni i IM <,R,U r IN NITHOMYHI^ i u is i.
Ai ID
124. .l-/1- Ih 1>KO\\ -r-I-MK 1 ll>i\\ IHI-SVI \\IISI . ANP IMK KFSOI.I 1!<>N'1
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lij. Till-: t'ONM ITt I NTS HI \\11IIVSI\--.\1N11IKA
1ST
THH WE LI. co. VIE
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
LABORATORIES
H. H. IJALH, M.A.. M.U.
B k o < K \\ n i 1 1 A i i . H i k NI- 1 1 i i i . 1. 1 . s [> ( . N , t s r,
AWARDS
CONFERRED UPON THE
WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
LABORATORI ES
AT INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS
ST. LOUIS ONE GRAND PRIZE
1904 ONE GOLD MEDAL
LI EGE
1905
ONE GRAND PRIZE
TWO GOLD MEDALS
MILAN
1906
ONE GRAND PRIZE
LONDON
' Franco-British)
1903
LONDON
i Japan-British
1910
BRUSSELS
1910
TWO GRAND PRIZES
ONE GRAND PRIZE
THREE GRAND PRIZES
ONE DIPLOMA OF HONOUR
F O K
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND PREPARATIONS
ETC . . E T ' .
THE WELLCOME
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
THE activities of the Wellcome Physiological Research
Laboratories cover a wide field of therapeutic investiga-
tion. The production of Anti-Sera and of bacterial
preparations for therapeutic inoculation, and the researches
in bacteriology and the mechanism of immunity necessitated
by the progressive development of this comparatively new
department of therapeutics, have been carried on side by
side with investigations into the mode of action and the
nature of the active principles of drugs of animal and
vegetable origin, and the production by synthesis of sub-
stances identical with, or related to, the naturally-occurring
principles, in chemical structure and pharmacological action.
Incidental to this pharmacological work has been the
development of methods for controlling and standardising,
by physiological means, the activity of potent drugs to
which chemical methods of assay are not applicable.
ANTI-SERA
A large series of Anti-Sera is now available for thera-
peutic use, and many have been first produced in these
Pioneer Laboratories. They may be classified into Antitoxic Sera,
set um therapy possessing the power of neutralising the soluble toxins
produced in artificial culture by certain organisms, or
elaborated in the poison glands of animals ; and Bactericidal
Sera which are obtained by immunising horses against the
actual bacterial substance of such pathogenic organisms
as do not form soluble toxins. Early representatives of
the two classes were Diphtheria Antitoxic Serum and
Anti-streptococcus Serum, and these have maintained
their position as the most widely and successfully used
sera of their respective classes. These Laboratories were
pioneers in the production of these sera in the British
Empire, and produced the first Anti-Diphtheria Serum
used in the United States of America.
WKI-I.COMK PHYSIOLOGICAL KKSKAKCH LABORATORIES
DIPHTHERIA ANTITOXIC SERUM, 'WELLCOME'
Since the foundation of the Wellcome Physiological
Research Laboratories, a number of pamphlets, leaflets
and reports dealing with therapeutic sera have been issued
in connection therewith.
In the early editions, the origin, history and develop-
ment of serum therapy were given, as well as an
explanation of the meaning of the expression "antitoxin Antitoxin
unit
unit. It is scarcely necessary to repeat that the antitoxin
unit adopted at the Wellcome Physiological Research
Laboratories is the Ehrlich-Behring unit. It is not
intended in these notes to take into view any of these
aspects, but merely to bring up to date and present, in a
succinct form, the progress of the treatment and the results
obtained by means of it in more recent years. Diphtheria
Antitoxic Serum is standardised by Ehrlich's method. In
its earlier form the unit was based upon the power of
completely neutralising the local as well as the general
effects of the minimum dose of a given specimen of
diphtheria toxin which surfaced to kill, in 48 hours, a
guinea pig weighing 250 grammes. The quantity which
just sufficed for this was said to contain one-tenth of
a unit. Thus, if croi c.c. just completely protected, the
scrum was said to contain 10 units per c.c.
Samples of serum, carefully standardised by this method
in the early days of its introduction, having been pre-
served, it soon became known that one-tenth of a unit of Toxoids
serum would not protect against ten times the minimal '" llltcreru;tr\ 1?. HKU
REPRODUCTIONS IN ACTUAL COLOURS OF PKKTAKATION:
STAIN HO WITH 'Soi.oin MICROSCOPIC STAINS
REPRODUCTIONS IN ACTUAL COLOURS OF PREPARATION:
STAINED WITH 'SOLOID MICROSCOPK STAINS
' M agnificaiinn WOO diamettrs*
\VK!.I.< n\H I'HYMul.llCilrAI. HI >l Aid H I.AIIDKATDKIKS
antitoxin given and the frequency of eruption was noted,
but in one case, where antitoxins from two different sources Diffeieilt
were injected at the same time, two separate antitoxin rashes antitoxin
were observed : the first occurring ten days, and the second
fourteen days, after the giving of the antitoxins. No special
sources of antitoxin were found to cause a preponderating
number of eruptions, and the eruptions occurred through-
out the two years I was working with diphtheria.
"Skin eruptions appeared in about a fourth of the
cases. The period of onset was usually during the second
week after the giving of the- antitoxin The eruption met
with was not so peculiar as to be pathognomonic, but was
sufficiently marked, especially in relation to the general
symptoms, as to constitute a distinct type.
"There may be a little desquamation after severe and
prolonged erythemata, but there is rarely any confusion
between true scarlet fever occurring in the course of
diphtheria and eruptions produced by antitoxin.
"The general symptoms, beyond a rise of temperature
of some 5 !•". and its accompanying malaise, are not
marked. I'ains in the joints have been frequently described,
but were not observed in one of these 500 cases. This result
may ha\e been due to the cases being chiefly among R'1*- »'
children. The onlv marked case in which pain \\as present
was that of a girl of I j, who had trontal headache and
lumbar pain extending down the thighs She had a
marginatr rrvthematous eruption, and the temperature
rose to loi !•'
" Transient early ervthematou^ blu^he-.and al->o urticaria.
often occur soon after the injection ol antitoxin, but these
may be generally considered to be ol traumatic origin, and
not to be related to any specihc property of the antitoxin
The area of skin, before injection, was sterilised with soap
and carbolic lotion, and the injection syringe was boiled
before each injection. No abscess at the scat of injection
occurred.
" The occurrence ot an antitoxin eruption during the
course of a case of diphtheria did not appear to influence the
WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
prognosis seriously, though it cannot but be held that any
febrile disturbance of the heart would tend to have a
harmful effect. No case, however, \vas observed where
fatal heart-failure was precipitated by the occurrence of
an antitoxin eruption."
A long experience of reports received at the Wellcome
Physiological Research Laboratories, leads to the con-
clusion that idiosyncrasy of the patient is more responsible
for the varying severity of the eruption and other symptoms
attributable to serum than the use of serum from different
horses.
Several observers have found the administration of calcium
salts efficacious in preventing or dispelling serum-rashes.
An interesting light has in recent years been thrown on
the susceptibility of some patients to the toxic action of
serum, by the observation that the injection of a small
quantity of horse-serum into an animal, renders it liable to
fatal intoxication by a large dose given upwards of ten days
later. Goodall * has shown that an injection of serum may
render a patient liable to severe constitutional effects when
another injection is given even two years later ; and inter-
esting cases are on record in which patients have had
progressively more severe symptoms as a result of three or
more successive injections of serum separated by intervals
of years. It must be borne in mind, however, that cases
of natural abnormal susceptibility to other substances are
not uncommon. Eggs, strawberries, shell-fish, etc., produce
in certain individuals, when taken in comparatively minute
quantities, symptoms very similar to the serum rashes.
The administration of the large doses of diphtheria
antitoxin, which most authorities now advocate, is much
facilitated by reducing the volume containing the requisite
number of units. Formerly this was only made possible by
the chance discovery of a horse which responded well to the
immunising injections and yielded a natural serum of high
potency. During the last few years, however, methods of
* Journal of Hygiene, 1907
200
WKI.I.tOMK PHYSIOLOGICAL KKSKARCH LABORATOKIES
separation of the antitoxin by salt-precipitation have been
developed, which render it possible to get high unit value in
small volume and at the same time to eliminate those
proteins of the serum which, though they have no antitoxic
value, are at least equally responsible with the antitoxin-
bearing fraction for the incidental toxic symptoms which
serum produces in susceptible patients. Such concentrated
solutions of the antitoxic globulins have been reported in
practice to cause a smaller percentage of rashes and other
symptoms, and those of a milder type, than are produced
by equivalent injections of untreated serum.
1 Wellcome ' Brand Concentrated Diphtheria Antitoxin is
prepared by such a method of salt-precipitation and fracticn-
ation the final product containing 1000 antitoxic units in
i c.c. or less.
A N T I V II N H N H
This scrum continues to maintain its claim to be a trust-
worthy remedy for snake-bite, if injected in large quantity,
not later than three or (Our hours after the bite. A case micctun
reported in the J.ancit of January 5, i<)oi. illustrates the
efficiency of Iresh antivenom serum, even alter the appear-
ance of general symptoms, and in the absence of any local
treatment except sucking the wound. The serum was
injected into each rlank, about 3^ hours after the bite.
'Wellcome' Brand Anti-venom Serum is standardised
against the venom of the cobra and Russell viper (Daboia),
and is the result of immunising horses against these venoms.
The surgical treatment of snake-bite is very important, anil
depends upon the fact that "it is possible, after even half an Sur({icai
hour or more from the time of the bite, a considerable treatment
portion of the venom may still be unabsorbed at the site of
the injection, and so may still be destroyed" by suitable
means.*
The first thing to do in every case where the position of
the bite makes it possible, is to place a ligature (rope, cord
•Lancet. I-Yl>niary 6. 1'KU. /•,!£, .i?s
\VKI.I.OOME PHYSIOLOGICAL KKSKAKCH I.AIIOK ATOKIKS
or handkerchief) round the limb between the wound made
by the fangs of the snake and the body, and wash the
wound thoroughly, encouraging it to bleed.
The wound should then at once be bathed with a fresh
solution of chloride of lime (1/60 in distilled water), or with
a i per cent, solution of chloride of gold, with the object of
destroying in sifn any venom which may remain unabsorbed
(Calmette, Institut Pasteur de Lille).
Or a small incision may be made through the wound,
and pure crystals of permanganate of potassium, moistened
with a little water, rubbed into it. (Captain L. Rogers,
I. M. S., quoting Brunton, Fayrer and others.*')
The successful carrying-out of either of these procedures
depends upon an intelligent appreciation of the exact
position of the poison, which may be indicated by a local
extravasation of blood-stained serum.
The following important considerations should be
specially noted : —
In severe cases, and in others where some time (two or
three hours) has elapsed after the bite, the serum should, if
possible, be injected intravenously.
The dose should not be less than 10 c.c., whether injected
subcutaneously or intravenously. The snake-bite should be
very carefully cleansed and disinfected before injecting the
serum.
" Artificial respiration may ... be of great value while
medical aid or antivenene is being sent for. . . ." |
A N T I - T E T A N U S SERUM
This serum, like anti-diphtheria serum, is antitoxic in its
action. Although it may be stated that some cases of this
disease have been distinctly benefited by its administration,
in many others the serurn lias failed. A consideration of
the nature of the disease shows why this is so, and why,
even more than in diphtheria, it is necessary to commence
the treatment at (lie earliest possible moment.
* Lancet, February f>. 1904, page 354. i Lancet, February 6. 190 1.
page 35_'.
Tetanus is a disease caused by the action of the toxin of
the bacillus tetani upon the central nervous system ; the
toxin, as in the case of diphtheria, beins,' produced in some
local lesion, the seat of the growth and multiplication
of the specific organisms. In tetanus, the toxin makes its
way to the motor ^an^lion cells, partly by way of the
nerves in connection with the affected part, and partly by
way of the blood.
Unfortunately, the convulsive sta;,'e of tetanus is an
indication not ot the commencement of the disease, as
is the appearance of a membrane in diphtheria, but of a
comparatively advanced sta^e of the disease, and of the
occurrence of serious d linage to the nervous system. The
remedy should therefore be administered immediately on
the manifestation of any distinct symptoms, possibly tetanic,
such as difficulty in opening the mouth, stiffness in the neck, symPtomso1
or the onset, some days alter the accident and without
obvious cause, of an acute pain at the point of injury : and
in view of the fact that the tetanus bacillus is localised
and restricted to the seat of infection, attention is called
to the advantage, in cases of punctured wounds, of excising
freely and thoroughly the tissues around. The curative dose
ol anti-tetanus serum may vary Irom 50 c.c. to 100 c.c., in
one dose or more. but. as a prophylactic in the treatment
ol wounds contaminated with dust, dirt, soil, etc., a smaller
dose ol 10 c.c. is said to be sufficient This protection,
however, does not persist longer than five or si\ weeks. It
should be remembered, in considering doses, that it is »<>••<• of tin-
impossible at present to state definitely the quantity of
serum necessary to meet a .yiven case, for so much depends
on the seventy of the attack, and the statue at which
treatment is be^uii. It is, therefore, better to ."ive a lar^e
dose at the commencement. The old medicinal treatment
should not be neglected.
I he records of <)S cases treated bv serum weie collected
by Weischer.* ( )l these. .) t died, the mortality per cent
thus bein^ .)lS
WELI.COMK PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
The serum has been injected directly into the substance
of the brain with success, and it has been claimed that this
method gives the best results. A full account of this, giving
details of the operation, may be found in the medical
papers.*
Whilst, as a curative agent, the serum has thus proved
a relative failure, it has proved a most valuable prophy-
lactic in the case of wounds infected with soil in districts
where tetanus abounds.
BACTERICIDAL SERA
Anti-streptococcus Serum. — The disappointing results
which were obtained in many cases in the early days of
the preparation of anti-streptococcus serum were doubtless
due in part to the absence, at the time, of any adequate
classification of the streptococci, with the result that a
serum prepared against one strain of streptococcus was tried
for a wide range of different infections, which would now be
recognised as due to specifically distinct organisms.
Polyvalent Anti-streptococcus Sera. — A prolonged and
serious attempt has been made in conjunction with clinical
observation and laboratory tests to obtain specific polyvalent
anti-streptococcus sera. Cultures were obtained from as
many cases as possible of a particular disease, taken from
such situations and under such precautions as to make
it probable that the organisms were causally associated
with the disease. The following are details of the
origin of the organisms used in producing some of the
'Wellcome' Sera: —
Anti-streptococcus Serum (Puerperal Fever). — Cultures
from 26 cases, mostly fatal, obtained from the uterus or the
spleen.
Anti-streptococcus Serum (Erysipelas).— Cultures from
3 cases.
Anti-streptococcus Serum (Scarlet Fever). — Cultures
from 9 cases, several of which were fatal, obtained from
the blood, the spleen and the knee-joint.
• firitish Medical Journal, January 7, 1899
204
\VKI.I. (OMK PHYSIOLOGICAL KKSKARCH LABORATORIES
Anti-streptococcus Serum, Rheumatism (Micrococcus
Rheumaticus).— Cultures from 6 cases, obtained from the
knee- or shoulder-joint.
Anti-streptococcus Serum, Polyvalent. — The horses are
immunised against all the strains mentioned above, and, in
addition, with strains obtained from 2 cases of Angina
Ludovici and 6 cases of Ulcerative Endocarditis (from blood
cultures obtained during life), and with 10 strains of
Streptococcus Pyogenes from Pyaemia, Mammary Abscess,
Acute Peritonitis, Suppurative Arthritis, etc.
This serum has found more extended application than
any of those prepared from organisms associated with a
particular clinical picture, and the recorded cases in
which its use has been attended with beneficial results are
now too numerous to leave much room for doubt of its
efficacy in streptococcal infections.
A point to be specially borne in mind is that all cases of
puerperal fever, spreading inflammation of the skin or
subcutaneous tissues, are not necessarily associated with the
presence of actively growing streptococci. They may be due Scptica?mi,
to some quite different organism, and so would not be due to var
,.-.,... f ,„ , micro-orgfl
benefited by injections of anti-streptococcus serum rhe
importance of ascertaining by bacteriological tests the kind
of organism at work in all such cases is thus manifest.
Other anti-bacterial sera which have been prepared at
the Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories arc :
Anti-coli Serum. In the preparation of this, 20 strains
of Hacillns «>// are used, obtained mostly from the
peritoneum in fatal peritonitis and the uterus in puerperal
fever due to B. coli.
Anti-staphylococcus Serum. This is also a polyvalent
serum, cultures of staphylococcus albus. aureus, citreus and
h.T'morrhagicus, 15 in all, and all obtained from pus, being
used in its preparation.
Anti-dysentery Serum.- Prepared by injecting killed
cultures of Shiga's, Flexner's and Kruse's bacilli, (> strains
in all being used.
WK1.I.COMK I'HVSIOLOGICAI. RESKARCH LAIIORATORIKS
Anti-gonococcus Serum. — This is prepared from strains
obtained from ureihritis and gonorrhoeal conjunctivitis,
and is described as having given good results in the acute
stage of the disease.
Anti-meningococcus Serum. — Four strains of llu:
diplococcus of Weichselbaum are used.
BACTERIAL VACCINES
While it seems clear that, even with the methods of
preparation which have as yet been fully tried, the anti-
bacterial sera have a certain value, it cannot be denied that
Phagocyte they have not, in the same degree as the antitoxic sera,
activity fulfilled the early hopes of their efficacy. Meanwhile, the
technique for estimating phagocytic activity introduced by
Leishman, and its application and development at the hands
of Wright and others, has given a noteworthy impetus to the
method of actively immunising the patient against t he-
organism attacking him, by injection of very small doses of
a killed culture of the same organism. The new method
of controlling the effect of an injection, by determination
of the " opsonic index," has not only given a stimulus to
The opsonic the extensive use of vaccination with killed cultures in
various chronic suppurations and localised inflammations ;
it has also, to a remarkable extent, reinstated in the
confidence of the medical world the tuberculin (T. R.)
of Koch, which had been brought into discredit by the
unfavourable results of its early application, in doses which,
as the new methods of control indicate, were much too
large for safety or benefit. While Wright's opsonic method
has undoubtedly been largely responsible for the revival of
interest in specific inoculation and the widening of its scope,
its complicated and specialised technique has probably had
a deterrent effect on the spread of the method in general
practice. At present there is a perceptible tendency to
doubt the need for the elaborate and difficult opsonic
determination, and its adequacy as a control. If this
\VKI.I.rOMK PHYSIOLOGICAL KKSKAKCH LABORATORIES
movement continues in the direction of reliance on
constitutional indications or a more simple phagocytic
determination, it will undoubtedly lead to a wider use
of these so-called bacterial vaccines.
Vaccines are usually prepared by suspending in saline
solution organisms grown on nutrient agar or some such
solid medium, and killing them by heat. They are standard-
ised according to the number of micro-organisms present in
i c.c. The counting may be done by the absolute method,
i.e. direct counting of a known dilution in a Thoma-Zeiss Metllods of
standardisation
apparatus by a method similar to that employed in enumera-
tion of red blood corpuscles. This is a tedious process, and
it is more usual to employ Wright's or Harrison's method
Wright's method is to mix the vaccine with fresh blood in
kno\\n proportion, make a film of the mixture, stain and
then compare the total number of red corpuscles in a large
number of fields with the number of organisms in the
same fields. If the number of red blood corpuscles per
cubic mm , the proportion by volume of blood and vaccine,
and the ratio of the counts are known, it is a matter of
simple calculation to determine the number of organisms
present per c.c. of vaccine. The objection to this method
is that many organisms may be dissolved by the bacterio-
lysins of the blood plasma. To overcome this difficulty,
Harrison washes the blood corpuscles by several centrifugal-
isations with titrated saline to remove all the blood fluids.
determines, bv a Thoma-Zeiss count, (he number ot tells
Counting
present in the suspension of red corpuscles in saline, and ,,„, hlood
then proceeds as in Wright's method It is of considerable e is from 20-50 million organisms, and it may
be administered at intervals of from one to throe weeks,
according to the reaction produced.
Bacillus Coli Vaccine
Containing the Bacillus coli coniinnnis.
This vaccine may be used in all forms of coli infection of
the bladder, ureters, kidneys ami peritoneum : in mucous
colitis, and in coli infection of the uterus and gall bladder.
The initial dose is 5-15 million organisms, which may be
repeated, or increased, according to the reaction produced,
from 2 to 10 days later.
Pneumococcus Vaccine
Containing various strains of the Diplococctis pnen>n,>n:,c
( \\',-iiliselban>ii i.
This vaccine is used in pneumococcic infections of all
kinds, pneumonia, empvrma, pericarditis, endocarditis,
septic.-rmia, meningitis and pneumococcic infections of j< >mt^.
The usual dose is 10 50 million organisms, which may he
repeated, according to the reaction produced, every 36 or .p
hours.
Acne Vaccines
Recent research has shown that acne is primarily due to
infection by a micro-organism known as the Acne Bacillus
In the early stage, when the eruption is papular in character,
a bacteriological examination of the comedones or "black-
heads" shows a pure acne bacillus infection. Later on.
infection by the staphvlococcus occurs. gi\ ing rise to the
acne pustule.
Reaction to mallein of a healthy horse immunised against
Diphtheria toxin. The horse was subsequently killed
and the absence of glanders continued by post-mortem
examination
Tern,,.
Al
time of
After
9
After
12
After
'5
After
18
Aftt-r
2nd
3rd 4tli
"t'i'.m
Q I
— O—
1
104
l
/
|!
1
,'
--1 4
100
-£-
—
,
.5 T
^
_5__|-
99
Temperature
9T8
11.4'J
l< 4-2
•04-0
,,4, |
M3C
•
Swelling
sharply
defined
In-
iil(?
rapidly
Very
larye
Reaction to mnllcinof a filanderecl horse
•210
A vaccine is chosen lor treatment, therefore, in accord-
ance with the stage and nature of the infection.
Acne Bacillus Vaccine
This is intended for the treatment of the papular form of
acne. In this form comedones are abundant, but suppu-
ration has not yet occurred. There is no febrile reaction
after the injection of this vaccine, but if the dose be
excessive, a prolonged negative phase results, in which a
fresh crop of acne papules appears. However, these
papules disappear by subsequent injections.
Acne Vaccine, Mixed
This is for use in ordinary cases of arm-, usually
characterised by the presence of comedones and pustules.
A bacteriological examination of such cases shows a
mixed infection by the acne bacillus and the staphylococcus
(aurens, albns or citrciis}.
DOSK. The initial dose is 4 or 5 million acne bacilli
with or without staphvlococci, according to the nature of
the case. Subsequent dosage is regulated by the local
effect. Larger doses than 10 million acne bacilli can rarely
be tolerated.
In the pustular and liiruncular forms of acne without
comedones, Staphylococcus Vaccine, Mixed, is used
Tubercle Vaccine (Human or Bovine)
An emulsion of killed tubercle bacilli of human or bovine
origin.
Treatment should commence with a dose of I r c. of
emulsion containing o oooi ingm. dried tubercle bacilli,
increasing to 00005 mgm.. or even more, according to the
indications of the opsouic index, or the clinical symptoms.
MAM. li IN AND 11 lUiRCl'l. IN
Mallein is a bacterial liltrate used in the diagnosis
of glanders. It is prepared trom cultures ot the organism
causing glanders (llttcillns niallih \\hich have been grown
for about six weeks on bouillon containing glycerin, sterilised
by heat and filtered A small quantity ol some antiseptic.
WELLCOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
such as phenol, is added as a preservative. When injected
under the skin of a normal horse, mallein produces little
or no apparent effect, but, should the horse be suffering from
glanders, a large swelling forms at the seat of injection, and
this is usually accompanied by a rise in the temperature of
the animal.
Recent investigation at these Laboratories* has shown that
many non-glandered horses, if they have been immunised
against other bacterial products, give a reaction to mallein
in some ways similar to that given by glandered animals.
The size of the swelling produced in such cases appears
to depend on the degree of immunity. Thus, in the case
of a group of horses injected with diphtheria toxin, 6 of
which were highly immune, all gave large local reactions ;
out of 7 moderately immune, 4 gave large swellings ; and
glandered '" 4 horses in which the serum had a low antitoxic value,
horses only small mallein reactions were produced. The local
swelling obtained in such healthy, immune horses differs
very markedly from that given by the glandered animal in
its rapid disappearance. Similarly, when a rise of tempera-
ture is produced by mallein in a healthy horse immunised
against other bacterial products, this is smaller, attains
its maximum more rapidly, and is far less persistent than
the febrile reaction to mallein of a horse suffering from
glanders. These differences are illustrated in the charts
on page 210.
Similar results were obtained upon immune horses with
tuberculin and several other bacterial products, such as
those obtained from Streptococcus, Bacillus coli coniinnnis.
Bacillus typhosits.
Tuberculin ("Old" Tuberculin). — Tuberculin for
veterinary diagnostic use is prepared from bacillus tuber-
culosis by a method similar to that used in the production
Diagnosis of ,, . , , •,, ,, • ,. , ,• • c \
tubeicuiosis of mallein from bacillus mallei. For the diagnosis ol tuber-
culosis in cattle, the temperature reaction is of much
greater importance than the local effect of the injection.
A rise in temperature of 2-5° I-". within 12 to 15 hours of
* Sihhnersen and Glenny, Journal of Hygiene, 1908
212
WKLLCOMK PHYSIOLOGICAL KK^KARCH LA HORATOKIKS
injection is usually considered sufficient to warrant the
condemnation of an animal.
Ophthalmo-Tuberculin Reaction. — The reaction is
produced by purified tuberculin obtained by the alcoholic
precipitation of ordinary tuberculin. If a small quantity
of the precipitate, dissolved in water, be applied to the P""*"*1
. , . . . tuberculn
surface of the conjunctiva, a marked reaction results in the
case of tuberculous individuals. Cases have been reported
where some inconvenience due to persistence of inflammation
lias arisen as a consequence of the application to the
eye. Cases have also been reported in which reactions have
been obtained in non-tuberculous subjects.
Other modifications are the reaction of von I'irquet, in
which the "old'' tuberculin, applied to lightly scarified
areas of skin, produces, in a large proportion of tuberculous
subjects, inflamed papules persisting for some days, and
Moro's modification, in which an ointment containing
tuberculin is rubbed on the skin, with a similar result.
THE SERUM DIAGNOSIS OF TYPHOID l: II V E R
A series of investigations, made in different countries,
has brought to light the fact that the serum of an animal
rendered highly immune to the typhoid bacillus has a
marked action upon the organisms, causing them to lose
their motility. and to become collected together into little
masses, which rapidly sink to the bottom of the tube
containing the mixture of serum and culture.
Following this, the fact that the serum of patients
suffering from typhoid fever usually gives a reaction with
cultures of the typhoid bacillus, similar to, though less
marked than, that given by the serum of animals immunised Typhoid
by the bacillus, has Iteen confirmed by a host of observers
This affords evidence of great weight that the bacillus !•%
really the cause of typhoid fever, and it also affords a
valuable method of diagnosis.
In the serum of those suffering from typhoid fever, the
reaction is said to have been observed as earlv as the fourth
MMi CH2-CH._,-
isoiated NH2). It has been recognised now for some years, having
at w. P. R. L. been first pointed out by Abelous and his associates, that
extracts of putrefied meat contain substances which, when
injected into the circulation, produce an effect on the blood-
pressure reminiscent of that produced by supra -renal
extracts. The same phenomenon was encountered by Dixon
and Taylor, who found that certain extracts of human
placenta caused a rise of blood-pressure and contraction of
the uterus, it being subsequently demonstrated by Rosen-
heim that a certain amount of putrefaction of the placenta
was necessary for the development of this activity. The
substances concerned in this action have recently been
isolated at the Wellcome Physiological Research Labora-
tories, and identified as /so-amylamine, phenylethylamine,
and ^>-hydroxyphenylethylamine.* The action of these
substances has been found to be similar in most respects
to that of the supra-renal active principle, but weaker and
more prolonged.!
Of the three, />-hydroxyphenylethylamine is much the most
•Tyramine' the active, being also the most nearly related in chemical
most active structure to the supra-renal principle. Its relatively weak
and prolonged action, as compared with the latter, enables
it to be absorbed from the alimentary canal or the sub-
cutaneous tissues, so that its general constitutional effects,
rise of blood-pressure, increased vigour of the heart's action,
and contraction of the uterus, can be produced by
administering it by the mouth or hypodermically. The
study of this substance has recently gained greatly in interest
by the discovery that it is present in watery extracts of
* Harrier and VValpole. Journal of ]'hyswl<>xy, xxxviii.'p. .W. I'lOO.
t Dale ami Daon, Journal of Physiology, xxxix, p. _'5. 1'Xl'i.
WKI.I.COMK I'llYMol .111, ll \l. KKM-.AKC II I. AHOKATOK 1 1 >
ergot, and is chiefly responsible tor the well-known effects
of such extracts on the blood-pressure and the uterus.*
Several methods of preparing this base synthetically have
been worked out at the Wellcome Physiological Research
Laboratories ' and it will probably find wide therapeutic use.
Another aniine derived from an amino-acid by splitting off
carbon dioxide is M-iminazolylethylamine, which can be
obtained from histidine by the action of certain putrefactive
bacteria (Ackermann) or by chemical agents.
This base has an action of quite a different type, being a
very potent stimulant ot plain muscle, conspicuously of
uterine muscle, irrespective of innervation. In carnivora.
however, it causes a large fall of systemic pressure by
arterial dilatation, its action in this and other respects being
markedly similar to that of various depressor organ extracts
of certain commercial preparations of " peptone " (Dale and
Laidlow). Harger and l>ale identified as this base the
constituent of ergot extracts chiefly concerned in the
very powerful action on the isolated uterus described by
Kebrer.
f: R(i OTOX 1 N I. AND 'I: KM 'TIN1
Many substances which have in the past been described
as active principles ot ergot, and which undoubtedly showed
physiological activity, have not possessed the characteristics Aniv
ot pure chemical substances Such were the sphacelinic £""rc
acid and cornutin of Kobert, and the chrysotoxin, secalin-
to\m, and sphacelotoxin of Jacobj. On the other hand,
the alkaloid which Tanret isolated in an undoubtedly pure
and crystalline form, and named " eigotinine," was found by
several observers to possess practically no pharmacological ni(.
action, although there was some clinical evidence ot its aikai
activity. Kecent work in the Wellcome Physiological
Research Laboratories! has cleared up this anomaly by
' Bawr and I >alc. y,>ini;,i/ ,o<>.
iOale, _/<>«;•»!. <>/ I'hysio!- xxxiv. p. K,.i, l ; Har.m-r and I'arr, ,/OUMI.
Clifiii. .Sci., xci. p. .vi 7. 1'XC: Harder and H.ilr. !lw-('hiin. J.nirn. ii.
p. JIO. l«H>r.
'.'lit
s*
-ft.
:
Un.tlOMi: I'HYMOUK.K At. RKSKAKCH LABORATORIES
demonstrating the presence in ergot of the alkaloid
ergotoxine, which is closely related chemically to ergotinine,
being a hydrate of the latter and easily produced from it,
but differing from it in being intensely active physiologically.
Subsequent investigations have shown that ergotoxine
has acid as well as basic properties. Unlike ergotinine,
therefore, it is soluble in dilate alkali, and also forms
organic esters, of which the ethyl- and methyl-esters have
been prepared.
These facts throw further light on the occurrence
( f ergotoxine as the true active constituent of various
preparations both of basic and acidic nature \\hich
have, from time to time, been described as "active
principles" of ergot. Ergotoxine, though itself amorphous,
forms crystalline salts, and has accordingly been prepared
in a chemically pure condition. Its physiological action is
characteristic, consisting ot a stimulant action on plain
muscular organs, and in particular on the arteries and
the uterus. When a large dose is given, a secondary
paralytic ctlect on the motor functions of the true sympathetic
nervous system is produced. As a result, the injection of
'Hemisme,' or stimuli applied to the sympathetic nerves
concerned, now cause a tall ol blood-pressure and relaxation
ot the uterus in place of the previous rise of pressure and
contraction. This secondary ai tion atlon's a convenient
means of recognising the presence ot the active alkaloid,
and estimating the (jiiautitv present m anv specimen or
preparation ot ergot. This physiological method of assav
is the more valuable in that no satisfactory chemical methc d
is yet available tor estimating ergotoxine.
While ergotoxine is tin- only active principle identified a^
specific and peculiar to ergot, it does not account lor the
whole of the activity of all ergot preparations. It was
pointed out by I larger and I>ale, in i-hydroxyphenyl-
ethylamine ; and (2) an intense stimulating action on the
plain muscle of the uterus, independent of its reaction to
ner\e impulses: this lias been traced to the presence ol
rt-iminazolylethvlamine (P>argerand Dale). It is quite in
accord with what might be expected on theoretical grounds,
that the ferments of a fungus like ergot should, equally ,.-01,uen,s ,11U
with putrefactive bacteria, have the power of producing putrefactive
these bases from the ammo-acids, derived, in this
instance, from the proteins of the rye-grain. The presence
of varying amounts of /> hydroxv phenylethylamine, together
with small amounts of ergotoxine, accounts tor the whole of
that action of ergot extracts on the blood-pressure, which
has been widely recommended as a basis of standardisation
' Krnutin ' is a fluid preparation which contain--
these active principles of ergot in a definite and uniform
proportion, unmixed with depressant and harmful
impurities
I'll YS 10 l.( ><• I (. A I SI A M> A Rl> I S A I I ON
No insistence is needed on the desirability ol a uniform
standard of activity in all drugs, and especially in such
as contain principles of a highly active and toxic nature
In the case ol some, such as cinchona or belladonna, such
a standardisation is easily carried out by chemical means
There are, however, other drugs in which the active
principles are of such a nature that attempts at chemical
estimation are only misleading, oven though the active
principles aie recognised and something Known i>l then
chemical nature Typical instances of such drugs an-
those of the group including digitalis, siroplianthns and
squill. In the case of digitalis, research in these I .aboratm ies'
has shown the futility of the chemical methods suggested
and the adequacy of an estimation based on th:- etlect ol
WKI.LCOMK PHYSIOLOGICAL KKSKAKCH I.ABORATORIKS
the drug on the frog's heart. The conclusions readied
apply, with little modification, to strophanthus and squill,
and preparations of all these drugs are now standardised by
this method in these Laboratories.
Cannabis indica is a notoriously variable drug, but, by
observing the nervous symptoms produced by a given dose
in a dog or cat, a fair estimate of the activity of any
specimen can be made.
Ergot is another drug in which the amount of the active
The active principles varies to a very marked degree. The isolation of
'ergot' 6 ergotoxine and the other active principles, and the demon-
stration of the presence of ^-hydroxyphenylethylamine in
ergot extracts, may eventually lead to the development of a
satisfactory chemical method of determining its activity.
Hitherto, however, physiological methods, based on the
action of ergotoxine and of the amines described above,
have proved a far surer guide than any chemical assay.
The purity of a specimen of ' Hemisine ' can be much
more satisfactorily determined by comparison of its activity
to that of a standard specimen than by chemical tests.
The method illustrated, in which the amount of a given
standardisation specimen is determined, which produces a rise of blood-
of 'Hemisine' pressure equal to that given by a given dose of a specially-
prepared pure standard sample, is found in these Laboratories
to be workable to an accuracy of about 5 per cent., and is
used in standardising all supra-renal preparations.
Kymograph tracings are reproduced on pages 220 and 222.
They represent the results of pharmacological research and
some methods of physiological standardisation in use at the
Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories.
DESCRIPTION OF TRACINGS
(i) ' Hemisine.' The lines of tracing, from above down-
wards, are : —
I. Plethysmographic tracing of heart volume.
II. Manometer-record of blood-pressure from the
carotid artery.
III. Signal line, showing time of injection.
WKI.I.CiiMI PHYSIOLOGICAL KKSKAKr H I. Al«)l< ATOKIKS
At H, o'oooi gm. of ' Hemisine ' was injected into the
jugular vein, causing a large rise of blood-pressure, and
quickening and strengthening the heart-heat.
(2) ' Hemisine'
() Effect of ' Hemisine ' on the blood-pressure ol a
decerebrate cat : —
Lines of tracing
(1) Blood-pressure
(2) Signal line marking the point of injection
(3) Time-clock marking every 10 seconds.
(b) Method of standardising ' Hemisine' and other supra-
renal gland preparations. Varying doses of the solu-
tion to be tested are interposed between injections of
0-00002 gm. of the standard specimen of ' Hemisine.'
Effects of standard doses are indicated by a X.
Between the injections the recording drum is moved
back so as to produce partial superposition and
f aci 1 i tate com paris< >n .
(i:) Effect of 'Hemisine' on the isolated heart of a
rabbit, perfused through the coronary circulation
with oxygenated Ringer's solution (Locke's method).
At X o' 00005 Km (>f ' Hemisine' was added to the
perfusion fluid
(j) Effect of 'Hemisine' and ' Ernutin ' on the blood
pressure
() Eftect on the blood-pressure of intravenous injection
of
(A) o1 00005 gm. of ' Hemisine.'
(li) 2 c.c. ' Ernutin. '
(C) 0-00005 K'm ' Hemisine
Showing the rise of blood-pressure and the subsequent
reversal of the effect of ' Hemisine,' due to ergotoxine
in the • Ernutin '
v> s - •-
O _ .H
U'KM.fOMK rHYMllI.or.lCAI. KKSKAUCH I. A HI >K AT OK 1 1 >
DESCRIPTION OF THH W K 1. 1. CO ,\\ I!
PHYSIOLOGICAL RESEARCH LABORATORIES
The original laboratories, established in 1894, were i
enlarged from time to time to meet the requirements ubora
of constantly increasing work, until it was found
necessary to acquire more commodious premises. The new
laboratories were established at Brockwell Hall, Herne
Hill. London (Kng.), in the early part of 1899
Brockwell Hall is an old-fashioned country mansion,
standing in its own grounds. The adaptation of these
premises to the requirements of research work has been
carried out with the greatest care, and no pains or expense
have been spared in rendering their appointments as
complete as possible, so that the Institution's highly-
qualified staff of research workers have full scope for their
energy.
The room shown in the illustration on puge 21 j. is the
principal Bacteriological Laboratory. In this laboratory
Bade i
research is carried on in bacteriology and serum-thera- |OKk-a
politics, injections are made for the standardisation of sera Chemi
prepared in the establishment, and the elaborate series ol
sterility tests is made to which all sera are submitted before
issue. On the other side of the entrance-hall is the principal
Chemical Laboratory (xr«- page 2i6| devoted to research on
the nature of naturally occurring substances of biological
importance, and the synthesis of new compounds likely to
be pharmacologically cind therapeuticallv interesting.
A small Chemical Laboratory, the Secretary's office, a
dark-room for photographic work, and the Library, are
also on the ground floor. The Library is well supplied
with standard works of reference, both chemical and
physiological, and the current scientific literature of both
these subjects, as well as that of bacteriology, is well
represented.
The spacious cellarage contains, in addition to compart-
ments for storage of various materials, a cold chamlier.
9 ft. x 7 It. in floor area, kept constantly below free/ing
point by means of an ammonia free/in;,' installation, and
also an incubating room.
The Physiological Laboratories are situated on the first-
floor of the building. In these rooms physiological and physiological
pharmacological research, and the physiological testing Laboratories
and standardising of various drugs and chemicals are
carried on.
On the same floor are : -
(1) The Directors' Office.
(2) Serum Office. A small room at the head of the
staircase where all the records of procedures connected
with serum production are preserved in perfect order for
daily work and reference.
(3) Serum Concentration Laboratories. A room
paved with cement is fitted with special glass benches for
the manipulation ot serum It ran be flushed all over
with water to tree the air from dust, and, with the door
closed, can be sterilised with formalin. This and the-
adjoining laboratory are used for the processes involved in
the artificial concentration of antitoxin. A special chemical
laboratory is devoted to research in connection with
these processes.
(4) Vaccine Laboratory. A room devoted to the
preparation and standardisation ol bacterial vaccines.
(5) Serum testing room. A room set apart for making
dilutions of diphtheria antitoxic serum and preparation
of injections of mixed diphtheria toxin and serum used in
standardising the latter for issue from the laboratories
(to Burroughs Wellcome & Co.). The standard apparatus
employed is never moved from this room nor used for
any other purpose.
Two special laboratories are devoted to the preparation
of media : one, a small pent-house, occupied entirely in Nlltli,.llt
the production of test-tube media for use in the media
bacteriological laboratory ; the other, a commodious
well-lit outbuilding communicating with the l>oiler-house.
having a floor paved with cement, and the walls enamelled
u
'- ' -• • -
OF THE I N ( lli A I I N (, C H A M H K K S
C O I. 1) S 1 (i K A C. K C H A M II I: R
\VKI.I.CilMK I'HYSIiil.oiiK \l KI-.M-:.\KrH LABOKATOR1KS
in order to facilitate cleaning. Here is made nutrient
broth of various kinds on a large scale, to be used in the
preparation of the various cultures and toxins for use in
the stables. This laboratory is also used for the initial
work upon crude animal material before it is sent to the
chemical laboratory for further elaboration. Between this
room and the boiler-house are two compartments, one for
stores, the other to accommodate the large high -pressure
steriliser which can deal with bottles, containers, etc . of
large size.
The serum, after being obtained in the collection-labora-
tory adjacent to the stables, is taken to a special building
recently erected, where all further processes involved in
separating it and measuring it into phials are now carried
out. The building contains a cleaning-room for all apparatus
used in the manipulations ; a sterilising-room, for the heat- Germ-pi
filters
sterilisation of the same ; and a phial-room, where the phials,
in which the sera and vaccines are issued, are cleaned and
prepared for sterilisation, and subjected to scrutiny after
filling. The rest of this building is completely closed from
the outside air, and ventilated by an ample current supplied
by a large motor fan, placed outside in a special building
The air is passed through :i germ-proof filter before it
enters the main building : the rooms are constructed with-
out angles or corners, rind can be sterilised nightly
with formaldehyde vapour, uhich the sterile, fan-driven
air removes again in a lew minutes This sterile section
includes
(1) A store-room in \\hich the sera and vaccines are
kept, ready to be run into the issuing-phials
(2) Duplicate rooms in which the process of separating
the serum from the clot is carried out One of these
rooms is always lieing sterilised while the other is in use
These rooms open out of the serum store, and can only be
approached through it A small chamber, in \\hich
the serum is mechanically driven through germ-proof
filters into the storage bottles, also opens out of the store-
room
ONK OK THK ROOMS IN UHICH PHIAL s AKI I-'ii. i. KI>
SFKCIAI. I.AMOKAIOKY KOK THK C <> 1. 1. K< TION OF Bi.oon
AND SK I1 A RATIOS OF SKUA
\VKI.I.roMK I'HYSIiil.'
( j) A room in wliich the serum is tilled into phials. This is
approached from the phial-preparing room by means of a
double air-lock. Before entering the room the assistants
must assume sterilised overalls, caps and goloshes, and
sterilise the hands. Into this room the serum passes by tubes
from the store-room, and each phial, as soon as filled, is
passed under a glass screen to another assistant, who
immediately seals the neck at the blow-pipe.
All packing of serum is done in an adjacent, separate
building, built for the purpose, and self-contained in every P*--i o T 1 1 K R A i > i r N c r >
The stables are situated about one hundred yards from
the laboratories They are lofty, well lighted and well
ventilated, and are fitted with every convenience and
contrivance conducive to the well-being of the horses The
walls are of white gla/ed brick and cement, the floor being
paved throughout with the best stable bricks
The old stables and coach-houses of the Hall have been
remodelled in accord with modern views, and are now used
WKI.U OMi: I'HVSIOI.OC.ICAI. KKSKAKCH I.AIIORATOKIKS
for the testing of new horses with mallein and tuberculin
before they are admitted to one of the large stables. Near collection of
by is a special laboratory for the collection of blood and sela
separation of sera This laboratory, like the stables, has
been so built as to permit of the whole room being flushed
with water, so that sera can be manipulated under the
conditions necessary for ensuring sterility.
An entirely new system of drainage for the laboratories,
stables and other premises has been carefully carried out.
The laboratories, stables, outbuildings and grounds are
electrically-lit, and are all in telephonic communication.
The boiler, engine and dynamo necessary for the genera-
tion of the current used in the various motors on the
premises are placed in brick and cement buildings adjoining
the south-west side o! the Hall. Near the boiler is a large
cylindrical steriliser, constructed lor a working pressure
of jo Ib. The sterilisation of all large vessels containing
nutritive media, etc , is effected here, as also of all vessels
which have been used in the laboratories.
The grounds contain a large paddock, and also gardens
for growing vegetables for the animals. A large store pHd<1'
for fodder, with electrically-driven chaff-cutter, has recently
been erected
T 111: ANIMAL 1 1 < > r s K s
A large annual house has been erected, which accommo-
dates all the rodents required for the work of the laboratories.
It contains full provision for the ellicient isolation of animals Kl|i»«-i»
inoculated with living cultures. The heating and ventilation
of this building have been very carefully carried out. with a
view to the health and comfort of the animals
Another range of sheds contains well-drained, comfortable
kennels for dogs, a stable for ijoats. and a steam heated
apartment for rats, communicating \\iih a large open-air
T H I;
K VOLUTION Oi: W HA PONS
i OR THI;
BATTLE OF LIFE
m
A DAI' A
About 6000 ii. < .
Adapa is the earliest known personage directly associated with
medicine. He was the human incarnation of Marduk, the divine Son of
Ea. and was believed to possess the spells of life and death.
" Ha gave him wisdom.
So that his command was like unto the word of God.
To him also he gave deep knowledge :
With the healing s|«-ll of life and the spell of death he was made.'
I Translated from a Baby Ionian Tahiti)
HISTORICAL EXHIBITION
r ) }
RARE AND CURIOUS OBJECTS
RELATING TO
MEDICINE, CHEMISTRY. P H A R M A c v
AND THH A L L I i; I) SCIENCES
TO BE HELD IN LONDON, 1 9 I :<
ORGANISED BY. AND UNDER THE DIRECTION Oh
HENRY S. WELLCOME
WITH the object of stimulating the study of the great past,
I have been for some time organising an Exhibition in
connection with the history of medicine, chemistry,
pharmacy and the allied sciences, my aim being to bring
together a collection of historical objects illustrating the
development of the art and science of healing, etc.. through-
out the ages.
For many years I have been engaged in researches
respecting the early methods employed in the healing art.
both among civilised and uncivilised peoples. It has been
my object in particular to trace the origin of the use ot
remedial agents, and enquire why and how certain substances
came to be employed in the treatment of disease.
A consideration of such questions is aluaysof interest and
sometimes adds to our knowledge
I anticipate that the Exhibition \\ill reveal many fads,
and will elucidate many obscure points in connection \\ith
the origins of various medicines, and in respect to the
history of disease. It should also bring to light many
objects of historical interest hitherto knoun only to the
possessors and their personal friends.
I shall greatly value any information sent me in regard to
medical lore, early traditions or references toantient medical
treatment in manuscripts, printed \\orks, etc. Kven though
the items be but small, they may form important connecting
links in the chain of historical evidence. Medical
missionaries, and others in contact with native races, can
also obtain particulars of interest in this connection.
Every little helps, and. as I am desirous of making tin-
Historical Medical Exhibition as complete as possible. I shall
be grateful for any communication you mav be able to make.
It is my desire ultimately to place before the profession, in
a collected form, all the information obtained.
The success of the Historical Medical Exhibition will
depend largely upon the co-operation of those interested in
the subject with which it deals, and I again appeal, there-
fore, to all who possess objects of historical medical interest,
to render their kind assistance by lending them to me so that
the Exhibition may be thoroughly representative. I should
also highly esteem your kindness if you would inform me of
any similar objects in the possession of others.
I need hardly say that the greatest care will be taken of
every object lent. All exhibits will be insured (also while in
transit, if requested), and packing and carriage both ways
will be paid.
The Exhibition will be strictly professional and scientific in
character, and will not be open to the general public.
The response to the preliminary announcement has been
beyond my expectations, and this, together with the many
valuable suggestions received from leading members of the
medical profession, chemists and others at home and abroad,
has prompted me to considerably widen the scope of the
undertaking since it was first projected.
I have been strongly urged, and have now decided, to
hold the Historical Medical Exhibition at the same time as
the International Medical Congress, which is fixed to take
place in London in the year 1913.
This decision will, I have no doubt, suit the convenience
of the many medical practitioners from all parts of the
world, who will be visiting England on the occasion of the
Congress, and the intervening time will enable me to make
the Exhibition more comprehensive, and to include many
objects of exceptional interest that have been promised from
different quarters of the globe.
Hints and suggestions in connection with the Exhibition
will be much appreciated.
HENRY S. WELLCOME
SNOW HILL BUILDINGS
LONDON, E.G., ENGLAND
CLASSIFICATION OF EXHIBITS
S K c T i o N i
Medicine ; -
(a) Animal medicine ; materia meclica
of the animal creation : the tradi-
tion of tlie connection ol animals
\\ ill) the healing art.
(h) Medical deities of savage tribes
and nations, figures, fetishes,
charms, implements, and other
objects associated \vith the art ol
healing by primitive peoples.
(c| Antient deities of healing and other
subjects associated with the art ol
healing by primitive peoples ard
the early civilisations.
(| Votive offerings for health
( Dontirm). amulets, amnletic ir.edi -
cines, gems
rings,
:l.e O i- ,
c h a r in s ,
and other objects cor-
nected \\ith the art ot
healing.
1'aintings. drawings, engrav-
ings, etchings, photo-
graphs, models, bas-
reliels, sculpture^ and
casts ot medical interest.
Pictures from MSS. of all
ages, of medical, surgical.
pharmaceutical and al
chemical interest
mb
HISTORICAL MEDICAL KXHIIilTIOS
(g) Portraits in oil, water-colours or wax, miniatures,
silhouettes, etchings and engravings, or busts in
sculpture of physicians, surgeons, alchemists,
botanists, apothecaries, chemists, pharmacists,
nurses, etc., of all periods.
(h) Pictures of medical, chemical and pharmaceutical
institutions of all nations.
(i) Pictures representing the important epochs and
interesting events, such as original operations,
discoveries, etc., in the history of medicine, sur-
gery, chemistry and pharmacy.
(j) Medals, medallions, plaquettes and coins of histori-
cal medical interest.
(k) Rare and curious MSS., xylographs, incunabula,
early printed books and works of especial historic
interest, periodicals, pamphlets, book-plates, etc.,
of, and connected with, medicine, surgery, phar-
macy, chemistry, botany and the allied arts.
(I) Historic letters, prescriptions, autographs, case and
note books, records of experiments, antient
diplomas, licences, corporate insignia, and persornl
relics of medical, pharmaceutical and chemical interest.
(in)
cl the influence of astrology in medicine,
scopes, and other astrological diagrams bear-
ing on tlie an of healiny
S !•: c i i o N j
Sur^'fry, I >ental Sur<;erv. Veterinary
Surgery and An.i sthetirs
Ml Instruments used in sur^erv
l>y pre-hisioric anil sa\au;i-
peoples.
(/>! lli^torv and development of
instrument-- and appliances
used in Mir^ery from the
earliest times.
(<.•) Curiou^ appharce^ u--ed in
antient time^ : l>ar!>er ^ir^eorV
lileedmu basins and bov. IM,
cupping implements, etc.
UARIIKK- Sr RUKON 's S HOP
I-'roin an Kn^ravinri of the X\'II century
Improvised instruments and appliances that have
been used in emergencies, especially those that
have led to inventions and discoveries.
(f| Calculi, and other curious
specimens of historical
interest.
I/) Relics of antient dentis-
try ; early artificial den-
tures.
(^() Antient dental instruments
and appliances.
(//I Antient instruments used
in veterinary surgery.
Ul Historical apparatus con-
nected with the discovery
and use of an;rsthetics.
SECTION 3
Anatomy, Pathology, Ob-
stetrics, etc. :
(it) Curiosities of anatomy,
i lu-iriM.eiit- ;ul(l curious anatomical
models in wax, ivory, etc.
(/M History of the nomenclature, causation and treat-
ment of the nmst important diseases that have
afflicted mankind from the earlie-t time-,
(ct Obstetric chair-,
and other appli-
ance- u-ed in
early midwifery
practice, the
lying in room in
antient time-.
model- for ob-
stetrical teach-
ing.
I-/) Manacles and
other appliances
used in the treat-
ment ot the in-ane in antient tim
•J45
As A I'OTH i:< A i< Y 's SHOP
1505
SKCTION 4
Ophthalmic* :
(u) Ant lent spectacles, eye-classes and instruments used
as an aid to sight.
(In Antient instruments and
appliances for testing
sight, employed by
oculists.
(t) The microscope from the
earliest period.
(tit Historic microscopes.
SKCTION 5
Hygiene. I'ublic llealt!) and Pre-
ventive Medicine :
U/l ()l>jects of interest, antient
and modern, connected with
public liealth. preventive and
tropical medicine.
(!>) Masks, and other pre\entive
method^ of protection against
plague in antient times
((.•) Kxhihits illustrative ol physio-
logy, anthropology, micros
copv, bacteriology, biology.
parasitolojjy, and geograpliy.
() Curious bottles, carboys, ointment and specie jars,
drug vases, pots, ewers, mills, containers, and
implements and appliances used in pharmacy.
('//) Scales, weights and measures of all ages,
(»') Antient prescriptions and curious pharmaceutical
recipes and recipe books.
(j) Antient prescription books and price lists.
(k) Antient counter bills, labels, business cards, curious
advertisements and trade tokens.
(/) Old travellers' note books and curious orders.
(HI) Antient apothecaries' shop signs and early fittings,
early pharmaceutical preparations and specimens
of obsolete and curious medical combinations,
(ii) Antient and modern medicine chests, civil, military
and naval.
SECTION 7
Chemistry and Botany :
() Alchemists' laboratories.
(b) Antient stills, mortars and curious apparatus used
bv earlv alchemists.
(V) Historical apparatus used by famous discoverers.
(it) Products and preparations, antient and modern, of
chemical and scientific research.
u'i First specimens of rare alkaloids, and other prepara-
tions made 1>\ their discoverers.
in Rare elements and their salts, etc.
(:,') < urious astrological, magnetic and early electrical
appliances
tii I Antient herbaria.
a) Specimens of abnormal plant forms anil curious
roots used in medicine
i /') Relics of famous botanists.
S i : c i 1 1 > \ s
Hospitals. Nursing and Ambulance:
u'l ( )bjects connected \\ith early hospitals and general
nursing.
i/M I-'arly appliances in nursing the --ick.
ic i liarly ambulance appliances
!i/) Antient feeding cups, bottle--, uiinals and bed-pans,
n't Naval and military nursing and ambulance appliances
and eiitiipments.
Si. KO
sufteri-rs from the
r — X\'I centun
( /) Kelics and objects of interest associated with nurses
Kelics of foundling hospitals.
SECTION >j
Toxicology and Criminolo^v :
( N 12
Photography : —
(a) Objects illustrating the invention and history of
photography.
(6) Early cameras and apparatus.
(c) Daguerrotypes.
(d) Portraits of the pioneers of photography.
(e) Original papers and MSS. connected with
photography.
(f) Application of photography to medicine and
surgery. X-ray photography.
(g) Early and rare apparatus.
(h) Curiosities of photography and its latest develop-
ment.
W HA PONS OF PRECISION
PKOIH'CED BY
SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY
254
THE WORK OF
BURROUGHS WH 1. 1. COME & CO.
FROM the time of the founding of the firm, scientific
advance has been steady and continuous. The keynote of Keynote or
this success lies in the firm's own original work, conducted success
under the most favourable conditions, as well as their
ready recognition of all forward movements in scientific
research, and adaptation of the results to the methods
of modern production.
taken its place'
" Science and Industry" has been the guiding motto of
B. W. & Co. from the first. They have aimed at attaining
and maintaining the highest possible degree of excel- "Science
lence in the products they issue. By keeping abreast of Induslry'
research work, and by promptly adopting the most scientific
modern methods, they have not only kept pace with the
latest developments in medicine and pharmacy, but have
been pioneers in the introduction of some of the most
notable agents employed in modern medicine, and have
contributed largely to the great advances of the times.
Patient and persistent research* by a staff of chemical,
pharmaceutical and physiological experts has yielded fruitful
results. Not only has the firm satisfied the highest require- Results,,
ments of physicians by the purity, reliability and sciclltlt":
scientific precision of the products, but it has met the
needs of conscientious pharmacists who pride themselves
on the supreme quality of everything they dispense.
To supply medicaments characterised by purity, accuracy,
uniformity and reliability has been the firm's policy from
' Res
arch pioneered by Burroughs Wellcome \ Co. many years a^o is
still coi
tinned in their works by a hiuhl\ -iiualified staff. The Wellcome
Chemic
il Research Laboratories. Kim; Street. London ( Knu.'. and the
\\Yllco
ne Physiological Research Laboratories. Brockwell Hall. Herne
Hill. I.
ndon (Kni;.1. are Institutions conducted separately and distinctly
from th
and dis
i business of Burroughs Wellcome \ Co.. and are under separate
inct direction, although in these two Institutions a lart;e amount
of important scientific work is carried out for the fin
PORTION OF FRONTAGE
BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.'s CHIKF OFFICES. LONDON
Corner of Holborn Viaduct anj Snow Hill
facing Holborn Viaduct Station
'I III-: WIIKK
its earliest days. This lias been achieved by devising
ne\v appliances, by employing only the most scientific
methods, and by conducting the various stages of manu- .. Wc»ponsof
facture under the direct supervision and control of Precision"
specially - trained and qualified pharmacists and other
experts. High appreciation has been accorded by
physicians and pharmacists throughout the world to
the "\VEAPONS OK PRECISION"' created by the firm.
I'ntiring, strenuous endeavour and vast expenditure have
been required to attain these successful results.
WORKING IMPERIALLY
Mr. Joseph Chamberlain has taught the nation to
think Imperially -Burroughs Wellcome & C'o. work
Imperially. It has been the special ambition of this firm .
r J Bringing back
to win back to England by actual merit some of the lost to England
industries snatched away from the country in recent years lost "1(tustries
by alert, enterprising rivals of other hinds, who wisely
and well apply science to their industries, and slumber not.
H. W. & Co., never content with the time-honoured " rule
of thumb" methods, have in a considerable measure
gratified their ambition. Particularly in the production of
Fine Medicinal Chemicals including the powerful alkaloids,
glucosides and other active principles now so largely
replacing the use of bulky and nauseous crude natural
drugs, thus securing greater certainty and uniformity of
potency.
In this work it has been the aim not only to equal but
to surpass foreign production, and the results speak
for themselves.
PlONKEKS IN Nr.W 1>KI'(.S
The firm has pioneered the introduction of many new
and valuable natural drugs, notable amongst which
may be mentioned Strophanthus, or Kombr, the powerful
African arrow poison which has proved so efficacious in
certain heart disorders. Science and enterprise ha\e in this
instance
'Turin <1 .1 ili.ulh i n< im into .1 \.il
J .-m
United States of America:
BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co. • s
Offices and Exhibition Rooms
35, 37 & 39, West Thirty-third Street (near Fifth Avenue)
NEW YORK CITY
•258
Sir THOMAS FKASKK, of the Edinburgh University, pioneers in the
first investigated and demonstrated, in 1885, the properties of introduction of
Kombe from a comparatively small specimen, and H. W. £ Co.
immediately took vigorous steps to procure supplies
of the drug regardless of expense and immense difficulties.
Emissaries were sent to collect the small reserves of
arrow poison from the rude huts of many Central
African warriors. In this way a fair quantity was
accumulated, but at a cost of more than £20 per pound.
Thus, the true Strophanthus Kombe was first introduced
to England and to the world- 1-5. \V. & Co. were first in
the field.
pound
These earliest supplies were obtained quite regardless of
monetary considerations, and. notwithstanding the great
cost, parcels of the drug and its preparations were at
once distributed, without charge, to leading physicians
throughout the world. Hy this means the therapeutic
properties of Strophanthus were confirmed by investigators
in various lands.
For more than a year this was the only supplv of
Strophanthus outside the " Dark Continent," and thru
1 '>. \V. iS: Co. again secured all that was obtainable, and
were the only suppliers for many months. Stro-
phanthus is now one of the approved remedies of the
I'harmacoptrias. In less than two years the firm was
treating several hundred-weights of Strophanthus seeds at
a time, thus securing perfect uniformity in the activity
re prc-
iri of dos
iiiiimi
fV^^^*^ ^^5!^?
Ill
^>^^^g saai LuM j ^
'^^irewerir^T
**
• '^^•^^B
fr
Fl
ti ir
Italy :
BURROUGHS WELLCOME * Co.
26, Via Legnano, MILAN
THK \VOKK OK m'KKOfC.HS U KI.I.COM K .V Ci
of the products, and enabling the dosage and action to be
controlled with precision.
Amongst those who were interested in the introduction
of Strophanthus were Sir JOHN KIRK (then of Zanzibar), and
Dr. DAVID LIVINGSTONE, who referred to its employment by
natives as an arrow poison, in his narrative of his expedition
to the Zambesi. It was the intimate association which
BURROUGHS WKLLCOME & Co. have always had with the
pioneers of African exploration which enabled them to be
first in placing supplies of the drug at the disposal of the
medical profession.
STKOPHANTHUS KOMBK, the source- of the drug, is a
woody climber growing freely in many parts of Kastern
Africa. From the seeds the natives prepare a paste
with which they poison their arrows.
Australia:
BURROUGHS WELLCOME A Co.
•Hi Kent Street. SYDN EY, N.S.W.
The seeds are contained in follicles, and eacli bears a
beautiful plume-like appendage springing from a delicate
stalk. Each seed weighs about half a grain.
I'K INKERS IN PHARMACOLOGICAL WORK ON ANIMAL
SUBSTANCES
When renewed attention was drawn to the therapeutic
action of certain animal substances, this firm pioneered the
pharmacological work on the various glands. Having already
been long engaged upon researches on brain matter and other
substances of animal origin, they were first to produce a
stable and reliable product of the thyroid gland, and this
remains the standard and accepted preparation amongst the
medical profession throughout the world.
Although the principle suggesting and guiding this
. . Anti
modern departure in therapeutics is the outcome oi recent
physiological research, the belief in the use of organs or
tissues for the relief of human suffering, or for the
production of certain physical conditions, is known to have
existed from the earliest times.
The belief in the utility and value of animal glands
and tissues in the cure of disease is not altogether the
outcome of modern research, for we learn from Herodotus,
fifth century i. c , that in his day, the people called Hudini
ordeloni "used the testicles of otters, beavers and other
M|iiare-faced animals for diseases of the womb." From
prehistoric times savage peoples have eaten the hearts ot
lions, tigers and other courageous animals, and even of
human enemies, with the object of acquit ing added
valour in battle.
Among old-world medicines, compounds of the organs
and tissues and excreta of mammals, birds, fishes and ^m
insects occupied permanent positions of prominence subst
They were included in the London Pharmacopeia issued
by the Royal College ot Physicians in 1(176. and in
Salomon's New London Dispensatory of I'-S^ The
present increasing use of animal substances may be
largely traced to the researches and enthusiastic advocacy
South Africa:
BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.
5, Loop Street, CAFE TOWN
THK WOKK OK lU'KKOl (,Hs \V1 I.I.COMI. .V CO.
of Brown-Sequard, though it must be admitted that such
advocacy was exaggerated, and perhaps lacked dignity
and reserve. In spite of his attitude, which experience
has not justified, he, in some considerable measure,
succeeded in establishing his contention that all glands,
with or without excretory ducts, give to the blood, by
internal secretion, principles always important and in most
cases essential, to the general well-being of the body.
Organo-therapy, animal medication, and glandular thera-
peutics are among the terms now applied to the admini-
stration of organs or tissues or of the internal secretions Modern
r i j • • i • • i j 11-1 knowledge
of glands, in certain diseases, induced, or believed
to be induced, by the degeneration, disease, defective
development, or removal of the corresponding organs,
tissues, or glands. Many diseases, arising from defective
functions of particular organs, are now treated with
these animal substances, and the principle has been
established that the lessened or lost power of an organ
may, in some cases, be restored by the administration of
corresponding organs taken from healthy lower animals.
The work of Burroughs Wellcome iS: Co. on these
animal substances has been directed not only to the
therapeutic but to the chemical and pharmacological side,
and the production of active and staple products for the
use of the medical profession, and in this they have attained
marked success.
Amongst other animal products dealt with was the supra-
renal gland, which yielded first to Abel and Crawford a
powerful and highly valuable active principle which thc-v
named Epinephrine. Other workers produced modified
products, but the active principle was first produced in a dry.
soluble, active form in the Wellcome Physiological
Research Laboratories, and is now issued by the firm
under the title ' Hemisine.'
A XKW Bi.oon I'KicssfKK RAISING I'RINCII-I.K
More recent researches have led to the discovery at the
B. W. iv: Co. Works Laboratories of a synthetic sub-
stance. ' Kpinine, ' possessing the valuable properties of the
THK WORK OF HUKKOIOHS WKI.I.COMK >V CO.
natural active principle of the supra-renal gland and, in
addition, showing certain marked advantages in use. Being
a synthetic base which combines to form crystalline salts,
' Epinine ' can be readily purified, and the rise of blood-
pressure produced by it is equal in degree and more
prolonged than that due to the supra-renal active principle.
GOOD OR EVIL
Ergot, " the blessed and cursed blight of rye," which has
Ergot blessed wrought much good and much evil, is now greatly valued
and cursed as a remedy, yet it destroyed countless lives during the
grain plagues, called St. Anthony's fire, in the middle
ages.
Ergot of rye for many years presented a problem which
baffled scientific workers. It has been investigated in these
same laboratories, and the true representative active prin-
ciple has been discovered, and is now issued as a standardised
product, 'Ernutin,' of great power and uniform activity, of
immense importance to the medical profession.
THERAPEUTIC SERA
At first for The Wellcome Physiological Research Laboratories were
pioneers in the production of Anti-diphtheritic Serum in the
British Empire, and also supplied the first used in the
United States of America. During the early days, and until
the real value was conclusively demonstrated, all offers to
purchase supplies of the serum were refused, but all that
could be produced was freely placed without charge at the
disposal of the principal clinics, hospitals and private
medical men who had diphtheritic cases under treatment.
These trials proved successful, and the 'Wellcome' brand
of serum, supplied by Burroughs \Yellcome & Co., has
continued to hold first place throughout the world. These
laboratories have done a vast amount of original work in the
whole range of therapeutic sera — and in vaccines, etc., and
in many other organic bodies of importance in medicine.
Though these Physiological Research Laboratories are
conducted under separate and distinct direction, and many
of the researches are solely of scientific interest as
contributions to human knowledge, yet much work of
practical value is carried out for the firm, the Principal of
which founded the laboratories.
I-'INK CHKMICAI.S
The Wellcome Chemical Research Laboratories have
worked in the same manner, with benefit to science and to
the firm, devising new chemical processes and producing new Rajsj,,K ,|,,
chemical agents, both organic and inorganic. The standard
investigation of vegetable drugs and their representative
principles have yielded highly important results, both in the
discovery of new principles and in raising the standard
of purity and potency of valuable well-known substances,
notably I'ilocarpine, Aconitine, etc., etc. The co-operation
of these two research laboratories, with their efficient
scientific staffs working under the guidance of the two
highly-qualified Directors, distinguished for thoroughness
and accuracy, is of immense importance to the firm.
Hut the research work does not rest here. There is also
in the experimental and analytical laboratories at the firm's
works, a highly-skilled staff constantly engaged in research
for the discovery of new active chemical and pharmaceutical
substances, and for the improvement of those already known
Amongst the notable discoveries are 'SoAMis,' the new
substance which has proved so successful in the treatment
of Syphilis, and of the dread Sleeping Sickness so prevalent
among the population of the Congo, t'ganda and other
parts of Central Africa; also 'Ni/:\,' the new antiseptic,
powerful, but tree from many of the dangers of other
antiseptics.
A large number of other important developments in
chemistry and pharmacy have been made in the Works ,-h',^0','nl
Laboratories, including the production of Chloroform of a
standard that secures greatly increased uniformity and
safety, and the confidence of the medical profession.
In the manufacturing departments every operation is
studied with the view to new discoveries and improvements,
and aiming to make daily progress.
267
THK WORK OK HI'KROUGHS \VKI.I.COMK \- CO.
EQUIPMENTS
Completely fitted cases have been devised to meet the
requirements of up-to-date medical men and others
engaged in medical and sanitary science ; for example,
hypodermic, ophthalmic cases, urine testing, water analysis,
bacteriological testing cases, etc.
Medicine and first-aid chests, cases, belts, etc., for
military and naval purposes, for explorers, missionaries,
travelling journalists, war correspondents, aeronauts,
aviators, motorists, yachtsmen, planters; in fact, equipments
for the air, for the earth, for the depths, and for every clime
under every condition.
HISTORY OK COMPRESSED DRUGS
Burroughs Wellcome & Co. are successors to, and the
Origin of sole proprietors of, the business of BKOCKEDON, who, in
compressed 1842, originated compressed medicines in the shape of
products
bi-convex discs — issued under the designation of
"compressed pills." The production of compressed
substances has been developed and carried to a high state
of perfection by B. W. & Co. This has been accomplished
by research and the use of chemicals of exceptional quality,
and by the employment of specially-devised machinery of
rare accuracy. This exclusive machinery, invented by the
firm, and produced at great cost, operates with the precision
of the finest watch-work. By its aid the firm's specially-
B.W. & Co/s trained expert chemists are enabled to prepare compressed
TCrfrctjn products for issue under the ' Tabloid,' ' Soloid,' and other
brands, of unique accuracy of dosage and of a perfection of
finish never before attained. These products present
medicines, etc., of so varied a character as to represent a
range of dosage of T7fon of a grain to 60 grains or more.
The qualities of purity, accuracy, activity and stability
appreciation which characterise ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid ' products have
secured unusual appreciation and approval from medical
and pharmaceutical experts, and these preparations are
prescribed in private practice and in military and civil
hospitals in all parts of the world.
MKDICAI. AND FIKST-.\II> Lyr
Burroughs Wellcome & Co. have, from the time of the
founding of the business, made a special feature of studying
medical and surgical requirements for expeditions to tropic
and arctic and other trying climates, especially for the use of
explorers, journalists and other travellers ; for armies in
camp, on the march, and on the battlefield.
Careful and prolonged enquiry and practical experi-
mentation have enabled them to so perfect their equip-
ments for these purposes that almost every military
expedition and journalistic pioneering tour of recent
years has been fitted out by the firm.
1!. \V. eV Co. (iKNKKAI. OK KICKS
The firm's chief offices and administrative premises are
centrally situated in the City of London, facing Holborn
Viaduct Station, and at the junction of Holborn Viaduct
and Snow Hill. They are thus within a stone's throw
of such historic sights as St. Paul's Cathedral, the
Old Bailey (Central Criminal Courts), the Charterhouse,
St. Bartholomew's, and Smithfield.
1>. \V.\- Co. Fxmr.iTioN ROOM
A well-equipped Exhibition Room lias recently been
opened at 5.), \Vigmore Street, London, \Y., for the purpose of
providing increased facilities tor the inspection ot medical
equipments and other products of the firm. A great variety
of ' Tabloid ' Medical and First-Aid Equipments suitable for
offices, factories, workshops, mines, expeditions, theatres,
etc.. may here be seen. .S)), which form the principal manufacturing premises of
the firm, are situated at Dart ford. Kent, near London. On
one side, the Works have direct water communication
with London and the Docks of the Waterway of the
Thames ; on the other side they front on to the railway
and so are in touch with the metropolis and the Continent.
SKVK.N r>. \\'. & Co. KN i 'AUMSHMKN rs AI;RO.M>
Burroughs Wellcome & Co. have fully-equipped establish-
ments at New York, Montreal, Sydney. Cape Town, Milan,
Shanghai and Buenos Aires Photographs of the New York,
Milan, Sydney and Cape Town Houst-s appear on pa»<-s
^58, Jt>o, 2<<2 ami j<< ( .
MALARIA
AND
O U I N I N E
MALARIA AND QUININE
Malaria is computed to cause an average annual death-
rate in India of five per thousand, which, in so densely
populated a country, amounts to the alarming total of
1,130,000 persons. Every employer of labour, or master
of a household, has a direct financial interest in the
diminution of this evil, which at present incapacitates men
in all grades of life for a considerable proportion of their
whole working time, and thus adds enormously to the cost
of upkeep on every estate.
The remedy lies in the habitual use of quinine, both for
treatment and prevention. The death-rate, so far from
being the whole extent, is only the index to the suffering,
inconvenience and loss which malarial fevers inflict.
Between a quarter and a half of all the cases of sickness in
hot countries are malarious in origin, and a very large
number of residents are prevented at one period or another
every year from carrying on their ordinary pursuits. The
whole nation is the loser.
Although not directly the most fatal, malaria is undoubtedly,
from an economic standpoint, the most injurious of all
Malaria
human diseases.
It is not surprising, therefore, that malarial fevers have
become, during recent times, the objects of the closest and
most careful study.
The extreme importance of quinine in tropical countries
is well enforced by the following striking statement by one
of the greatest living authorities on malaria. Speaking of
the long struggle between the invading parasites of disease
and the natural forces of the body in a non-immune and
non-treated case, he says : " The case may be cut short at
any time by death, spontaneous recovery, or quinine."
The researches of Celli, Laveran, Ross, Grassi and
other distinguished scientists have clearly demonstrated
The method that malarial infection is due to certain animal parasites
of the genus plasmodia belonging to the sporozoa
infection ~ ° r
group. These parasites are conveyed to man by the
agency of mosquitoes, and, although Europeans appear
to be more susceptible to the infection than others, it has
been proved that no race of mankind is immune to these
•272
MAI.AKIA AND olIMNK
attacks, Families and individuals here and tliere appear to be
endowed with natural immunity, but they are comparatively
rare.
A natural immunity is also acquired by persons of long
residence in malaria-infested districts, ii they survive the
debilitating influences of successive attacks, but the risks
and suffering incurred constitute a sufficient drawback to
this method of escape.
Two practical measures remain for dealing with malaria :
first, the absolute avoidance of mosquito bites, and, second,
the use of quinine.
The mosquito (anopheles) is most likely to convey the
infection at night ; it drives its proboscis into the skin of its
unconscious human victim, and injects from a few to some
thousands of protospores of one or more species of
fliisinotiiii . Many of these are doubtless killed off. but the
survivors enter the blood corpuscles and begin to multiply.
After the organisms have developed within the corpuscle
the latter bursts, and the free spores invade ness corpuscles
and undergo similar changes. No inconvenience is felt
until something like fifty parasites per cubic millimetre of
blood are present, when fever commences. At the same
time, the forces of resistance available, varying in different
individuals, are called up ; germicidal and antitoxic sub-
stances are formed in the blood, which tend to diminish
the number of the parasites and lessen their effect upon
the body.
Tin- subsequent history of the attack is that of a constant
struggle, swaying now to one side and now to that, between
successive incubations of parasites and the grouing forces
of immunisation in the blood.
The relapses which occur indicate that so long as any of
the hostile animalcula remain in the blood there is always
the possibility of their multiplying and again reaching the
fever limit.
The devices evolved to avoid these uncomfortable and
sometimes disastrous results, by destroying the mosquitoes or
by using suitable netting to keep them auay, are excellent,
and. \\ithin certain limits, mav be successful, but it is
MALARIA AND QL'IMNK
obvious that they do not at the present time furnish efficient
protection from infection.
No one can spend his whole life under a mosquito net, and,
although much useful work has been done in various parts
of the world, by drainage, the use of oil on standing water,
etc., to diminish the mosquito pest, these efforts are purely
local and are liable to be counteracted from time to time by
the amazing fecundity of these insects.
Quinine exerts its beneficial action by directly destroying
the malarial plusmoditi. Laveran has shown that a solution
of i in 10,000 is sufficient to kill them. Romanowsky and
Scientific Mannaberg found that in patients who had been taking
quinine the nuclei of the parasites underwent degenerate
changes, and that many spores within the sporocysts were
dead. In this remaikable alkaloid of cinchona bark has
been discovered an antiseptic and germicide powerful
enough to destroy the invading parasite of malarial disease,
yet without toxic effect upon the human organism.
The scientific demonstration of its extraordinary value has
confirmed the experience of nearly three hundred years in
its practical use. Its unique utility in the curative treatment
of malaria, kala-azar, blackwater fever, etc., is widely
recognised, but it is not so generally appreciated that a
judicious use of quinine is an efficient preventive against
malarial infection. And yet this is a point of supreme
importance, especially to those whose rank and adminis-
trative position surrounds them with many servants and
subordinates whose efficiency depends upon their health
being maintained.
In all countries where malaria is most dreaded, quinine
has been successful in warding off the disease, while in those
cases in which malaria has appeared after prophylactic
preventive treatment, there is reason to believe that the attacks have
been much less severe than would have been the case
without the previous use of quinine. Small doses are given
for preventive purposes, but the point of primary importance
is that they must be taken systematically. As has been said
in a Government report : " Take quinine systematically, and
one is absolutely malaria-proof."
•274
MAI.AKIA AND
In one province of India, regular prophylactic administra-
tion of quinine to all prisoners in the jails has been carried
out very thoroughly. The result is strikingly seen on
comparing the rate of incidence of malaria among the Striking
jail population protected by quinine, with that for the ri
same period among the free population not protected by
quinine. The figures () refer to the whole province,
(/>) and (c) to particular areas : —
MAI.AKIA KATK
Aniotm quinine-protected AinonM free population
jail population not protected by quinine
() 10 per cent. 90 per cent.
(/>) i .. 33
(O 3'84 -. S5-,SS
The economic importance of such results wherever large
numbers of people are employed is obvious : their average
working strength will be greatly enhanced by warding off
attacks of malaria. And, from the point of view of the
employer or the master of a large household, there is another
consideration. The regular administration of quinine to
every servant who comes within a short distance of the
house is one of the most useful measures of protection for
those within the house itscll. The anophelines who carry
the infection art- weak, short-lived insects. They do not
travel far from the pools which are their breeding-places.
II they bite no malarious individual in the course of their
wanderings they have no opportunity of conveying the
disease to another.
As to \\hich particular salt of quinine gives the best
results, there is no general agreement among authorities.
All are in accord as to the necessity for using only prepara-
tions of great purity and of high alkaloicial value In the
keen competition to produce quinine at lou prices, the
importance of this point is sometimes overlooked, with the
result that preparations are put on the market containing
undesirable alkaloids and impurities
The products of Burroughs Wellcome A: Co are reliable
highly-standardised quinine preparations, \vell-kno\\n for
their purity and potency. In their production the utmost
MAI.AKIA AM) ol'IMXK
care is taken to eliminate everything which might be detri-
and potent mental to their therapeutic effect. Being pure and uniform
preparations jn composition, they are uniform also in activity and effect,
while their solubility and ready assimilability are other note-
worthy features. Their use is not followed by disagreeable
after-effects. In keeping-qualities the H. W. & Co. products
are unrivalled.
An interesting discussion has recently been carried on in a
leading organ of public opinion in Calcutta with regard to
the quality of drugs and chemicals which are offered for
sale in the bazaars.
It is alleged that gross adulteration is being practised, and
Danger ot
adulteration chemists of long experience and high reputation confirm
that unscrupulous firms are shipping to India very large
quantities of drugs, the sale of which in England, Germany,
France or the United States of America (or any country
where a food and drugs act is in force) would expose the
vendors to prosecution.
So-called one ounce bottles of quinine are imported
containing only 390 instead of 437^ grains.
Another report states "short-weight, mis-description,
imitation of labels and packing, and adulteration to a most
astonishing extent are used to reduce cost and secure
business."
Under these circumstances, the only pathway of safety is
to insist upon chemicals of known purity, the high standard
of which is guaranteed by the trade mark.
This is specially important with regard to quinine, since
it is so easily adulterated by other cinchona alkaloids of
very similar appearance and physical characteristics, but
possessing febrifuge properties greatly inferior to the true
quinine.
":;.' 'TABLOID I.KAM. QUNINK
[.'= H. \V. & Co.]
The various 'Tabloid' Brand preparations ol quinine
present the drug in what is, undoubtedly, the most desirable
form for general use. ' Tabloid ' products are easy to take,
and they do away entirely with the objections which so
27H
\IA1.AKIA AM)
generally attacli to quinine on account of its taste. Each
contains an accurate dose of medicament, so that all trouble
and inconvenience of weighing and measuring are rendered
unnecessary, while, in addition, the ease with which the
'Tabloid' products may be carried about in the pocket or
bag ensures the taking of regular doses in all circumstances.
•Tabloid Brand Ouinine preparations contain only
ingredients of the utmost purity and medicinal activity,
and can always be relied on to produce the best possible
results. Their therapeutic value is in no way affected
bv any climatic conditions
AH l.OI I)'
XM. QUININE BISULPHATE
B. \V. A: Co.
• Tabloid ' Ouinine Bisulphate is a particularly useful
preparation on account of its being readily soluble, and
therefore easilv absorbed a highly necessary quality in
such conditions as malaria, where the digestive disturbance
is considerable. It is also very stable, and does not lose
its activity or solubility on keeping, or in unfavourable
climates.
As a preventive against malaria, etc., or as a tonic and
bitter stomachic, two grains are usually given twice or
thrice daily. For the treatment of malarial conditions,
much larger doses are used, as much as from t.ventv to
sixtv grains having been given in extreme
cases, though the usual anti-periodic dose
may be put at ten grains. When large
doses are employed the bowels must be
kept open. In ordinary chills, intluen/a
and levers, tour grains are prescribed
three or four tunes a day
1 Tabloid < hiimne Bisulphate. sitgiir- *
contcd. is particularly easv of adminis-
tration, and manv people who cannot
tolerate quinine in any other form, take
it without trouble. ,'
For dispensing purposes, on estates, etc., 'Tabloid products
are supplied in containers of 500 at special rates.
MALARIA AND QUININK
blackv
fever
Well
tolerated
' Tabloid ' Quinine Bisulphate is issued in seven strengths :
gr. £, gr. i, gr. 2, gr. 3, gr. 4, gr. 5, plain or sugar-coated ;
and gr. 10, plain only.
Supplied in bottles of 25 anti too, except gr. A and gr \,iMch arc in
bottles of 50 and too, and of 36 and 100 respectively.
of y
"".' 'TABLOID'
QUININE HYDROCHLORIDE
[•" B. w. & Co.]
This is an extremely soluble product of high alkaloidal
value, which is stated to be preferable to
other quinine salts in cases of blackwater
fever and in regions where blackwater fever
is prevalent. It is also valuable in those
cases where large doses of quinine are not
well borne. In the treatment of malaria, (£'
three to four ' Tabloid ' products, of the
greatest strengths, should be administered,
followed by smaller quantities regularly.
As a tonic and stomachic, small doses only
are given.
For dispensing purposes, on estates, etc., 'Tabloid' products
are supplied in containers of 500 at special rates.
' Tabloid ' Brand Quinine Hydrochloride is issued in five
strengths : gr. i, gr. 2, gr. 3, gr. 4 and gr. 5, plain or sugar-
coated.
Supplied in bottles of 25 ami 100
«« 'TABLOID' HRANI.
QUININE HYDROBROMIDE [- B. w. & Co.]
This product is largely prescribed by physicians for
patients who are liable to suffer from the disagreeable
effects which sometimes follow the use of other salts of
quinine. It has the advantage of being very soluble and is
readily absorbed.
' Tabloid ' Quinine Hydrobromide is issued in five
strengths : gr. i, gr. 2, gr. 3, gr. 4 and gr. 5, plain or sugar-
coated.
Supplied in bottles of 25 and 100
278
MALARIA AND (Jl'ISINK
'"."«' 'TABLOID' i!KAM) QUININE SULPHATE
[.•:! B. W & Co.]
Quinine Sulphate, which formerly was the salt most
commonly used, has still adherents. For these, 'Tabloid ' Easyand
Quinine Sulphate is the ideal preparation. It is greatly J^^"'
superior to the powder in being easy and pleasant to take,
and is quite as readily absorbed, since it disintegrates
immediately. Its compactness leads to a great saving in
space, and allows of a supply being carried, the bulk of which,
in the ordinary form of crystals, would present difficulties.
' Tabloid ' Quinine Sulphate is issued in five strengths :
gr. i, gr. 2. gr. 3, gr. 4 and gr. 5, plain only.
Supplied in bottles of 25 atut too, except gr. i, tchich is supplieil in
bottles of 36 and 100.
For dispensing purposes, on estates, etc., 'Tabloid' products
are supplied in containers of 500 at special rates.
'.'.'.''TABLOID' DRAM. QUININE COMPOUND
[. B. w. & Co.]
1 Tabloid ' Quinine Compound is a valuable prepara-
tion combining the specific action of quinine with analgesic,
expectorant, stimulant and tonic laxative properties. By
its administration the normal action of the bowel is regulated tonic ia
and maintained, thus assisting in the elimination of toxic
materials.
Supplied, plain only, in bottles of 25 and 100
'„';..' ' TABLOID ' »KAM>
QUININE AND RHUBARB COMPOUND
B. w. & Co
(HY// A-»IH:>-II for many ynns us ' TAIH.OIH ' I.I\ isr.sroM KOISKK
This product is specially adapted for use in tropical
countries. It combines purgative with tonic, stomachic and
anti-periodic properties, and in the treatment of malaria is PurK»t
stated to be of marked value When an attack of malarial tomc- '
period i<
fever threatens, one to three • Tabloid ' products should be
taken with a little water . the dose may be repeated in two
hoars if necessary.
Supplied, pi.un only, in b< ;.'/. 5 or 25 ,ind ion
For dispensing purposes, on estates, etc., ' Tabloid ' products
are supplied in containers of 500 at special rates.
' Tnhloitl' Hum, I Quinine frehinitions ,irc ,>hf,iiiitihle 'nun the
Icettlinn ifliolesiile tinil retiiil eheniists.
219
MAI.AKIA AND cjUISIXh
"Sf 'WELLCOME' KRAM> QUININE PRE[>ARATIONS
In order that those who prefer to use quinine in the form
of powders or fluid mixtures may be able to do so with full
assurance that the materials they employ are of the same
high standard as ' Tabloid ' products, a series of quinine
preparations is supplied under the trade mark ' Wellcome.'
These ' Wellcome ' Brand products are prepared under the
direction of highly skilled experts, by the most perfect
processes and with the aid of the latest and most accurate
appliances and are submitted, before issue, to a series of
tests, unique in their stringency.
M£E 'WELLCOME' »KAM> QUININE SULPHATE
This preparation is typical of the ' Wellcome ' Brand
products. It presents the drug in an exceptionally pure
state, the standards of purity to which it is required to
conform being higher than that demanded
by the official testsof the British and U.S.A.
Pharmacopoeias. It is issued in two forms,
"large flake" and "compact crystals."
The " large flake " is the ordinary form of
bulky feathery crystals, which in the
' Wellcome ' Brand products are unusually
large and white. The " compact crystals"
are identical in composition with the large
flakes, but occupy only about one-third of
the space, and have much, therefore, to
recommend them from the point of view of
convenience in storage.
1 Wellcome ' Brand Quinine Sulphate
is issued as follows: " Large Flake," in
£ oz., A oz. and i oz. bottles, and in 4 oz.,
25 oz. and 100 oz. tins; "Compact
Crystals," in i oz. and 4 oz. bottles, and (Large :
in 25 oz. and 100 oz. tins. •' 7j •'
When ordering ' Wellcome ' Quinine Sulphate, please indicate
whether " compact " or " large flake " is required.
1 Wellcome' liniml Quinine l'ret>;it,;ii. Royal Clue or Crcwstcr ( Ireen Knamellecl Mi-tal. or in
Alnminised Metal.
No. 715. 'T AIM. oil)' I- Iks. I -Am
Contains 'Tabloid' l'.andai;es and Dressings, ' \'ap. .role ' Aromatic
Ammonia, for use as " Smelling >alls, ' Corota.v. sal \olatile. Canon ,„;
(.solidilifd). jai o,M.,.
No. 708. 'TABLOID' FIRST-AID (FOR NLRSES)
Contains ' Tabloid
liandages and Dress-
ings, 'Vaporole'
Aromatic Ammonia.
for use as " Smelling
Salts," ' Borofax,'
Carron oil (solidified),
jaconet, plaster, pro-
tective skin, camel-
hair brush and safety-
pins ; also a supply
of 'Tabloid' Am-
monium Carbonate,
for use in place of
"sal volatile," and
a tube of ' Soloid '
antiseptic products.
In Rex Red, Royal Blue or Brewster Green (as illustrated! Knamelled
Metal, or in Aluminised Metal. Webbing-strap for attachment to waist-
belt at a small extra charge.
No. 709. 'TABLOID' FIRST-AID (FOR BOY Scoi TS)
Contains ' Tabloid '
Bandages and Dress-
ings, 'Vaporole'
Aromatic Ammonia,
for use as "Smelling
Salts," ' Borofax,'
Carron oil (solidi-
fied), jaconet,
plaster, protective
skin, c a m e 1 - h a i r
brush, pins, etc.
In Rex Red or
Royal Blue (as illus-
trated > Knamelled
Metal.
Belt or Cycle attachment (as illustrated) may l>e obtained at a sma
extra charge.
No. 730. 'TAHLO1D' FIRST-AID
Has lii-tri) di-si^m-d in iiu-i-t thu iR-t-d for an c-llicit-nt first-aid
mi-lit in l:ir«L- buildin-s such as theatre*, chilis, assembly
and Dn-ssin-s. • I l.,/,-lin.- Hi.. -id Wit, h ll.i/.-l. ' H:i/elim- ' Crram.
•" Ha/i-linc1 Snow." • |?,,rofa\,' t'arron oil. ' Vap..r..li- Amman,
liair t.rushrs. pi istrr. .•!,.. .iNo ,-i-ht plii.iK ,.f ' Tal.l.id in.',!., a.nr,,ts
.111,1 t«l> tllllfs of •>o|,.i\ci MIL;
!«• whole I||>;MI-<' n s.s In-. .>s nun.: .mil ;I!M. the l),iil\ M,iil '."IO.(KK1
iri/c for tin- cii -ni of Kritiiin. tini>hiny hrst in .:.; ln>. JS mill. l> sec.
:
PAUL HAN ON HIS Fl.lH HI TO MANCHESTER
M. Paulhan won the first Daily Mitil £"10.000 pri/e in 1910, for a flinht
from London to Manchester. Inset is a photograph of the aviator, and
the No. 706 First-Aid which he carried during his flight, and concerning
which he reports : —
" Je profile de cette occasion pour vous exprimer le plaisir 5 miles in 7 hi>.
48 inin. 31 sec. ; he also holds the duration record of H hrs. 35 inin.. and
several other distance and duration records. Originally flying a Maurice
Farnian Biplane, and more recently a Morane Monoplane." he has lately
joined the staff of the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company, at Bristol,
and now pilots their machines. In the above photograph he is seen
examining the contents of the No. ~0fi 'Tabloid ' First-Aid, which lie carrii >
on his Hifihts.
Mi- HI HI LATHAM
M. II. l..ith.uii li.i> in. 1. 1. niiim Mirrc— till Miuht-. m.i.il.K .11 tin- Kin iui>
\vi.nion Merlin;;. 1' IH. .mil .11 <|K Ul.u-kpool Mi-ctin^ \\lnrli t'..||o«( d. \\licn
In .icc(>ui|i|i>lic(l .1 llit;lii ;i«,mi>t .1 siront; KU^I\ wind, .nid .11 ilic Kliciin^
MfctillK. 1'>IO. when he rust- tci .1 height of I.I)>N|'I-CI. Ih r, |x>n>.i- I'ullnw- :
If liens . i vou- dire coinl'K n in .1 iti utilc vot
PIERRE PRIE R
M. P. Prier is a French airman, who came to England to act as instructor
to the BleYiot School at Henclon. During the motor show, 1910. he flew over
Olympia, and subsequently flew from London to Paris without a stop, using
on both occasions a Bleriot monoplane. M. Prier has recently joined the
staff of the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company at Bristol, and will in
future use exclusively that Company's machines. He reports as follows: —
" Messieurs,
[]J'ai bien recu votre lettre du 11 juillet et vous en remercie.
"La trpusse que vous m'avez gracieusement fournie m'a servi trois ou
quatre fois d£ja.
" Elle est cependant encore suffisamment garnie pour un certain temps;
j'ai 1'intention de ja laisser dans la voiture automobile de mes me'caniciens
pour le prix du Duily Mail.
"Je pr^fererais done (jue vous m 'en adressie/ une autre pour mettre sur
mpn appareil ; ces trousses 'Tabloid ' sont en effet excessivement pratiques.
" Dans 1'espoir de vous lire je vous prie d'agre'er, Messieurs, mes
salutations empressees."
294
Hrst-Aid. and
nlxirn in l'J()". He wa> tlic tir
•1. part in the Aviat
1U. on which occnsii <
li.i for ill.
ll\ 11114 in, in in HIII n
\H. llr aUo flew
I a Sanchiv H< >a 11
VoisinbiplaiH'
s Air<'>. where
I the Kheinis
re inoj l't;i|iiipfiiient Premier Secmm
V 'I* .
ill 0
, is-^ J:
^ .3 Pi
u: 2 —
.'5.3
= w
A GOOD CATCH
(From a negative by J. F. Moore
Kxposure r.J.ri second ; developed with ' Tabloid ' ' Rytol ' Universal
Developer
MODERN METHODS IN PHOTOGRAPHY
Every age has had its special predilections and its own
favourite vehicle of artistic expression — there has been an
age of marble and an age of ivory, an era of huge mural
paintings and a time when dainty miniatures were most
in vogue. Epic poetry and the writing of voluminous
letters delighted the eighteenth century and disappeared in
the twentieth. On the other hand, the art of the camera
with its brilliant realism and poignant actuality has
appealed with irresistible force to the modern spirit and,
without ousting any of the older methods of delineation.
has become the helper and servant of all. So important
is the position in the national life, taken by photography characteristic
at the commencement of the present reign, that it may an of thence
be regarded as the characteristic art of the age.
Moreover, its pursuit is no longer hedged about by the
difficulties and inconveniences which at first beset it. The
wet plate process is practically obsolete, and in its place
plates and films of convenient size, and hand-cameras of
excellent design, and in endless variety, are now offered to
the amateur on every hand.
The method of making chemical solutions has also been
reformed, and instead of bulky bottles of liquid for develop-
ing, toning, intensifying, etc., it is sufficient to provide
oneself with ' Tabloid ' Chemicals which occupy a minimum
of space, and achieve a maximum of efficiency.
'Tabloid' Photographic Chemicals are pure chemicals
compressed into small bulk, but yet more readily soluble difficult^-,
than the same chemicals in crystallised form. These solvcd
products each contain a precise weight, so that the trouble
of weighing or measuring is entirely obviated.
The advantages which 'Tabloid' Chemicals possess in
home use are intensified when development and similar
operations have to be conducted under trying conditions,
such as exist in the tropics. This wonderful compactness is
well shown by the coloured illustration. A complete
chemical outfit ot 'Tabloid' products is comfortably carried
in the pocket or wallet without danger of trouble consequent
on breakage.
MODKKN MKTHODS IN 1'HOTOGKAI'H Y
Not only do ' Tabloid ' Photographic Chemicals rid
development, toning and other processes of all the
uncertainties which accompany the use of impure
chemicals and stale solutions, but they also remarkably
simplify these operations, and impart to them a scientific
precision which cannot otherwise be obtained.
All developers and chemicals essential for the practice
of photography at home and abroad are issued as
' Tabloid ' products, but to meet the special needs of
travellers, tourists and amateur photographers who
require the utmost condensation and the widest utility
in the equipment they carry, Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
have issued, as the result of special research and wide
experience, a developer which is universal in utility and
unique in compactness. This is ' Tabloid ' ' KVTOL '
Universal Developer. It is so compact that the materials
developer ^or ^ ounces of solution occupy only the same space as
one ounce of fluid. It is so universal in application
that it will develop plates, films, bromide and gaslight
papers as well as lantern slides with equal facility and
equal certainty. It makes a bright clear solution even
with water which, with ordinary chemicals, becomes cloudy
and discoloured. The importance of this to travellers
who are forced to use whatever water is available will
be readily appreciated.
CORRECT EXPOSURE IN ALL LANDS
The photographer who desires to obtain pictures of
places which he may never re-visit, of moving objects, or of
dramatic scenes of special interest which he may observe
in the course of his journeys, must be able to decide on the
correct exposure quickly and under all circumstances. To
Certainty in t •«*» n o i_
exposure meet this need, Burroughs Wellcome iii- turn is all that is
necessary In addition to thus providing an easy way is a pocket note book and encyclop.rdia of photo
graphic information There are three Kditions 11)
Southern Hemisphere and Tropics, ui Northern Hemisphere
and Tropics, |jl I'nited States of America. 'These editions
gi\e the information necessary for correct exposure in all
parts
imple
the world
K U
Ml-.TIIODS IN PHOTOGRAPHY
THH RECORDS OF TRAVELLERS
Records of travel and exploration into distant and little
known parts of the world constitute a most fascinating
department of literature, and one which is especially
attractive to British readers. The Empire upon which The charm of
the sun never sets has been built up by men who have tr°^Te*0
possessed in a remarkable degree the genius of exploration,
and a restless and insatiable love of travel runs in the
blood of their descendants. Even those Britons who are
compelled to stay at home, love to catch an occasional
glimpse into some far-off untamed region of the earth's
surface, " where foot of man has rarely, if ever, trod," even
though it be only in imagination. Hooks of travel bring
before us, vividly, the conditions of life among races widely
removed from our own in the line of their development,
or lagging behind the stream of human progress like
remnants and reminders of primeval man ; their pages open
up to us a whole world of adventure in which we can track
wild beasts in their native haunts, scale lofty mountains and
penetrate mysterious caverns and inaccessible deserts.
Nothing delights the home-keeping lover of travel more
than thus to dive into the unknown in the company ol an
author who has seen and heard what he describes. Such
books as "Through Darkest Africa," "Trans-Himalaya."
" Farthest South," etc.. etc , which palpitate with actuality
and bring before us a new vision of the world as it is,
are full of interest and ol immense educational value.
Workers in this strenuous field of literary effort have p,,,,.,,,^
lound in Photography a most serviceable- ally, and the i>y
difficulties which at first enveloped the practice of this art '
on the march or in out-of-the-way places have, to a great
extent, disappeared.
With a modern camera and a good supply of 'Tabloid'
Photographic Chemicals, there is hardly any part of tin-
process which cannot be carried out on the very spot
where the negative has been exposed.
The Rev. R M. McOvven, famous for his vivid and
picturesque treatment of Chinese domestic scenes,
regularly uses 'Tabloid' • Rvtol ' Universal Developer.
MODKKN MKTHUDS IN PHOTOGRAPHY
A well-known New York
journalist, Mr. Frank G.
Carpenter, who in 1906
travelled through Northern,
Eastern and Southern Africa,
commenting on the
'Tabloid' Photographic
Outfit which he had taken
with him, wrote: " The
Photographic material sent
was of the highest quality,
and I am forwarding a few
of the photographs among the many we took from time to
time."
IS I'HOTOGRAI'HY
A characteristic Saharan picture of a string of camels
from one of Mr. Carpenter's prints is reproduced on page 304.
Among those who have carried ' Tabloid ' Photographic
Chemicals as part of their travelling equipment for an
Sir Sven Hedu
exploring expedition may be mentioned Sir Sven Hedin, in Tibet
the story of whose intrepid journeys in Tibet is related
in " Trans- Himalaya" (see pnge 343)
Sir Ernest Shackleton took a complete outfit of ' Tabloid '
Photographic Chemicals on his perilous journey into the
Antarctic zone (when he got within 97 miles of the South
Pole), and pronounced them quite satisfactory.
' Tabloid ' Photographic Chemicals were also taken by
Capt. Scott on his famous Antarctic voyage in the Discovery :
and on the Terra Nora, in which the same distinguished
explorer has again sailed southward in search of the Pole,
a very complete outfit of ' Tabloid ' Photographic Chemicals
has been taken, Mr H. (.*,. Pouting, the photographer who
accompanies Capt. Scott on this latest British Antarctic
Expedition, selected as his one developer for all plates,
films, bromide prints and lantern slides, ' Tabloid ' ' Kytol,'
and this developer is also to be used for the very large
quantity of cinematograph film which it is intended to
develop on the voyage.
Mr. K. L. Jefferson, F ,U.(i S., in his book " Through a
Continent on Wheels," writes: " 1 should like to mention
that this firm (H. \V. iS: Co.) prepares Photographic Tabloids
in a compressed form, and those photographers who desire
to develop their plates <•;/ runic cannot do better than adopt
their portable and reliable outfits."
Mr. I,. N. C>. Ward, a traveller whose photographic work Tabloid'
is of a high order, uses 'Tabloid' Chemicals. The roll P''ot°Krapinc
Chemicals
film of a striking picture of his. entitled, "The King of in China
Bekwai," which is reproduced on piigt 304, was developed
with 'Tabloid' Pyro-Metol.
The keeping qualities of ' Tabloid ' Photographic
Chemicals in hot climates have been amply proved by the
experience of voyagers to various parts of the world. One
MODERN MF.THOnS IN PHOTOGRAPHV
well-known traveller, Lionel Decle, used them to develop no
less than 4000 plates during the course of his wanderings
across Africa, and, in recounting his experiences and
in referring particularly to a package of ' Tabloid ' Pyro, he
A?Hca°nal wrote: "This bottle has been to Madagascar through a
heavy rain season, to Africa also, and to Algeria. The
fact that none of the products are discoloured is for me
a conclusive proof that your ' Tabloid ' Photographic
Chemicals are absolutely perfect.''
A writer in the Pall Mall Gazette (November 5, 1909), in
an article entitled " Chasing the Sun," thus describes the
advantages of these products.
"A camerist myself, I have often come across — I had
almost written ' always come across ' — brethren in the art
who took bulky cases of developers, fixers and other
chemicals, which took up much room in the kit-bag, and
which they sometimes could not replace when they were
used up. This is one of the drawbacks to Kodaking in
out-of-the-way places. All this inconvenience and worry
can be saved, since the time tested, excellent tabloids sold
by Burroughs and Wellcome are sufficient for all needs.
In a phial that may be carried in the waistcoat pocket, you
Convenience have sufficient developer to last during an ordinary tour,
and in other phials of similar size, fixers and toners. In
a small corner of the bag you can stock away sufficient
materials to take you around the world, and you may keep
on snapshotting all the way.
"Four phials of the firm's excellent pyro tabloids lasted
me through the South African War, and, during a siege,
I was well provided with chemicals when other men, not so
far-seeing, were without them. The new, handsome, little
case for home or touring use, packed with all tabloids
necessary for negative and print, is one of the best things
ever placed on the market."
The visit of H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught to South
Africa, in 1910, was worthily recorded, photographically.
MOI1KKX MKIHolls IN I'lloTOI ,K.\ I'll Y
In spite of the difficulties presented by constant movement
and changes of climate, Mr. Ernest Brooks, the official
photographer on the tour, managed to secure an album of
views replete with charming scenes and subjects of historic
interest.
On his return he gave some interesting particulars as to
the methods employed.
Here is his report :
H.M.S. H.U.MOK.M. CASH i
,l;in. ii. I'M 1
Pl-.AK SlHS.
While acting as official photographer to U.K. 11. the Puke of
Comiatuiht during his tour in South Africa. I used 'Tabloid' Photo,
graphic Chemicals to the exclusion of anything else.
My whole outfit for the development of plates, tilnis and papers,
and for toninii prints, was comprised in a metal case measuring
9 x 7 x (> inches.
The only developer I used was 'Tabloid' 'Kytol.' It is the best
developer I know, and on this tour alone has yielded me over 5(K)
half-plate negatives of first-class quality.
Although my developing was all done en i<tol
Developer enabled me to prepare a fresh active solution in a moment.
wherever I mi^ht be.
It is wonderful what beautifully - graded negatives this developer
yields. It «ives full details ill the shadows, and >et keeps the hi^h
lights soft and well modulated even in most difficult subjects. I-'or
retaiuiiift the full printing value in cloudy skies I know nothing t"
ei|u.d it.
The convenience, portabiliu and keeping qualities of \ our rhnuu'.iU
are further point- in their favour.
Your- faithfulU.
These, among other notes and comments from travellers
and photographers in various parts of the British Empire
and elsewhere, indicate the growing interest felt in modern
methods of photography, and serve to emphasise the
reliability of ' Tabloid ' Photographic Chemicals under
conditions which would render ordinary chemicals useless.
THE
Tabloid' '
AND
Soloid'
Invented
by
B. W.& Co.
They mark the work of
Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
They mean " Issued by
Burroughs Wellcome & Co.'
They stand for
products
308
COLOUK
H V I- K C T S
BY
S T A I N I N ( ,
P H O T ( ) ( , R A \> II S
Stuine i with
'Soloid' PhotoEraphic
Stain i Green >
FIRELIGHT STUDY
COPYRIGHT
By
J. WESTON AND SON
Folkestone
Reproduced from a Bromide print developed with
'TABLOID' 'RYTOL' UNIVERSAL DEVELOPER
and stained with ' Soloid ' Photographic Stain (Salmon)
COLOUR HKFHCTS
BY
STAINING PHOTOGRAPHS
Many striking and original colour effects may be obtained
by immersing lantern slides, bromide, platinotype and
similar prints in solutions of suitable dyes. For this
purpose, a series of products has been introduced under the
title of ' Soloid ' Photographic Stains. Portraits, fireside
and forge studies may be stained with ' Soloid ' Photographic-
Stain (Red or Salmon), moonlight views and seascapes
with a blue ' Soloid ' product, street scenes and twilight
views with yellow, landscapes with green. The firelight
study on the opposite page is a reproduction of a print
stained with 'Soloid' Photographic Stain (Salmon). The
method of staining is quite simple : Dissolve one • Soloid '
Photographic product in four ounces of water, and having
soaked the prints (which should not previously have been
hardened) in water until flaccid, immerse them in the
staining solution for a few minutes, then rinse and dry in
the usual way. The most pleasing effects are produced
in the majority of cases by employing solutions of this
strength, thus obtaining a suggestion of colour rather than
a pronounced tint. For lantern slides where a deeper
colour is required, one ' Soloid ' Photographic Stain
product may be used with one ounce of water.
THE WELLCOME MATKKIA MKD1CA KAKM
A FIELD OK BELLADONNA I A t r o p u o t / 1 a a u tin
.•Itrofia belladonna is grown from genuine wild seed. The best crops of le
obtained in the second, third or fourth jear of the plant's growth, and it i;
period that the alkaloidal content is greatest.
L o A u i s <; BELLADONNA
The yield ranges from 1-1 2 to 5 tons per acre. The freshly-cut herb is weighed in
bundles and carried sitaighl to the laboratories in a motor trolU-y. A portion ul the
leaves is dried in a few hours in speciall) -ventilated chaii bers. The roots, which are
any undesirable change taking place.
THE 'WELLCOME'
MATERIA MEDICA FAR.M
THE vital importance of standardisation of drugs has always
been recognised by Burroughs Wellcome & Co. Constant
attention has been devoted to the subject, and the principle
Standardisation
has been applied not merely to the chemical, but also to the
vegetable and animal substances required for the preparation
of the firm's products. The old method of picking samples
of drugs by their colour and appearance has long been felt
to be inadequate, and it has become necessary to view them
in the more penetrating light of chemical analysis and of
physiological tests.
liven the most experienced pharmacognosist may select
drugs which, on the basis of form, colour and other physical
characteristics, appear to possess a high standard of quality,
yet on assay do not yield the requisite percentage of active
principles.
In this connection, a paper by Carr and Reynolds, pub-
lished in the Chemist and Druggist, shows in tabular form
the very considerable range of variation in the proportion of
active principles existing in samples of drugs bought on the
market. Amongst the examples given are the following :
Drug
Belladonna
(dried herb) 023 I'O* Total alkaloids
Broom tops 0-07 1'0<> Sparteine Sulphate
Cinchona Succirubra rot; 4 f>-l Quinine and Cinchonidim
Hydrastis Root 2-;{ 5 * Berberine Sulphate
Ipecacuanha Root
(Rio) (VIM 1 s:{ Kmetine
It is evident that the accuracy and care exercised by the
pharmacist in weighing and measuring drugs for use in
medicine are nullified if the active principles are variable to
such an extent. The obvious remedy for this state of
matters is standardisation.
Closely bound up with the question of standardisation is
that of the possibility of exercising scientific control over
FR t s ii
BELLADONNA
LEAVES
About to be expressed
for juice and for making
the green extract. It is
extremely important
that this tx? done
promptly to avoid fer-
im-ntalion and conse-
quent deterioration of
the product. The fresh
herb is gathered as
soon as the sun is up.
and expressed and
treated before sunset.
' W E I. L C O M h '
C H K M I C A I.
\V O R K S
HEMLOCK
(C on iu m
in a c u I a t u >n >
A typical bush of
Hrmlock (Conium
maculatum). The
frrsh leaves and
branches are collected
when the fruit begins
' W E L I. C o M K '
M A T K R I A
M E i) I c A FARM
\\ r I I < »MK
MI.PK \ hAKM
GATHKKING HVOSCYAMI s \Hyascyamus niger)
ll\0icya»,us iiiffr, on,- of tlie most difficult pl.ints with which the hi-rb farmer lias to
deal, is grown from see. I sown al»mt March or April. Tin- young plants show at>o\<-
ground at the en ii i- /* ii r r n ) is 1- I. o \v K K
0^Y«/ifl»r/«rfaisohUinrd from carefully-selected wild seed, and any variations from
the wild type are struck out. (.real car.- is taken in collecting and drying the
leaves, otherwise the medicinal activity would I*- adversely affected Blighted, faded
or defective leaves are rejected, and only the finest preserved for use.
THE WELLCOME MATEKIA MEIIICA FARM
ACONITE ( A coititum na (>c 1 1 u
tafellus, when raised from seed, takes
i best propagated by dividing th
the power of fon
three years to flower:
.... . -ach root is biennial, but. as it has
•ery year, the plant itself is perennial.
A FlEL
This handsome plant is intere
contains Hyoscine, Hyoscyamin
OF DATURA M E T E i.
ing, as recent investigation I
and Atropine in proportions
i other solanaceous plants.
Uttering fro
MATKKIA MKIIK A I \K M
the cultivation of medicinal herbs, more especially those
which are found to present great variations in activity Ex rt
when obtained in the wild state. Hence, with the intro- supervisi
duction of the 'Wellcome' Brand standardised galenicals, of Krowl
Burroughs Wellcome & Co. found it necessary, in order to
obtain a constant supply of herbs of a sufficiently high
standard of quality, to grow ttiem under their own
immediate supervision. The benefits of conducting a
materia medica farm in conjunction with the preparation
(if pharmaceutical products are many. For instance :
(1) A drug may be treated or worked up immediately it
has been collected.
(2) Herbs may be dried, if necessary, directly they are
cut, before fermentation and other deteriorative changes
have set in.
(3) Freedom from caprice on the part of collectors who,
in gathering wild herbs, are very difficult to control in the
matter of adulteration, both accidental and intentional.
(4) The ability to select and cultivate that particular
strain of a plant which has been found by chemical and
physiological tests to be the most active, and which gives
the most satisfactory preparations. Notable instances of
these are to be found in connection with Digitalis and
Helladonna.
Fortunately, suitable land was available near the
'Wellcome' Chemical works at Dartford, and there the • wdicn
' Wellcome ' Materia Medica Farm has been established. Matclla
The following extracts from a descriptive article which Farnj
appeared in the Chemist and Druggist of January 2<).
1910, will give some idea of the nature and scope of this
enterprise : —
" A suitable piece of land for 'a physicko garden' (had
been chosen) on an undulating slope, with here and then- a Rcsearc,
clump of trees and a strip of wild woodland, l>et\veen the and
river and the North Downs, hard by the little village of rxPcnm<
Darenth. No more ideal spot for a herb farm could have
been chosen. It has shade, sunshine and moisture, anil
a fine loamy soil, varied by sandier uplands. Here the
firm have for the last six years been cultivating medicinal
1'HK WKM.COMK MATKKIA MKDK A I-AKM
G o L i> K s S K A i. (Hvdrastis c a n a d c n s i s )
GOLDEN S K A i. ( Hydrast i s c a n a il c n s i
: plant under a s|>cciallj--ilrsij;nwl lattice struct
MAIKUIA MKDICA 1AKM
plants under the immediate superintendence of pharma-
ceutical and botanical experts. The farm was
established, firstly, to provide opportunities and materials for
researcli and experiment, and, secondly, to supply the
manufacturing departments with medicinal herbs of proper
quality.
" A visit to the farm shows that the greater part is
devoted to the cultivation of staples ; but a number of plots
are used for experimental crops. Among such are meadow
saffron (Colchicmn (iiitiiinntilc), with its pale-purple
flower. Lavender, peppermint and French roses grow side
by side. Senega and the unpretentious taraxacum, with its
bright yellow petals, occupy other spaces. Ginseng, the
root that plays so important a part in Chinese medicine, is
also grown. Poilopliylliun peltuttiin, Scopolia iitropoicics,
Datum meteloides, sea poppy (Gtancum lutciun), and
Cirindelia robusta, are other plants that one does not usually
find growing on a scale greater than the experimental ; but
the plots of Hydrastis canadensis are botanically and
commercially the most interesting on the farm, in view of
the fact that we are coming within measurable distance of
the end of the natural supply from North America.
" It is grown at the ' Wellcome ' Materia Medica Farm
in the open under perfectly natural conditions, in a little
woodland dell shaded by tall elms and bramble bushes ; and,
in another part of the farm, under a lattice-work structure,
an effort to re-create the conditions of the native home of
golden seal, which is in rich, moist woods from Canada to
Carolina. The growtli under the latter conditions is more
generous. In this case tin- plants an- protected from the
noonday heat.
"The purpose which Burroughs Wellcome & Co. had
immediately in view when they established this farm,
i.e. supplying the products of the field direct to their
Works, has been fulfilled, and the farm has in that
respect passed the experimental stage, and reached
one of great practical utility. On the research side.
experiment goes on, especially in regard to selection
and cultivation of strains which have been found by
chemical and physiological tests to be the most active
317
THE MEDICINE CHEST OF
QUEEN MENTU-HOTEP. WHO LIVED 2 200 B.C.
The massive outer case for the chest is shown on the
left. It is composed of wood, decorated with hieroglyphics,
amongst which are the royal cartouche and the figure of a
crouching jackal.
The chest itself is depicted on the right. It is composed
of plaited papyrus reeds, and is supported on a stand. The
chest is divided into six compartments, each containing a
beautifully-shaped medicine jar of oriental alabaster. Various
medicinal roots, and a wooden spoon, the handle of which
is ornamented with the head of Hathor, were discovered in
the chest.
This unique Egyptian medical equipment was discovered
at Thebes, and demonstrates the huge bulk and cumbersome
fittings, combined with paucity of supplies which have
been characteristic of medical outfits from the days of the
Pharaohs until the introduction of ' Tabloid ' products. The
modern medical man armed with a ' Tabloid ' brand Pocket-
Case carries a scientific therapeutic equipment, the equivalent
of which in the drugs of antient Egypt could be transported
only by a regiment of slaves.
SIS
HISTORIC: A i,
M 1-: DIC A L H (,) U I P .\\ H N T S
I S K I) IN
MILITARY.
Rear-Admiral l'i :.\u\
l;.\ R i ii i:s ;• Sd i T i
'T.\ K l.o 1 !>' Mi: I) 1C A I. AM) l:lkSI-AlI) 1: (,) U I I'.W I M
HISTORICAL MHDICAL EOUIKV\HN rs
I < ) R M I I. I T A VM , I k N A I I S I I i;
f: \ I'll U I T I 0 N.s
Tnii Medical Equipments of the present day, differ notably
from those of olden times in two distinct directions —
diminished bulk, and in purity and efficacy of content.
This improvement has only been effected in the last quarter
century, and mainly by l'>. \V. \ Co. ; before that time,
campaigning medicine chests had to be either of enormous Bujk
,.:id nnuieldy si/.e, or, if small, they could contain only the inadequate
:n<>st meagre supplies. equipment.,
In the Middle Ages, owing to the great variety and bulky
nature of the remedial agents used, the medicine chests
employed in military campaigns assumed enormous pro-
portions, and it was not until the middle of the nineteenth
• eiitury that progress was made towards reducing the bulk
• ! campaigning medical outfits
Karlv explorers, particularly in Africa, found the ditti-
culti'-s o! procuring suitable portable medical supplies
practically insuperable, and the horrors of disease and
death associated \\ith their expeditions were almost beyond
df-M-i iption.
"\Vlntililnnk -.ml tin l;it. SIK II. M. Si \M i s. m tin r.miM'i.l A IH
.-in i.f his lii-tuiV!. ..fth< •li-i.i.lful mnrulnx ..!' I ;i|U. 'I"i < M\ - "•»'
I \in iltii.Mi in isli.. c,( ' ih, \I,,IK Ixpi 'ilHi-ui in ISII. nf tin- Milter ''•"'
MIL;-.' Ml utiiN .mil Si'i KI . anil nf in> nun lii-M two i-xi'i ilitiniis. I '*'"
.1:11 .nu.i/fil to t;iul lh.il murli . •)' th: innn.ilitv .in. I >ickni >s u.i- (,u"'
• hie n> thr criulf w:i\ in \vhii li 1111 ilirim-s wrn -m-i'li- -I in tv:m-lli r>. „„.,
I In v, i\ r. roll, , :,. nr.niM v :,„ ,,, >],,., 1.1. r.1
litim
HISIoKKAl. MKHK Al. I <_>< irsi] N 1 s
That a very marked change has taken place can be
gathered from a more recent speech of this eminent explorer
and journalist, in which he said : —
In my early expeditions into Africa, there was one secret wish
which endured with me alsvass. and that was to ameliorate tin
miseries of Aft ican explorers. How it was to he done I knew not:
who was to do it. I did not know . Hut I made the acquaintance of
Messrs. Hrnnot (ills Wi t t.( OMI \' Co. As soon as I came in si^ht
of their preparations and their works. I found the consummation
of m> secret wish. On my later expeditions I had all the medicines
that were required for my black men. as well as my white men.
beautifully prepared, and in most elegant fashion arranged in tin
smallest medicine rhest it was ever mv lot to cart's into Africa."
B. W.&
solved tin
problem
In his books. 1'iiiintihig tlif C\><,'o I-' re,- Slot, and
In l),uk,-st At'ricn. the laic Sir II M. STAMIY wrote in
the very highest terms of • Tabloid ' Medical Lquipments.
Amongst other cases used during STAM t \ '.s travels, is (In-
famous " Kear-( iuard " 'Tabloid' Medicine Chest, which
remained in the swampy lorest regions ol the Artiulnmi
for nearly four years, and more than once was actually sub-
merged in the river. When it was brought back to London,
the remaining contents were tested by the official analyst ol
'/'//(• l.diicft (London. I-'n^.) who reported that the 'Tabloid
medicaments had perfectly preserved their etficacv
Slanlry s
•• R.-.U (1:
Chest
t.-strd l)y
"Tlic La
The late Surgeon-Major PAKKK. Stanley's Medical
Otlicer. in his (inide to Hcaltli in Afr'uu. writes :
" Tin medicinal preparations xvhieh I li;ivc throughout recom-
mended arc those of BrKKon.iis \ViiuoMi \ Co.. as I have
found, after a varied experience of the diftercnt forms in which
drills are prepared for foreign use. that tliere an none wliich can
compare will) them ('Tabloid' products' for convenience of
portahilitx in transit, and for unlailinu relial>ilii\ in s:nni:th of
doses after prolonged exposure."
At this point it is of interest to turn to the ' Tabloid'
Medicine Chest, here illustrated, \\hich \vas discovered
near Kenia. in the Aruuliimi Dwarf Country. It was the
last chest supplied to 1C MIX PASHA, (lounox's Covernor
of the l-'quatorial Sudan. This chest was taken by
Arabs v hen F.MIX I'ASHA \\as massacred in iSiU. and
UnfailiiiK
reliability
portability
N\a^ recaptured by HAKOX I>HAM--. Coiiiniatulnnt of the
C'on.uo 1 fee State troops, alter the battle "I Kasonpi.
It uas subsftjiieiitly stolen by natives, and finally recovered
by an ollicer of the Con;;o Free State, and returned to
HcKKori.ii^ \YHMCI>MK \ Co.
"(-,, nth in, n. 1 found the iiuilicim cln>l \oti l«rw.inli \ i i > compli t( 11( ss niadi
l..nmd MIX heart. Annies like those could nol U made but ,.[
;ln hand of the i;n an M ,n;i^:^ in tin ir o\\ n d< p.n ;nu n: . It an\
one relii veil from int< :;-c pain | out - out lu~ l>Ii --;u_~. :h< \
\\ ill come home lo x on.
Ml Illl Al. I'M II'MKVI -
I shoulil like to expatiate somewhat longer on the intrinsical valin
l)iit sickness preventing me to do so. I wish you to In-lieve me."
Another case associated with Stanley is the raw-
hide ' Tabloid ' Medicine Case used by Thomas Stevens,
the well-known journalist who travelled round the globe on
a bicycle, and was the hero of other pioneer exploits in .T'°£
different parts of the world. Stevens was the first to greet Medi
the great explorer on his return to civilisation, and during
his twelve months' journeyings in Masadand and German
Mast Africa, was greatly impressed with the portability
ne Case
and compactness of Ins medical outfit, and utth tin-
eHicacy of its contents In Ins book. .SYn////'/^ t'nr Stunl,-\-
in East Africa, he wrote : " Statilev. in recommending thrsi-
Medicines /Tabloid' products , lias earned the gratitude
of every man who goes to a tropical country."
A history of all the • Tabloid ' equipments associated
with African exploration would, of itself, make a large
volume, and it is only possible to make bri«-f mention
of a few other instances of their tist-
^Jifej^gr- F
That ' T .MIL oil) ' Eyi'ii'MENTS excel for military purposes
has been abundantly demonstrated during various
British and foreign military campaigns. The following is
an extract from the Offtctaf (Bopcrnment (Report made expe^tf0119
by the Chief Medical Officer of the last BRITISH MILITARY
Kxi'KnmoN to ASHANTI, on tin- 'Tabloid' Brand Medical
Equipment supplied by BruKnn.ns \Yi.i. I.COMK \- CD. : —
i imvciiicnce lli.it cannot be expressed ill words. 'I'inic is saved
to .in extent that can hardK be realised, and MI is space, fur a
tilted dispciisan . or even a dispensary table, is unnecessary. The
quality of medicines was so ^eioil that no otlief should IK- taken
into the lield. Tile cases supplied are almost ideal ones for the |>; taken
< '.overmiient. They ale lij;lit. \ et strong, and the an anuement ot the lidil
the materials and niedicines is as iiearK pert'ecl as pI.M-:I.K v ASIIANII
Kxn-inmoN of 1873, fitted out according to old time
methods.
The suttenng and loss ot life \\ere then terrible, lor
\\ant of suitable medical equipments.
\Vitlioiite.xception, 'Tabloid' Medical Kquipments ha\e
been used in all the campaigns of the last twenty-live year*,.
and ha\<- played an important part in combating tin
diseases \\hich seem inseparable from an army in the
lield
During the war with Spam, in Cuba and the 1 'hilippines.
• Tabloid ' Medical Equipments were specially ordered
tor. and used by. the T.S. Army and Navy.
The Military Expedition which, under the command ot
I. OHO Ki iviiKNKK, defeated the Khalifa and reconqueied
the Stulan, was supplied with ' Tabloid Brand Medical
Equipments.
An illustration of one ol the ' Tabloid ' Medical Ivjuip
ments specially designed lor. and supplied to, the I'-iiiisli
Colonial Forces for use in the South African Campaign in-
here shown. Similar cases were designed for, and supplied
to, the CITY OK LONDON IMPI-.RIAI. Ym TNTKKKS and
IMPKRIAL YKOMANRV.
-^^.
•w—
— Sir—
The equipment of tlie Anu-ricau Hospital Ship Miiin,-.
and tlie valuable services it rendered in connection
\\ith the campaigns in South Africa and in China,
are so recent as to be within the memory ot all.
The whole of the medical outfit was supplied 1>\
MfKKofi.ns \YiiiroMi: \- Co.
HISTOKH \l. MKIIICAI. Kl.iril'MKXTS
Referring to this equipment, the Lancet (London, Eng.)
reported : —
The whole of the medical outfit has been supplied by Messrs.
Burroughs Wellcome & Co. One of the medicine chests supplied
by this firm is in tooled leather, designed by Mr. Henry S. Wellcome.
The following description of this chest may be of
interest : —
The chest is made of oak covered with Carthaginian cow-
hide, tooled by hand, with chaste designs successfully repre-
senting in allegory the alliance of Great Britain and
America in the succour of the wounded. On the top panel
appear the Union Jack and the Stars and Stripes entwined,
portraits of Queen Victoria, George Washington and
President McKinlev ; also representations of the British
Lion and American Eagle. The front panel bears portraits
of Lady Randolph Churchill (Mrs. George Cornwallis-
West), the hon. secretary and the hon. treasurer of the
fund; a picture of the ship itself; a scene representing the
British Lion, wounded by an arrow which lies at his side,
being ministered to by Britannia and Columbia. A frie/e is
formed by a representation of an American Indian wampum,
upon which Brother Jonathan and John Bull are depicted
hand-in-hand. The panel at each end of the chest
represents Britannia and Columbia supporting a banner
bearing the Red Cross, and on the panel at the back the
British Regular and Colonial Lancers are shown charging a
Boer force. Keble's line, "No distance breaks the tie of
blood," and Bayard's phrase, " Our kin across the sea," are
inscribed on the chest. This beautiful cabinet contains a
number of smaller cases fitted with ' Tabloid ' and ' Soloid '
products and 'Tabloid' Hypodermic Outfits, and is in
itself a compact and complete dispensary.
In addition to their adoption by military and naval
authorities, ' Tabloid ' Medisal Equipments have been
used by the War Correspondents who have accompanied
all modern expeditions.
3S4
The conclusive proofs afforded by ;ill these campaigns and
expeditions of tlie incomparable utility of the l'>. \V. \ Co.
equipments, under circumstances ot the most trying nature,
naturally led to their still more extensive employment in
South Africa during the late war. The trying conditions ot
transport and the climatic influences were just such a>
• Tabloid ' Kquipments and 'Tabloid ' Equipments only, had
been proved, by earlier experience, to be capable of resisting.
Constant references were made to the adequacy and
efficiency of the equipments supplied.
\ \V \ U C'.OKRI-SPON ni-NT'S I: Q I' I I'M I: N
***- -
/£*' -TL-j
u
\tr
An ei|uipment ot the s^reate^t personal interest i- the c!n'-:
here illustrated. It was formerly the property <>f the late
od service
until this brilliant wnters lite was bn ri^ht to a premn: !:;•••
end diirin» the siege of I.advsmith.
IN ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC H X I> I.O R AT I O N
In the successive heroic endeavours to reach the
Poles, during recent years, and in the exploration of Arctic
and Antarctic lands, 'Tabloid ' Medicine Chests have taken
a pioneer position, and continue to hold supremacy.
The 'Tabloid' Belts and other Medical Equipments
supplied to NANSEN for his journey in the I-*ni»i,
and those used by the JACKSON-HARMSWORTH ARCTIC
EXPEDITION, have been added to the historic collection
of HrRRorr.ns WELI.COMK cS: Co.
A famous
journalistic
enterprise
f the "I" A HI i in i ' HK AMI Mi mi IM Hi i I
on liis Arc-tic Kx|>rm<>N, commanded by the
DI-KK OK mi: AHRI-//I. found that, despite the fact that
the northern latitude of S<> 4,," was reached, the
Otii' of the "KAMI inn ' HK\M,
CAM N. c-.irrii' was equipped with a
very complete Medical Kiniipment contracted for solely bv Messrs.
Burroughs Wellcome \ Co.. and consisting of 'Soloid' and
'Tabloid' Preparations, which are the only forms that c.m be
conveniently carried and preserved under such condition-.
Ml
HISTORICAL MKDKAI. Kt>l:ll'MKXTS
The packets of compressed Dressings are in extremely convenient
form. The Conno Cases (No. 251, 'Tabloid' Brand) were always
used when at our base, and both the party of three who reached tht
South Magnetic Pole, and the party under Lieut. Shackleton. who
attained a point 97 miles from the geographical South Pole, carried a
brown leather 'Tabloid ' Case and all the ' Tabloid' products that
remain are now in as riood condition as when first handed over to my
care two years ago.
The "Ximrod" was also supplied with 'Tabloid' Cases and
equipment.
The 'Tabloid' Photographic Outfit supplied by Burroughs
Wellcome & Co. proved entirely satisfactory.
Sinned,
British Antarctic Expedition. 1907-9,
KKM:M- H SHACKI.KTOX.
CoiiiHiaiitli'r.
KRIC P. MARSHALL. M.R.C.S.. I..K.C.P.
Surgeon to the Expedition.
The ' Tabloid ' Medicine Case carried " Farthest South "
by SIR ERNEST H. SHACKI.KTON.
The full record of this Case, as given in the report from the Surgeon
to the Expedition, is printed bslow.
Copy of Report dated Sept. 17, 1909 : —
The B. W. & Co. Brown Leather 'Tabloid' Case herewith. wa*
taken with party of six that made the ascent and reached the
summit of Mount Krebus. U..>50 ft.. March 5-11. 1908.
I'sed on Southern Journey under Lieut. Shackleton. "OctolxT _'v
1908— March 4. 1909. Latitude 8SC J.5' S. Longitude U._" K.
HISTORIC. M. Ml Dlr.U. KM I II'MKN I S
I >istance covered in this journe\ . I .TJS statute miles.
I'sed mi S. Depot I.a\ ini; Party, from September JO lo ( )ctobcr 15.
1Sc Co.'s "Congo" Chests,
fitted with 'Tabloid' medicines, in daily use during the occupation
of this country. They have proved of inestimable service.
Extract from the report of the late W. H. CKOSSE, M.D.,
M.K.C.S., Principal Sledical Officer, British Royal Niger
Company : —
All these ' Tabloid ' drills are so Hood it is impossible for me to
s|>eak more highly of one than another. They are all of the very
l«:st quality, each drug is accurately described, and reliable.
To the traveller these preparations are simply invaluable, and
I would strongly advise everyone coming out to the Tropics
to net a full supply of ' Tabloid ' medicines.
BURROUGHS WELLCOMK & Co. have for many years made
a special study of the requirements of travellers and *
expeditions, not only in respect of compactness, portability climate
and permanence, but also in the selection of remedies
necessary to combat the maladies prevalent in every clime,
from the Arctic to the Antarctic. In the course of their
long experience in the medical equipment of exploring,
military and sporting expeditions they have acquired a large
fund of special information on this subject, which is always
at the service of medical practitioners who may be called
upon to act as expeditionary medical officers, or to give
advice as to the supplies necessary for any climate.
' Tabloid ' Brand Medicine Cases contain, in a small
space, a complete outfit of pure drugs in doses of extreme EmerK<-m-y
accuracy. They can be carried in the pocket, in the for pocket,
carriage or motor-car, or on the cycle, their contents cycle, motor
being always ready for use in emergencies. They are c*rn*«r
specially valuable to the country practitioner, who is often
called upon to cover long distances, and who would
experience great difficulty in carrying or obtaining supplies
of such medicines as he may desire to administer
promptly, were it not for the convenience and portability
of ' Tabloid ' Brand Medicine Cases.
;",'?«' ' TABLOID ' » .< A s i>
PLEATED COMPRESSED
BANDAGES AND DRESSINGS
Pleated Compressed Bandages and Dressings were originated
and introduced by Burroughs Wellcome & Co.
' TABLOID ' BANDAGES AND DRESSINGS provide the means
of applying strictly scientific treatment, and, in cases of
accident, enable those on the spot to render first-aid treat-
ment should medical assistance be unavailable or
delayed. Their use in such emergencies may prevent
serious complications which frequently arise in minor
accidents, and from the neglect of wounds, abrasions, etc.
Graphic representation showing relative bulk of an ordinary
and a 'Tabloid' Bandage, each 6yds. x 2-\/2 in.
(One-half actual sixe)
Ideal lor
general
' TAHLOID ' Bandages and Dressings are made of materials
of the finest quality, very highly compressed. Each is
enclosed in an efficient protective covering, thus securing
freedom from all risk of contamination. For all purposes,
whether at home or when travelling, they are superior
to the ordinary varieties and their advantages are obvious.
NOTE. — A further important advance, original with B. W. & Co.,
is the issue of these 'Tabloid' Bandages and Dressings— sterilised.
TYPICAL AWARDS
AT I N T H R N A T I O N A L EXHIBITIONS
COSKKKRKI) I TON B r K K O C i; II S W H I. 11/OMK .V Co
FOR T H I: S c : 1 1; N i 1 1 I < ; I: x ( : i; 1. 1 i; N < : i;
oi T H i- I-'ikM's PRODI <;T.S
ST. I. o u i s
1904
T H RH K dRA N U PR I /. liS
THKEI-: (,()!. D \\L-DAI.S
L I E O K
1 905
M MAN
1 906
SIX (J RAND 1'RI / HS
THRHb DIPLOMAS OF HONOUR
THRFF (i()l. I) MEDALS
I H R HH (, R A NI) PRIX I: S
THREE DIPLOMAS O !: H O N O I' R
ONI: CiOLD MHDAI.
LONDON
(Train <> British
1908
S I! V h N (i R A ND PR I 7. H S
O N L- DIPLOMA O I: H ( ) N O I U
TWO (,OLD MEDALS
I. O MX > N
(.I.ijMn-Britisli)
1910
ri v i: (i R A N i) PR i 7. i:s
ONI: (,<)!.!> Ml:. DAL
B
1910
h Hi H T d R A M) P R I /. l: S
THRLH DIPLOMAS Ol HONOl'R
ONL <,OI D MI DM.
BUENOS
A I » t- s
1910
ONI (i R AND P R I / !•:
A I I A H -K II A 1)
191011
M A K I N i i IN All
H THAN 240 HKiHHST A \\ \ Kl ) S
"The strong thing is the just thing"
Carlylc
' Tabloid ' marks the work of
Burroughs Wellcome and Company.
The use of the word is to enable
the prescriber, dispenser and patient
to get the right thing with one short
word, instead of the firm's long name.
If another maker apply the word
to his product, the act is unlawful.
' Tabloid ' is our trade mark.
If a vendor disregard it, in dispens-
ing or selling, the act is unlawful—
for the same reason.
We prosecute both offenders rigor-
ously, in the interest of prescribers,
dispensers, patients and ourselves.
Please inform us of any instance
of either offence.
BURROUGHS WELLCOME & Co.
>/
I? I R I> ' S - E V E VlKW OK VV K L L C O M E C I. V B A N I> INSTITUTE
B U I I. 11 I N C S A N P G R O I) N I> S
THE WELLCOMH CLUB AND INSTITUTE
And all this house was peopled fair
With sweet attendance, so that in each part
With lovely sights were gentle faces found.
Soft speech and willing service : each one glad
To gladden, pleased at pleasure, proud to obey."
Sir Edwin A mold
" The true veins of wealth are purple not
in rock, but in flesh -and the final out-
come and consummation of all wealth is
in producing as many as possible full-
breathed, bright eyed and happy-hearted
creatures."
Ruskin
OHM; crs 01 TM»; WKI. I.CO.MI; Ci.ru AND
I NST IT i TI;
From the first. Welfare Work has been a special feature
with the firm. This Club and Institute is a part of the
general scheme, and was founded for the benefit of the
employees of DCKKOCC-HS WKI.LCOME it Co.. amongst
whom are included a large number of professional scientific
workers. The premises consist of the old manor house
formerly known as Acacia Hall. together witli other
buildings which provide libraries, reading rooms, assembly
rooms and a gymnasium. These are surrounded bv an
extensive park through which the river Darent runs.
I he objects of the club are- to promote harmony and
happy social intercourse amongst the employees and to
supply them with a pleasant resort out of business hour.*.
to encourage mental and physical recreation by means of
music, literary and other entertainments, technical and
other instruction classes with occasional lectures, and
athletics, field sports and games
Tin- l;.\ecuti\e Committee ol the club regulates the
conduct of the club and control*, the Use of the ri\et
for boating, swimming, fishing, etc., a-* \\ell 'is the
gymnasium, library, museum, baths, sport*, fields games
and various other feature*.. All suitable technical journals
and a large selt ction of newspaper*-, maga/mes, etc.. are
available in the reading rooms
All employees willing ti > attend the 1 > A \< 1 1 •< >i i • TM-HMC. \i
Ix>riTfTi: have their fees paid, and the linn gives
pri/es through the Institute for profit ienc\ MI the technical
subjects in which it :s interested.
• empl
/ellous
• \\ork
INAUGURATION OF T H b
WELLCO.MH CLUB AND
INSTITUTE. JUNE 24. i**>
(Rt print t'roin Pr, ss Rtport)
NE of the most interesting events which
have taken place in the town of Hartford
for many years past was the opening of
the Wellcome Club and Institute When
it is remembered that the prosperity of
the town is so closely identified with that
of its greatest industry, it is not surprising
that Saturday's event evoked so much
enthusiasm throughout the district. Messrs
Burroughs Wellcome \- Co. have always
been recognised as model employers, and
of the »lay bore eloquent testimony not
us kindly consideration ot the welfare ol
>yees, but also to the precision, exactness and
organisation which have alwavs characterised
The club has been tounded by Mr \\ellromi-, the head
ol the firm, to provide the employee-^ with opportunities
for recreation, and tor promoting technical education
With these ends m view, he acquired the Manor Hou.se.
commonly known as Acacia Hall, together uith its beautiful
and extensive grounds, through which tlou^ the river
Darent The manor hou^e itself .r:d the adjoining
buildings have been elaboratelv fitted arid furnished to
"ieet the new requirements. A large gvinnnsium and
extensive baths and lavatories with the ni:>->t perfect modern
fittings have been built, and the ground- beautifully laid
out for the purposes of enjovmer.: and recreation
.
- srv*-5gr '£
No pains or expense have been spared in any direction,
and it is doubtful if there is any body of employees in
the world which can boast of so magnificent a club and
pleasure park.
THK DAY'S I 'KOCI-:KI>IN<,S
The proceedings on Saturday were favoured with perfect
weather, and great credit is due to those responsible for
the arrangements, which were admirably carried out At
ii a.m., immediately alter the special train conveying
the London visitors steamed into Dartford station, the
day's programme commenced with a tire drill at the
firm's works and laboratories. From the station plat-
form an excellent view was obtained. Sir Hiram Maxim,
the distinguished engineer, who was present, timed the
display and stated that the streams of water from four
principal points were in full play within two minutes of
the sounding of the alarm which called out the firemen
SERVICK AT THK PARISH Ciirucii
The company then proceeded to the historic old
Parish Church, which was quickly filled bv the visitor-.
and the firm's employees The service, conducted by the
Rev. !•".. P. Smith, Vicar of l>arttord, was. although
simple and undenominational in character, a beautiful
and impressive ceremony, in which \\ere appropriately
included the following texts :
The service over. the partv. headed bv \i->itnr-.
and the principal members of the stall, accompanied
Mr. Wellcome from the church to the gates ,»t the dub.
where Mr. Sudlow. the general manager, presented hi-
chiel with a golden key.
WKI.I.COMK CI.l'H AND INSTITCTK.
Mr. Sudlow said: "Mr. Wellcome, the members of
the management in London and at Dartford beg your
acceptance of this key as a memento of this very
interesting occasion."
Mr. Wellcome unlocked and swung open the gates,
saying : " I declare this Club and Institute now open, and
may God bless and prosper it." The visitors were then
conducted over the club buildings and through the grounds,
which were much admired.
THK LrNCHKON
At 12.30 an adjournment was made for luncheon. About
eleven hundred sat down to an excellent repast in an
enormous marquee erected in the club grounds, all the
company, except a few visitors, being employees and
wives of employees. Mr. Wellcome acted as chairman
and Mr. Sudlow as vice-chairman After the loval toasts
THK TOA>T OF rm: I).\Y
"TiiK KMI-LOS KES SI'CCKSS TO Tin \Yi- 1 I.COMK Ct.ru
AMI INSIIITTI. "
'I'm: CHAIRMAN said: "Most ol those assembled here
to-day are employees of the firm, i'eople often speak to
me with wondermen at the good relations which exist
between the firm anil its employees, and the explanation
which I have always been able to give in reply to sue!)
comments is that there is mutual consideration. It is and
always has been the policy of the firm to consider the
welfare of everyone associated with it. and In our bearing,
our warmth of feeling, and our interest in the welfare of
our employees we have won consideration from them and
we have a corps of employees, which. I am procd to say.
1 believe surpasses any similar body of people employed by
anv other firm in the world
" Hv our care in selecting those who possess not alone the
required talents and qualifications, hut \vho are also in hearty
sympathy with us in our unique work, and by fostering
mutual regard. \ve secure not only the hand work, but the
heart work, of those who are associated with us \Ye
have not only efficiency and devoted x.eal amongst our great
chiefs who form our Managerial Staff, and in the
distinguished Directors of my Chemical Research Labora-
tories and of the Physiological Research Laboratories,
but also expert workers as Heads of Departments, and
again in the personnel of their staffs, and yet again amongst
the rank and tile. I must pay a special tribute to the
efficiency of the Ladies' Departments, so ably presided
over by the talented Lady Superintendent, ably supported
by a highly-qualified staff of lady assistants, some of whom
are efficient scientific workers
"It is peculiarly gratifying to me to-day, in inaugurating
this club, to feel that I meet with those associated with me
heart to heart. A strong spontaneous expression has come
to me from the employees, which accords perfectly with my
own ideas and sentiments, that this club should not be
regarded as a charitable institution, but should be self-
supporting 1 want it to l>e a resort and meeting-place
lor the promotion of harmonv and happiness amongst the
employees an institution for mental and physical recreation
and development, where all shall be knitted closer together
in personal friendship. 1 am certain that a charitable
institution, or what is usually so-called, is not what we
want. None of the employees of Burroughs Wellcome & Co .
I am thankful to say. are in need of charitv. They are
self-respecting, self-reliant and self-supporting, and I want
them always to continue so I am doing, and shall do.
all 1 can practically to facilitate the work of organisation
and equipment. The premises, suitably furnished and
maintained. I am \ ery gratified to oiler tor the purpo-.es
of the club and institute
" 1 rely upon the members working hand in hand and heart
to heart to make a success of this institution on a sell-
BKI'XIK tl\'KK THE I) A K K \ T
Connecting tin: lawn with tin- orclianl. garden and playing ficlil-
3(i2
supporting basis. It is my strong desire that every employee
will become a member of the club and institute. We shall
have an administrative committee, but also every member
of the club should regard himself or herself as a member
of a grand committee with duties to perform. It is
essential to the success of this club that the members
should all strive to bury every selfish desire in order to
promote the happiness of their associates. We had some
beautiful texts this morning during the inaugural service
at the church. I want to recall one — ' Bear ye one
another's burdens.' We know that those who seek their
own selfish gratification in this world are the least happy,
and those who try to bear each other's burdens and to
assist each other, get the greatest happiness to be found in
this life. Following such a course requires self-sacrifice,
and I hope everyone will keep this text in view, and that
it will be the first and constant thought and endeavour
of members of this club and institute to make others happy
" I cannot sufficiently express to the members of the
Management at London and Dartford, who have presented
me with a golden key with which to unlock the gates of
this club and institute, how deeply touched 1 am by this
expression of their kindness. I am always receiving kind
consideration and support from these, my valued associates.
I shall always treasure this jewel. Those beautiful giant
storks, in antique bron/e, which grace the fountain
immediately \\ithin the entrance to the grounds, were
presented to us by Mr. Lloyd Williams, of the Works
Management \Ve all deeply appreciate his generous gift
of these superb works of art Let us drink heartily tin-
toast ' The Employees, and Success to tin- Wellcome
Club and Institute,' and I associate with the toast the
name of Mr. 1\ ("lay Sudlow, our esteemed (General
Manager, the oldest member of our staff, and my
invaluable right-hand support in the direction of this
business.
MK. K. CI.AV Sriu.ou replied: " Before 1 refer to
the toast that has been so very kindly proposed from the
-
• •' '' " •'''''''* Q'fa$ ti ••'-
THE G A u i) E N C i< i K K
Is a tributary of the Darem. dividing tin- orchard from the kitchen
i hair. I believe I shall be expressing the feelings not
only <>l the employees, whom I am very proud to represent,
but also of the visitors who have honoure;! us with
their presence, \vheu I say ho\v glad \ve are to have
Mr. Wellcome with us to-day in renewed health. He is
the hardest worked and the hardest working meml>er ot
our large community, and it is a matter tor very sincere
rejoicing that, after another twelve, months of incessant
thought and labour in the conduct of this business,
he is able to preside over us on this unique occasion.
this red-letter day in the annals of the firm, with his
accustomed force and vigour.
" 1 cannot but think that the knowledge gained by us
here this morning as regards the extent of the provision made
lor our comfort and happiness, of the advantages and
privileges secured to us by this club and institute, is a
perfect revelation The idea ol this club, as we all
know, originated with Mr. Wellcome It is absolutely
his creation, and we owe him a very deep and lasting debt
ol gratitude lor the initiation of the scheme, and lor the
immense amount of thought and study that he has so
ungrudgiuglv given, in order to make this club perlect
and complete in everv detail
It I mistake not. our visitor-, have alreadv come to
the conclusion that to be an emplovee ot the firm ot
Burroughs Wellcome \ Co. i-- to occupv a verv happy
and a verv privileged position As the oldest member
ol that body next year I shall attain mv majority
in Mr. Wellcome s service I am glad to assure our
visitors that their conclusion is an absolutely just one
Mr Wcllcome lias proved himselt a master whom it
is at once a pride, a pleasure, and an honour to serve,
and there are many of us here present to-day who.
having given him our best, feel that we tall verv -.hort
ot the service that we would desire to render him.
Mr. Wellcome, you have told us that von do not want.
and that von do not look for thanks, but I do hope, that
T II K Si' OR IS I" I H L 1)
The first of the pla\inu fieUU
von will allow us to express our very deep appreciation of
your generous kindness in placing this club at our disposal,
of the personal feeling you have thrown into the under-
taking by loaning to the club many of those treasures
that you have been at such pains during many years to
collect, and of your friendly goodwill in allowing us, in
accordance with our unanimous wish, to call this club by
your own name. \Ve sincerely hope that«you will be spared
tor many years to witness, and to rejoice in. the complete
fulfilment of the high ideal that you have formed with
regard to your employees and may that realisation be
brought about in a great measure by means of the
Wellcome Club and Institute, so happilv and so successfully
inaugurated to-day "
TOAST : " Tin: FIRM."
I'KOKKSSOK JOHN ATTFIKU>, F.R S , said : "1 have the
great honour of asking you to drink to the continued
prosperity ol the firm of Messrs Burroughs Wellcome iv: Co
1 assume that everyone present is interested in the leading
work of this firm, which is the association of scientific and
commercial pharmacy.
"The firm is distinguished in many ways. It is dis-
tinguished for its progressive spirit. 1 look at the various
journals of pharmacy and medicine thai are published in our
Colonies and India, as well as those published in the I'nited
Kingdom, and I never take up one but I find the mention,
and sometimes a very long mention too. of this linn
A second great characteristic of the (inn is the entire
reliability of all the articles it sends out 1 am sure no one
could have followed its development without noticing the
wonderful originality that lias alwavs characterised it ; and
1 may add that all this is chiefly due to the present
head of the firm. Mr Wellcome, and his wonderful skill in
organisation in every department
"Talking of organisation, we who are here to-day as
visitors, must. I am sure, have been charmed by tin-
evidence of organisation which we have seen from the time
Tt,
\\KI.I.COMK (I.I I! AND INSTITt'TK
we left Charing Cross till the present moment. The great
comfort of the arrangements of that special train that was
provided for us ; and, when we had arrived at Dartford
station, the very interesting fire alarm drill, with its
wonderful evidence of promptitude and precision ; the
extremely beautiful and, I may add, poetic inauguration
service at the church, and the interesting, though it has
been termed formal, opening of the Club and Institute,
by Mr. Wellcome. I was very proud indeed, seeing that
I have known the principals of the firm for so many years,
and have watched their progress, to be the first
one welcomed on this occasion by Mr. Wellcome when he
opened the gates with that beautiful golden key, which
has been presented to him by his managers.
" I feel sure you will respond to this toast for, perhaps, a
deeper reason than I have offered you up to the present time,
and this is the spirit which characterises this firm from
beginning to end, and which I take to be, first, the promotion
of scientific and commercial research, and secondlv, tin-
promotion of good-fellowship amongst all the employees.
Now, here I venture to speak, as Mr. Wellcome said, from
the heart to the heart, because of my extreme interest in all
that relates to research in pharmacy and the promotion of
friendly intercourse amongst those who follow that calling.
It is now jfi years since a few of us assembled in a very
small room at Newcastle, and ventured to start an association
(The British Pharmaceutical Conference) having objects
which I find reflected here to-day -that is, the promotion of
research in connection with pharmacy, and the promotion
of good fellowship amongst the followers of that calling.
1 allude to it as I want to remind you oner more that
the objects of that society, which we ventured to set
forth as objects that could be followed bv the principals
and by the employees of every pharmacy in this
country, are the principles which are so successfully
prosecuted by the firm of Burroughs Wellcome A Co
" I cannot but rejoice and congratulate Mr \\ellcome on
the fact that, in addition to his organisation ot M'lentilic
MK Cl.ru AND INSTITt TK
and commercial research coupled with good fellowship, as
indicated by this club, financial success, which has been
abundantly deserved, has been realised.
"I must allude, before I sit down, to one other great
pleasure that has forced itself upon me, though I must
not say much about it, because a compliment to myself
is in it, and that is that in every department of this great
firm I find myself here to-day welcomed by my old pupils.
Their merits have been realised by this firm, and I can
assure them, though I am perfectly certain they need
no such assurance, that the men they have obtained from
the Bloomsbury Square Laboratories and Lecture Rooms
were some of our brightest ornaments during the whole
time I was connected with that Institution, viz., from 1X63
to 1896. I come here and I find Mr. Lloyd Williams,
Dr. Jowett, Mr. Carr, and many others — but really they
are too numerous to mention- all old students who
distinguished themselves at Bloomsbury Square, now
occupying prominent and responsible positions in this firm
"On all these grounds —and you will set- I have
given you a wealth of reasons — 1 heartily offer the toast of
Messrs. Burroughs Wellcome A: Co., and I will associate
with the toast the name of the chief ornament ol the firm,
Mr Henry S. Wellcome."
Mr. WKLLCOMK replied : " No one could tail to be
deeply gratified by the honour Professor Attlicld has done
to our firm and to me. I, as a youth, took mv first lemons
in chemistry from Professor Attfield's text-book Tins great
master led my first steps in gaining a knowledge ot
chemistry, and I feel it a peculiar honour that he should
have paid such a tribute to the results of the cttorts to
which 1 have devoted my life.
" Professor Attfield touched upon one feature ot our
work which is especially dear to me, that is mv two
Scientific Research Laboratories We are sometimes asked
\VKI.I.C OMK I l.l H AND INSTITITK
to say more about what is being done there. Our products
constantly indicate to the profession important results. But
you are not likely to learn the details of all our doings in
the outside world. There is much extremely important
work going on in these research laboratories of the
highest scientific and practical importance — work that is
satisfactory to us as marking progress and which promises us
still greater advancement. The greatest work is sometimes
done silently."
TOAST: "Tun PRKSS AND VISITORS."
THE CHAIRMAN said : " We are honoured by the presence
of distinguished visitors from the four quarters of the
globe, and some of these are old and intimate personal
friends of mine, who have strengthened me in my work
by their counsel and their friendship. There are those of
the Press here who have not failed when we have done
anything that merited it to chronicle it, and this has
been greatly to our advantage. We have only asked to be
treated on our merits, and we have been treated justly by
the I'ress. I will ask you to drink very heartily to the toast
of The Press and the Visitors, connecting with the toast
the name of Dr. Creasy, of the British Medical Journal"
I)R CRKASY replied : " It is a very great privilege to be
the guest of a firm like this. It is a privilege, moreover,
because this firm is one that has gained, and gained rightly,
the highest repute in the world for good scientific work of
every description. What the I'ress says is only what is
due to the splendid work that is done bv the firm.'
ENTERTAINMENTS
Shortly after luncheon an adjournment \\as made in tin-
sports field for a pretty floral mavpole dance by a group ot
lady employees This was followed by athletic sports,
most of the events of which were very keenly contested and
watched with intense interest Tea was then ^e: •,••f
the firm. Associated with it are now several subsidiary
societies and sports clubs, all conducted by committees
appointed by their respective members, and atlordmg a
congenial sphere of activity for vvidelv differing taMe-..
These include the Philharmonic, Photographic and Horticul-
tural Societies, the Hockey Club, the Ladies' Hockey Club.
Croquet, Tennis and Cricket Clubs. There is also a v erv
successful Hook Club and Entertainment Coinnr.ttee which
periodically concerns itself with fetes, garden parties, con-
certs and other social events
rrmrfV
WHOLESALE CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS' CRICKET
CHAMPIONSHIP. LONDON
Won by the WEI.U'OME CRI-'KET CLUB five years in succession.
During these five years the Club's record in the championship
matches was —
Won 31 Drawn 1 Lost 3
At the end of the five years the Club withdrew from competition
c •;
THE
GREEK
TEMPLE
WELLCOME CLUB AND INSTITUTE
I N D H X
r \.,i
I'AI.I
Al.ais 70
Aquiilic Sports... ... ... 389
Aim 1 l;a/l 90
Ar.myakas 53
Aconite in flower 314
Arctic ami Antarctic Kxplora
Adapa MS
tion. Medical K(|iiii>nients iii 337
Adulteration. Manner of '27K
Aryan I-'iimily, The ... 45
C.raliaiiH- White 2S7
Ashami 331
(od\> 291
Asoka ti.5
U'oimcan)... 2S5
Assam IM. 1«7
(Krith-Daviesi 29K
Auran^/eli 91. 101
1 Latham) — M
Mos.ine of ... 19
il'aulhanl 2S11
Aviators. l-'irst-Aid for 283
I'rieri 294
Awards 17(5. 191. 347
ll'cc.iiicO ... 295
iTalmteaiii ... 2*12
HaLiir S9
< Vcdrines* 2X8
Hi.cterial Vaccines ... 20*
. Watkms) 2S9
Hactericid.il Sera 204
\\e\in.mni 290
Hahawalpur ... HvS
,\Kiisl\.i. or Tamir-mnni 73
Haker. Sir }•'.. V. K.I'. S.I. 136
\Hi\i 51.53
Kall.au 83
Aura and Oiidli. The I'niled
Karodii 153
Provinces of 141. Ki7
Mahiiraja of 154
.Ura. Mausoleum of Aklur 1«
Karlier-Snr^ron's Shop ••• -44
.. Moti M.isji.l 17
Ha>le>. Sir ( . S.. K.t'.S.I. 138
\Uiicultme 97
Kelladonna 310. 312
\irslnp. ••(leme.it
" Heaiiinonl 285
H.ix.n.l II." 2S3
Helical . ... 137
Tin- " Willows " 283
Hhailpur . 159
" Amen.-.." V97
Hli, inn. it;. n .. .. 1KI
\jmeri-. The Sieile ol S2
Hhop.d ... 159
\k.i- 70
Kik.tni i 159
Akli.il the ('.real ... iH)
M.ili.uaj.t of 1K6
\la U.I dm ... S9
HI. ...d I're-sme Tracing- 220. 'Hi
\lw.n ... 159
\lw ii The M ill n ij i ol lt>'l
Koml..i\ ... 135. 161
I -l\ e- . if 111. »l .1 44
Mil, d the ( '.real !H)
(,..v, nior of 134
\menc.i \n-hip 2*17
I'.i .linn. mi Kingdom. The S9
\nti lei. inn- Si rum . ... '202
Hi.ihin.im-ni . 4-1. 59
\iitito\m I 'nil 193
Hi.ihman- 51
\nti\inene '-111
Hi.m-w.ir.. and Ku-hal^aih 159
\ppar.itii- foi |ii-nll.iii..n
Hiook-. Krne-t. 1'hoto
\\ ,-entuiA 249
^rapli.-i ... 30-2. 307
PACK
I'Ai.l
Buddha, The Story of ...61-63
Colour Kffects by Staining
Buddhism 61-67
Photographs 3(!9
Buddhist Councils 65
Compressed Drills. History
Burma ... 145
of 26S
Buddhism in... ... 67
Connaiifiht. H.R.H. the Duke
Lieut. -Governor of... 144
of. at the Grave of Cecil
Burroughs Wellcome & Co..
Rhodes . 302
Foreign and Colonial
Coronation Retialia . ... 41
Houses of ... 258, 260, 262. 264
Cotton Weaving ... ... 109
Burroughs Wellcome & Co..
Crea«h, Sir O1 Moore 100
London Offices of 256
Crewt. Marquis of 130
Burroughs \Vellcoine \ Co..
Cur/on. Karl, of K.-dU stone 124
The Work of 255-269
Cutch IK1.I63
Canning. Karl 120
Dalhousie. Maniuis of ... 1 19
Caste, Definition of ... 78
Datia .. 159
Caste, The system of ... 55
Datura Metel ... .. 314
Caves of Kllora. Bombay 44
Delhi. Mausoleum of Km-
Central Africa. Medical
l>eror Humayun ... 88. 89
Kquipments in 324
Delhi Colonnade of Hindu
Central India Agency ... 159
Pillars 48
Central Government, neces-
Delhi Jama Masjid 14.90
sity for 99
Kutab Minar 13
Central Provinces and
DiivaiH-Khas ... '-
Berar 146
Dhar ... 159
Certainty in Photographic
Dholpur 159
Kxposure ... ... 300
DhranMhadia 161. 163
C'evlon 149
Dhul Lake. Srina.uar ... 92
Governor of .. 148
Digitalis... ... 313
Chamba 165
Diphtheria Statistics ... 196
Chandra Gupta . 74
Diploma, a XVI centui\ ... 243
Charles I 30
Diwan-i-Khas 91
Charles II 31
Dravidians ... ... ... 72
Cherrapunje. Rainfall at 9S
Dumb-bell Kxercises .. 378
China. Medical Equipments
in .. .. 332
l-"'il
Climate of India ... 98
Quinint1 275
Clive. Lord ... 114
I'.dward 1 25
Portrait of 115
111. 26
Club House 358
VII 38
Cochin . 161
Ktfypl. Medical Kiriipment--
Codv. Mr. S. !•'. 'ind his
in 32S
Aeroplane 291
1-^yptian Medical I-:.piip-
Cold Storage Chamber ... 230
mi-iit. Anlient 318
Colonnade of Hindu Pillar* 48
Kluin. I-larl "t ... ... 123
Lli/abeth . (jnei n '#*
Kllora. The Rock ('axes of .. 44
Lmin Pasha 327
' Lpinine ' 265. 2t*
K<|iii|>llieiils. Lirst Aid 2ti9
Medical 268. 269
Kryol. Active Principles of... 219
Lamine. The Problem of ... l»«
Latehpur Sikri 89
l-'in-li^ht Snidx ,<»/>/>i>.s//i'/>.. H.nt
(.iiMt l.in.inili.u.i .mil
M.ix.plr. I.uckll.iw
<;..l.lrn Trinplc. \nirns.n
( ,nvrin..r ol HoinlM\ . 'I'll,
.. (Y>lon. Hi.
( ,o\crn,.i s .ind VKTMH s ,,\
In.li.i II:
C,o..,| I'.m-li. \
( .i.e. M |i.,, in. ,n l'nivinri->
(, i. ill. ,111, \\hiii-. Mr. Cl.iu.l: .
.111.1 Ills \rropl.me
-125
•_t)8
Heml.xk
Henrx I. ...
VIII. ... 27
Herbs. The C.rowlh of. mider
ICxperl Si'pervision MI5
Herbs. Variation in ... "I I
Hill Tipperah ... ... 167
Himalayas ... ... 4(i
Himalaxan Kaiw '"4
Hindu Pillars. Delhi 4S
Historical I-'liKlils In Airship
and Aeroplane ... 'J8H
IIlstoiH-al Medical L,|uip
Historical Medical Lxhibi
lion 2:<9-252
Hockey Match ... ... :*S4
Himiaxun. Mausoleum of tin-
l-jnperor 88. 89
llxdcrabad 15:t
The Ni/am of IS2
llxoscxamus ... ^13
Hippoc-rale- 241
Ibrahim Khan ... S4
Incubating ('hainlx-r ... 2^1
Indo Liiropean LanunaLie-.
( nioii Orium of )9
Indian Pro-pernx . Sources,,) 9H
In. lore ... ... I.Vl
M.ili.uaia ol Hi2
India 5I..V*
l-lam. a Pi..-< Ixlisinu I-.nili !"l
lineal, ..n \\oik- and ( anal- HIT
llandu lalls. Local
Hardline. I ord
Hasimi;-. \\arr. n
lle.lin. Sir Sven
I he Phoio
graphic L,|iiipmeiit ..I
I leim-me
lack-on ll.iiin-
I xp.dilion
.la^amialll I'emph
Jaipur
lah.m^il ...
lam, - I
.lam leinpl, . Mount \l
lam. i M.i-nd. I >, Un
|. mm md Ka-hnui
Mahal
Jal-
la/i. tli I'h. \U.h:i..n
II,, lain
I'AGK 1'AI.I.
jind
165 ] M ah H ruin, 1 !i k;u it • i
168
Jodhpur •
159 .. Kuch Behar
170
Juanfi. or Leaf- wearing Race
70 .. Gwalior
160
Junatiarh (Jnnagadh)
163
Indore
162
Kashmir & Jamil
158
87
ii
iii
K'indhs
71
Kolhapur -••
156
Kanishka
65.
Mysore
Patiala
168
Karma, The Law of
61
Malaria in India
272
Karauli
159
Method of Infection
272
Kashmir and Jainu
155
M-illein
211
Invasion of
81
\f-jn, 1.
165
Keith- Davies. Mr., and his
Manipur •••
167
Aeroplane
-';Hl Mandrakes. X\" century
'_'S l
k'Vi 'm r
163 ^i^t — . , — 7j
, 75
Khilji Dynasty. The
85
March of Science
173
Kistvaen Builtlers. The
69
Marwar
159
Kshattriyas 51
• s2 Mary, Her Majesty Queen ...
10
Kolarians
72 " Maine" Hospital Ship
333
Kolhai)iir
163
Maypole Dance
376
Maharaja of
"** Medicine Chest. Smallest in
Kumara-Sambhava
57 the World ...
321
Kuch Behar
"•5 Mentu-Hotep. Queen...
318
Maharaja of
'70 Mewar or Udaipur
158
Kutab Minar
13
Military Medicine Chest of
Kutab-utl-din
83
1588
:< M
70
I.ansdowne. The Martinis of
122
Modern India, its extent
93
1 atham ... •••
293
Library and Club House for
Modern Methods in Photo-
graphy
299
Lady Employees ...
Lieut. -Governor of Bengal ..
356
136
Monflolo-Dravidian Group
Monsoons, The
77
94
Lieut. -Governor of Burma ...
144
Mongoloid Type
77
Lieut. -Governor of Kastern
Morocco. Medical Ki|iiip-
Bengal ami Assam
13S
inents in
326
Lieut. - Governor t:f the
Mosquitoes
273
Pimi'ib
142
•
1 M '
Lieut. -Governor of I'nited
MOtl MaSJKl
Mount Abu
66
Provinces of Aura and Outlh
MuKhals. The Dynasty of the
87
Lucknow. Great Kmambara
Mundapum. Facade at
54
and Mos5
in, in of B, -uu.il "^ 1'opiilalion of Imlia ... KM. HIS
Natixr Slatr- unili r C.oxi in I'n ,laloi \ Ti il,, - ... 101
IMIII: of i;. i-i, m B.-nual I'rifi . Mr. .1 iilni- :U:f
,in,l A— am H;" I'rit r -*.H
N.IIIM Stall - ,m, I, I (.OMIII I'iKlukoll.ii ... ll'l
in, in of tin I'miial- ll;:( I'liiijali ... I C<
N HIM Stair- un, 1,-r ( ioM-rn .. 1 .1. in. ( KIM i n.n ol I4_'
in, -nl of tin I'liilt.! I'm I'nri. Jauannath Ti -nipli- . 5t'
\inri- ... ... IK"
N'iviu.il>lilanal- 1H7 (ji,i-(-ii l-lh/aln-lh JS
Nt-\\ali of K.uniiur. Tin- l"l (,inininr. lufliit-nir of on
Nirvana ... W ( ,ii,inin, . B,-iu lifial Ai-tion of '-'71
Ni/ain of ||M|. rali.i.l. Th I5'2
N""" A i sa n Till.-- an, I K.nlwav-. th- C.r.nvih an. I
I'fi'l'l"- Wl TtiliH of I(H,
Orrlilia I.Vi K-'ll'i'tana \m m-v
Kaii'iil- ... /.-•
l-alanimi ";3 R.mia 55
I'anrli.ix at . or \' i I 1 a i, , Kainax ana. Tin 57
loumii m:< K.iinpui- n;7
I'., mln. Th, Son- ,.| 55 Kaina-r, an.,. lii: Iliu,
I'aniin. Tin- < .lannnai i.in .V> I ..111^11.11.1 ... .. IH.S
P.unpat. Tin Batth of S!' K.m-oon. I'.^o.la- at HI
I'arkf. Siin,,on M.DOI- :7 K, -.,!,.,. II,, Km,- ... ll
l'.,,-x.,natl. an,l Mahaxna «7 K, „ ., I.VI
I'aliala I«S Klt. Vt,|., S'.'
Mah.naiaot IW< U,-ln-. I I,, 5(1 .>;)
I', a,, . Tli, Bo,.,,,,! HIl R,v,-rs ,,f In.l,., 95
I'l-at-x. K, at- \,lmii.,i :»:w
IVr.pirl '-•* S.ikun:.,!., 57
rii.iiiii.it-x \a-, -. \\ I aii.l San, .n, an, I S"
\\'ll i-i-iiturx '.MS San-kin I'lama
I'hilo-ophx. Bialim.ini, a! Saut.il- 7ll
School- of ... 57 Sun,- from In.liai- Ill-Ion
l'h,.to>;iapln.Ui, miral Sol, i a- 1 1, ,,,.:..! l-x N.iiix,
non> for ... -NJ» \n,-t- SO. SJ. si. ss . s.x
I'hoto^raplix . M,. ,1,111 Siifiilitii-KiM.in-h.R, >ult-nl 'J55
M,tl,o.|-in 'J.*l S.-on. l apiain :W
1'AliK ' I'.M.I
Scott. Captain. The Photo-
Tuberculin ... 211
graphic Equipment of
305
Scytho-Dravidian Group
77
I'nited Provinces of Ajjra and
Scythians. The
74
Oudh 140. 141. 167
Shackleton. Sir Ernest H. ...
341
L'panishads S3
The
Photographic Equipment of
305
Vasishtha . 51
Shah Jehan
Ships of the Desert
Sikkiui
90
304
165
Yaisyas SI. 52
Vedas SO
Vedrines 28s
Sindh Pottery
Sirmiir (Xahanl
110
165
Vendidad 49
\'ictoria the Good 37
Sita
57
Viscount Morley ... ... 129
Siva
55
Slave Kin«s. The
83
Visitsof the Kin^-Kmperoi ... 112
Sleeman. Sir W. H.. K.C.I?.
Soma Sacrifice...
Sports Field, The
Standardisation, Methods of
Standard, Raising the
Stanley. Sir H. M.
Steevens. G. W.
Stevens, Thomas
Strophanthus ..
104
53
366
223
267
325
335
329
259
Wales. H.K.H. The Prince of 11
Warren Hastings ... 116, 117
\\'atkins. Lieutenant 289
Welfare Work 349
' Wellcome ' Hrand Quinine 280
Wellcome Chemical Research
Laboratories ... 174 1 87
WellcoineChemical Research
I .aboratories. Scientific
Sudras ... ••• 51
, 52
Papers published by 184
Surgical Instruments of the
' Wellcome ' Chemical Works 25 1
XV century ...
245
Wellcome Club and In-
stitute 351 386
'Tabloid ' First-Aid 281.283,
284
Wellcome Club and In-
.. Inset be-
stitute, Opening of 355
tween />«f.s •- 280 281
Wellcome ' Exposure Re-
' Ta bloid ' Photographic
cord and Diary. The ... 301
^-i-i
*>l)4)
•tirii •. \ i • \ i i
' Tabloid ' Quinine Products
\\ellcome Alatena .Medica
Farm ... 311
276-279
WeMcome Plu siolotiical
Tabuteau and his Aeroplane
292
Research Laboratories 188 235
Taj Mahal
15
Wellcome Physiological
Tamerlane
75
Research 1 .aboratories.
Thujjtfee and Dacoity
103
Bird's-eye View of I'X>
Tibet, Medical Eciuipments in
330
Wellesley, The Marquis . 118
Tibeto-Burman Tribes. The
72
Weymann and his Aeroplane 290
Tirupati. The PaUoda at
96
William I. ... 23
Tehri (Garhwall
167
., III. 32
Toiik
159
Willows' Airship 2K3
Tra
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